In the Qing dynasty, the seals of emperors of all dynasties were printed, which was called treasure spectrum. Ganlongbaoju recorded the seal of Gan Long exceeding 1000 square meters. According to Ganlongbaoju (11485-1186 line):
Two sets of poems written by Emperor Qianlong 120 square, 480 square. One set of Shoushan stone seal was presented by Xiao Shenyang, and the other set of bronze gold-plated seal was presented by Jin Jian. In addition, there are two sets of "Bao Dian Fu Shu" and "Yuan Yin Ji Shou", each set of 60 squares, accounting for 240 squares. * * * There are 720 parties not included in Gan Long Zhu Bao, so Emperor Qianlong made more than 1 1,800 seals in his life. The Forbidden City has many seals of Emperor Qianlong's 1000, and Shenyang Imperial Palace and chengde mountain resort also have collections, and hundreds of them have disappeared.
(2) Material and button type
During the Qianlong period, there were more than half of the jade seals, including white jade, sapphire, jasper, Shoushan stone, fossil, Qingtian stone and various precious stones. In addition, there are more than 20 kinds of materials such as wood, gold, silver and copper.
The stone leisure stamp of Ganlongbao is overprinted with 16 square * * and packed in a wooden box, that is, the jade tiger button is printed with the words "Bao Taizi Bao" and "Changchun layman", the jade button is printed with a rectangular seal and the white jade button "Shui Yue is in hand" is an amethyst oval. The agate button "Fushe Jing Xun" is printed in the square, the lapis lazuli button "A large piece of fake I write an article" is printed in the square, the lapis lazuli button "Full Moon Lovesickness" is printed in the square, the sapphire button "Flowers are Better than thousands of feet" is printed in the square, and the white jade button is printed in the square. In February of the 11th year of Yongzheng (1733), Prince Honglibao was sealed and should be sealed thereafter. Qianlong continued to use it after he acceded to the throne, indicating that Emperor Qianlong loved this kind of overprint.
According to Tian Xiu's Seal of Qianlong, Emperor Qianlong often used more than 500 seals. These seals are included in the Qianlong Collection. Ganlongbao has large, medium, small, square and round seals. The buttons commonly used by Emperor Qianlong are Xiaolong, Panlong, Squatting Dragon, Guo, Phoenix, Tortoise, Kirin, Lion, Cattle, Sheep, Horse, Elephant, Tiger, Crane, Mandarin Duck, Pine and Bamboo. Such as: Huangshoushan Year Cow "Life-saving Treasure", Shoushan Stone Year Cow Square Seal, surrounded by imitation Shang and Zhou bronze ornaments. Changhua Fossil Carved "Gan Chris Lung" seal of Yuanyang Lotus with its shape. This seal is bluish yellow, with blood spots inside, and it is engraved with Yuanyang Lotus, which makes the whole seal very compact on all sides. This seal combines the color of Chang Fossil with the beauty of West Lake, and the cutting method of seal cutting is round and smooth. It is a very good handicraft and won the favor of Emperor Qianlong. Before the Ming Dynasty, Tian Huangshi was collectively called "Huangshi", which was ignored by the world. It was only in the Qing Dynasty that people gradually learned that Tian Huangshi was famous all over the world. Such as: Tian Huangshi's "Wei Xian" seal, animal buckle, Yang Wen seal script, etc.
(3) Characteristics
Many seals of Emperor Qianlong come from classics and history books, famous works of past dynasties, and poems written by the emperor are very inspiring. He imitated his grandfather everywhere and carved precious seals during the Qianlong period. When he was a prince, he carved more than 70 seals. In the early years of Qianlong, the seals commonly used were the "Gan" seal carved in the shape of lotus by Changhua fossils and the "Gan" seal carved in royal calligraphy and painting. Chen: It originally refers to the North Pole, that is, the Ziweiyuan, and later refers to the Imperial Palace; Han: In ancient times, keeping out the cold was used as a pen. It is Japanese Han who writes with a pen, and Chen Han refers to the emperor's pen and ink traces. This seal is blue and yellow with blood spots. Carve mandarin ducks and lotus flowers in shape, and carve three poems around the printing surface. Qianlong's "only exquisite" seal is a square seal engraved with rocks, rivers, trees and flowers, and the seal script is Yin. From "Shangshu Mo Yu": "People's hearts are only in danger, and their hearts are only subtle, but they are only refined and tolerant." Qianlong took this statement as the law of governing the people. He believes that a gentleman should not only be "refined", but also practice. This seal, together with the "Gan" seal, is used for royal calligraphy and painting. This seal uses the color of fossil skillfully, arranges the picture with the color of stone, and engraves the line favorably and skillfully.
Emperor Qianlong was overjoyed, calling himself "the greatest martial arts", and Qianlong claimed to be the first person in ancient and modern times. In his later years, there were "treasures of the ancient emperor", "treasures of eight diagrams" and "perfect old man" in Qianlong seal.
The seal of "the treasure of the ancient emperor" refers to the emperor in the ruling society, who enjoys supreme ruling power. Emperor Qianlong said in "On the Ancient Rare": "The six emperors of the Ancient Rare, the two ancestors of the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, are the kings of entrepreneurship ... the other four emperors are not enough." Emperor Qianlong used this to boast that he was an ancient man. It also carved the seal of "Treasure of the Ancient Emperor", which lasted for 45 years (1780). When Emperor Qianlong celebrated his seventieth birthday, he thought he was the only wise monarch in the ancient world. To this end, he wrote "On the Ancient Emperor" and said: "I will be in the seventh place this year because I carved" The Treasure of the Ancient Emperor "with Du Fu's words. I am still very diligent, so I answered God and encouraged myself. " It shows that Emperor Qianlong is conceited but not complacent. In addition, it is engraved with the seal of "I am still diligent in Japan" as a supplementary chapter of "the treasure of the ancient emperor".
Ba Sibao was made in the fifty-fifth year of Qianlong (1790) when Qianlong celebrated his eightieth birthday. At the same time, he carved the seal of "self-improvement" into a sub-chapter of "eight treasures", which further showed his intention. The seal of "Eight Gua Zhang Ji Bao" is matched with the seal of "Self-improvement". The "perfection" of "Treasure of the Old Man" refers to ten frontier expeditions during the Qianlong period, all of which achieved great victories. This seal is not only a commemoration of Qianlong's own merits, but also a self-motivated seal. "Treasures of the Five Dynasties in Five Blessingg" means to celebrate the 80th birthday of Qianlong and enjoy the family happiness of five generations living under one roof. The seal of "the treasure of the emperor's father" was engraved after Qianlong returned to politics. In the 60th year of Qianlong (1795), on the third day of September, Qianlong ascended the throne in the year of Zhou Jiazhi, and announced that the 15th emperor armadillo was the Crown Prince, and a ceremony of giving and receiving was held in the new year. Gan Long became the only emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and was engraved with the seal of "the treasure of the emperor". However, after Gan Long abdicated, he still taught politics until his death in November of Jiaqing three years.
The "Five Blessingg" in "Treasures of the Five Dynasties in Five Blessingg" refers to the ninth "using Five Blessingg" in the ninth field of "Hong Fan Pian of Shangshu", that is, one day's longevity, two days' wealth, three days' corning, four days' virtue and five days' end of life. Emperor Qianlong was 74 years old and lived under the same roof for five generations, but there was no title hall at that time. It was not until the fifty-second year of Qianlong (1787) that the scroll "Five Blessingg Five Dynasties Hall" was added to the Jingfu Palace in the Forbidden City, and at the same time, the seal of "Five Blessingg Five Dynasties Hall, a rare treasure of the emperor" was engraved. It means: celebrate the 80th birthday of Qianlong and enjoy the family happiness of five generations living under one roof. In Tianlu Lin Lang's Tongjian Zonglei and other books, there are seals of "Five Blessingg Five Dynasties Ancient Emperor Treasure", "Eight Immortals Treasure" and "Tai Shang Huang Treasure". The seals frequently used by Emperor Qianlong in painting and calligraphy have been included in the Notes on the Seals of China Painters 172. Some of these seals are not in the Forbidden City, but we know some information about them from the Treasure of Qianlong. Now we summarize the characteristics as follows:
Emperor Qianlong had many "treasures of Qianlong's imperial view", two oval "treasures of Qianlong's imperial view" and a square "treasures of Qianlong's imperial view" were often used in calligraphy and painting. Zou Yigui's landscape scroll is printed with an oval-shaped "treasure of Qianlong and Imperial View", one side of which is Shoushan stone, with a size of 4.1× 3.4cm; The other side is 4.2×3.5cm, using Wen Boren's "Eighteen Views of Jinling". There are some differences in seal cutting between the two sides: the "b" and "z" of dry characters, the "minister" of imperial characters and the "minister" of browsing characters are different in many aspects. The square "treasure of dry magnolia" is Shoushan stone, 7.9cm square; Also commonly used is the circular seal of Han Yu's Qianlong Appreciation, with a diameter of 2.8cm and an internal engraving; The word "Shou" is a rectangular Han Yu with a rhyme of 4.2×2.5cm. The first seal engraved by Emperor Qianlong after he ascended the throne is the bronze seal of "Treasure of Qianlong Imperial Exhibition", which is recorded in "Qianlong Baojian". According to records, on the fourth day of the first month of the first year of Qianlong, "Treasurer Liu Shanjiu said that eunuch Mao Tuan and Hu Shijie handed over the bronze treasure and sent a message: carve the treasure of Qianlong's imperial view and reward it. On the tenth day of the first month, I got two samples of Yin and Yang seal scripts, which were presented by treasurer Liu Shanjiu and eunuch Mao Tuan. Order: I am aiming at the quasi-yin, and I respect this. On February 20th, Treasurer Liu Shanjiu urged Premier Shijie Bai to hand over the bronze treasure engraved with words to eunuchs Hu Shijie and Gao Yucheng. "
Palace seal: Gan Qing Guan Jian Cang Bao, rectangular seal, 3.5x2.3cm；; "Yangxin Treasure Hall", rectangular seal, 4×2.8cm；; ; Treasures of Chinese Palace, rectangular seal, 3.6×2.6cm；; ; Collection of Imperial Study, elliptic printing, 4.4×3cm；; ; They are both Jasper and Yang Wen; Four sides are printed into a box.
Emperor Qianlong's paintings and calligraphy commonly used two rectangular seals, "Shiqu Baodi", with a size of 2.7 × 2 cm; The oval seal is 2.4× 1.2cm, the seal of "Secret Hall Zhu Lin" is 2× 1.3, and the seal of "Hidden in Secret Hall Zhu Lin" is rectangular with the size of 1.9x2cm, male; Seal of "Newly Edited Secret Museum", 2×2cm, Yang Wen; "Reset, Fang Yin, 2×2cm, Yin, full green Han Yu. Rotary seal "Shiqu Ding Jian", 2.6 cm in diameter, Yang Wen; "Edited by Baodi" square seal, 2.3×2.3cm, sapphire.
The Forbidden City has two sets of seals, "Sanxi Hall is proficient in seal" and "Yi descendants seal". One set is Sanxi Hall Jing Jian Xi (4× 2.2 cm), written by Yang Wen; Han Yuwa Niu's "Yi Liao Sun" Fang Yin (2.4X2.4cm), poem; It is used in the first and second editions of Baodi in Shiqu and The Secret Hall of Zhu Lin. In the third series of "Zhu Lin in the Secret Hall of Baodi in Shiqu", a set of seals (4.4×2.3 cm) of the white jade beast Niu Jiaqing and Yulong "Yi Descendants" (2.9 cm 2), accompanied by Jiaqing appreciation. Jiaqing's overprint is an imitation of the dry seal, with a slightly larger size and a slightly different engraving. The Forbidden City now has the seal of "Ningshou Palace continues to enter the stone canal treasure", with a sapphire dragon button, which is 3.35cm square, 6. 1cm high and 8.7cm long. In the later period of Qianlong, the seal of "Ningshou Palace continued to enter the stone canal treasure" was made.
At present, the Palace Museum has 9 pieces of Ganlong Emperor's "Gan" and 4 pieces of "Excellent". There are two kinds of "Gan" and "Wei Wei" used together: one is that "Gan" is printed with a positive body, and "Wei Wei" is printed with a negative body; The second type is the "Exquisite and Exquisite" seal script, with the rough seal script of Yin seal script above and the "Gan" seal script of Yang seal script below. In addition, Yuan Qian Xuan's "Ancient Tu Shan Volume" (imitation of Yuan people) bears the seal of "Gan". The three seals of Tian Huangshi, the emperor of Qianlong, were taken out of the palace by the last emperor Puyi. The seals were "Gan", "Cai You" and "Lotte" and were returned on 1950. They are now displayed in the Treasures Hall of the Palace Museum.
In his later years, Gan Long's poetry and calligraphy often included: the treasures of the five dynasties in Five Blessingg, the treasures of the ancient emperors, the treasures of the eight diagrams, the treasures of the emperor's father, the treasures of the emperor's father and the treasures of the emperor.
What needs special explanation here is that the circular seal of "Gu Xitian Zi" is often used in calligraphy and painting, because the "Gu Xitian Zi" in the Qianlong period was printed in various ways. According to the size of the seal and the size of the inscription on the calligraphy and painting, the author compares it with "Gan Long steamed stuffed bun"; This print is 4.5cm in diameter, Han Yu. There is a passage below the seal: "The head of the ancient jade shaft is two inches long and the circumference is one inch. Divide it by five and cut it into two. One is to cut the lapels (beat the sound), and the other is to carve a treasure around the circle+Bao Wenri:' Gu Xitian word', which is used to suppress calligraphy and painting. If it can be made into a butterfly, it feels too thick, and the middle gauge cuts half and leaves half. The jade of the cutter is presented to the cutter. The original jade can be used, and it is still precious to sweat and spit for a long time. I think of my arm disease, and I don't need to spend a few minutes reciting its meaning. Emperor Qiu of Qianlong and Renyin. Forty-seven years of Qianlong (1782). From the text, we can see that the rotating seal of "Gu Xi Tian Zi" often used in calligraphy and painting turned out to be the head of an ancient jade shaft, half of which was made into a seal and the other half was made into a finger. This seal was engraved in the forty-seventh year of Qianlong, which is an important basis for identifying calligraphy and painting.
Although some of the above seals no longer exist, we can still see the important information of Gan Long seal from Zhu Bao, Gan Long. There are records of different textures, sizes and faces in the original prints, and some of them are annotated beside important prints, which provides an important basis for modern people to identify ancient paintings and calligraphy.