The classification of six books with 38 categories established by Liu Xin and his son has not been used up to now. Due to the disaster of the collection of books in the Western Han Dynasty when the Eastern Han Dynasty offered the emperor, Emperor Wen of Wei died in Cao Pi's time, and it was compiled into Zhongjing by Zheng Mo, the secretary, which formed the embryonic form of the later four-part classification. It is difficult to know the classification of Zhongjing because of its loss. However, according to the new book of Zhongjing (also known as Jinzhong Classic Book) compiled by Xunxu, the secretary of the tenth year of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, it can be confirmed that the four-part classification method was adopted. The categories of "The New Book of Zhongjing" are as follows: Part A, with six arts and primary school books; Part B, there are ancient philosophers' families, modern philosophers' families, military books, military strategists, and skills; Part c, there are historical records, old events, imperial books and chores; In the fourth department, there are poems, pictures and books. In the Tang Dynasty, the Annals of Classics and Records of Sui Shu, edited by Wei Zhi and Changsun Wuji, replaced the four parts of A, B, C and D with the names and order of Classics, History, Zi and Ji. Since then, this four-part classification has been adopted in the catalogues of public and private books. Jixian Academy, established in the early years of the Tang Dynasty, stores books in four warehouses according to classics, history, books and collections, and is called "Sikushu". This formed the origin of the name "Si Ku". The revision of Sikuquanshu in Qing Dynasty still followed the names and order of Jing, Shi, Zi and Ji, but made some adjustments to the subheadings. Since the compilation of Sikuquanshu was made by imperial decree, the four-part classification has occupied the dominant position in the classification field since the publication of Sikuquanshu. Hereafter, the four-part classification is called the four-library classification. The systematic arrangement of Sikuquanshu is as follows:
There are ten categories of classics: Yi, Shu, Poetry, Ritual, Spring and Autumn, Filial Piety, General Meaning of Five Classics, Four Books, Music and Primary School. Among them, rites are divided into six genera: Zhou Li, Yi Li, Li Ji, General Meaning of Three Rites, Tong Li and Miscellaneous Rites, and primary schools are divided into three genera: exegesis, word book and rhyme book.
History department: official history, chronicle, miscellaneous history, other history, imperial edicts, biographies, historical notes, records, seasons, geography, official posts, political books, catalogues and historical reviews * * * 15 categories, among which imperial edicts are divided into imperial edicts and memorials. Geography is divided into 1 genera: Palace Sparse, General Records, Metropolitan Counties, Rivers, Frontier Defense, Mountains and Rivers, Historic Sites, Miscellaneous Notes, Travel Notes, and Foreign Notes; official posts are divided into 2 genera: official system and official advice; political books are divided into 6 genera: general system, ceremony, state planning, military and political affairs, decrees and examinations; and the catalogue is divided into 2 genera: classics and epigraphy.
Sub-division: Confucianism, military strategists, legalists, farmers, doctors, astronomical algorithms, tricks, art, music records, miscellaneous schools, books, novelists, Buddhists and Taoists. Among them, astronomical algorithms are divided into two genera, and tricks are divided into mathematics and mathematics. The catalogue is divided into three genera: utensils, cookbooks, plants, birds, animals, insects and fish; the miscellaneous category is divided into six genera: miscellaneous science, miscellaneous examination, miscellaneous theory, miscellaneous articles, miscellaneous compilation and miscellaneous compilation; the novelist category is divided into three genera: miscellaneous work, strange news and trivial language;
Collection: Chu Ci, Bie Ji, Zong Ji, Poetry Review, and Ci Qu * * *, among which Ci Qu also belongs to five genera: Word Segmentation Collection, Ci Selection, Ci Hua, Ci Spectrum and Rhyme, and Nanbei Qu.
sikuquanshu is the largest book integration in ancient China. There are four parts, forty-four classes and sixty-six genera. It contains 3,53 kinds of ancient books, 79,337 volumes, 36,3 volumes and 6,752 letters. * * * Copy seven parts are hidden in Beisi Pavilion (Wenyuan Pavilion in Beijing Forbidden City, Wenshui Pavilion in Shenyang Forbidden City, Wenyuan Pavilion in Beijing Yuanmingyuan, Wenjin Pavilion in chengde mountain resort) and Nansan Pavilion (Wenzong Pavilion in Jinshan Temple in Zhenjiang, Wenhui Pavilion in Yangzhou and Wenlan Pavilion in Hangzhou). It is worth mentioning that Sikuquanshu basically includes all kinds of books circulating in the society. As far as the authors are concerned, they include works by women, monks, Taoists, eunuchs, soldiers, emperors and foreigners. It is a strange thing to exclude Zhang Hui's novels and drama works. The obvious shortcomings of ancient Chinese book classification are: attaching importance to Confucian works and putting Confucian works in a prominent position. Put the Confucian classics at the top of the four books, and put the works of various schools outside the sub-department. Suffered from the exclusion of a hundred schools of Confucianism. Another notable feature is: contempt for scientific and technological works. Except for a few scientific and technological works collected by farmers, doctors and astronomical algorithms, general scientific and technological works are not included. These defects have affected the development of science and technology in China, and gradually formed a self-restraint, arrogance, and regard modern science and technology as heresy, "saving its skills and prohibiting its academic dissemination." The final fate of the seven "Si Ku Quan Shu" is: Wenyuan Pavilion was destroyed when the British and French invaders burned and looted Yuanmingyuan in the tenth year of Xianfeng. Wenyuan Pavilion originally existed in Taiwan Province Province. Wensui Pavilion is now in Gansu Provincial Library. Wenjin Pavilion is now in Beijing Library. Both Wenzong Pavilion and Wenhui Pavilion were destroyed in the war when the Taiping Army and the Qing Army fought in Xianfeng for three years. When the Taiping Army conquered Hangzhou in the eleventh year of Xianfeng, the Wenlan Pavilion destroyed its books. Later, Hangzhou bibliophiles Ding Bing and Ding Shen independently collected and bought back more than 8, copies, and some of the missing books were copied again. In the sixth year of Guangxu, Wenlan Pavilion was rebuilt, and the Ding Shi brothers returned the book to Wenlan Pavilion. This book has been supplemented twice and is now in Zhejiang Library.
due to the differences between Chinese and western academic systems and knowledge systems, the ancient western book classification is essentially different from our country. Western book classification began in ancient Greece. Aristotelian originated in Greece. He advocates three categories: history, philosophy and literature. After modern times, with the development of knowledge differentiation and division of labor, academic classification became more detailed, and gradually formed the book classification in the modern western sense.
compared with China's four-part classification system, western classification by nature should be said to be more scientific. China's four-part classification system seems to be classified by nature, but it is actually more inclined to the situation classification. As far as the classics are concerned, poetry belongs to literature, ceremony belongs to social science, spring and autumn belongs to history, and The Analects belongs to philosophy. With the opening of the country, the eastern and western cultures blend. With the increase of translated books in the West and the popularization of academic disciplines in the West, the development of book classification and academic disciplines is the general trend. Therefore, it is necessary to break through the four-part classification system, classify Chinese and Western classics according to the modern concept and principles of discipline classification, and reconfigure and integrate China's knowledge system. From the end of 19th century, China scholars began to reform the four-part classification and made some breakthroughs. By the middle of 2th century, they completed the integration with the international book classification. Throughout the world, book classification varies from country to country, but the basic principle is the same, that is, the theoretical rule of book classification is formal logic; The technical rules of book classification follow: basic level law, interdisciplinary positioning law, document inheritance law, sorting order law and shelving parity law.
basic level law: it is basically divided into 7 levels, which is treated as common sense. The first level is divided into humanistic books and natural books based on the attributes of the universe. The second level is divided according to the basic subject attributes. The third level is divided by the standards of affiliated disciplines. The fourth level is divided by the functional attributes of books. The fifth level divides books into works according to their variety attributes. The sixth level is divided into domestic and foreign books according to the international space of books (non-disciplinary definition space). The seventh level is divided into book time series (non-disciplinary time series).
interdisciplinary positioning law: the so-called interdisciplinary mainly refers to the intersection of basic disciplines and affiliated disciplines. Knowledge fusion, interdisciplinary generally has the following kinds: 1. Industrial application disciplines and theoretical basic disciplines intersect. 2. Interdisciplinary application of industries. 3. Intersection of theoretical basic disciplines. 4. The intersection of general applied disciplines and theoretical basic disciplines. The orientation of interdisciplinary subjects should follow the principle of applying what you have learned. From application to theory, from industry to foundation, from the past to the future.
law of document inheritance: the law of document inheritance is mainly based on disciplines, outlined by dichotomy (original works, derivation), classified by quadrupling (writings, academics, teaching and help), divided by logical rules step by step, with ancient and modern times as the classics and Chinese and foreign spaces as the latitudes, so as to collect ancient and modern Chinese and foreign books to reflect the inheritance relationship of documents.
Ordering sequence: the method of arranging from ancient to present, from domestic to foreign, from general to special, from theory to application, from science to engineering, from single line to binding, from original to derivation.
the law of shelving apposition: the same author, the same title, the same content, the same period and the same variety are shelved in principle under the premise of classmates.
The definition of book classification discipline is: humanities-the knowledge about human beliefs, sentiments, thinking, behaviors, lifestyles and their social relations. Natural science-is the knowledge about the form, structure, nature and movement law of natural matter. Basic discipline-is a discipline that studies the theory or technology of humanities and natural disciplines in specific disciplines. There are theoretical basic disciplines and technical basic disciplines. Applied discipline-refers to the discipline in which basic disciplines are applied in a certain industry or field. General subject-refers to a theoretical subject with broad significance in the fields of humanities or nature.
There are still some rules and differences in the classification of books at the level of various collection institutions. Book classification is an independent discipline (book classification), so I won't talk about it here. The above foundation is enough to manage a small library. Although there are different classifications in modern libraries at all levels in China, they basically follow: A Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought's B Philosophy, C Social Science, D Politics, Law, E Military, F Economy, G Culture, Education, Science, Sports, H Language, Text, I Literature, J Art, K History, Geography, N Natural Science, O Mathematical Science and Chemistry, P Astronomy. Earth science q biological science r medicine, health s agricultural science t industrial TEchnology TD mining engineering te oil, natural gas industry TF metallurgy industry TG metallography, metal technology TH machinery, instrument industry TJ weapon industry TK power engineering TL atomic energy technology TN radio electronics, electronic technology TP automation technology, Computing technology TQ chemical industry TS light industry, handicraft industry TU building science TV water conservancy project U transportation V aviation, aerospace X environmental science Z comprehensive publication.
attachment: a little common sense about books
part: one of the units of measurement of books. Books (strategies) in the period of Jane Eyre in ancient China were stored in laundry baskets, which were called "Za", and then "Za" evolved into "Bu". A book is sometimes equivalent to a book, and sometimes it contains several kinds. Its number of albums is unlimited, and it can be only one volume, such as The Analects of Confucius; It can also be composed of multiple volumes or volumes of books, such as Twenty-Five History, which includes 25 historical works such as Historical Records, Pre-Han Books and Later Han Books, and each is a book. A large book, a book can include thousands of kinds or thousands of volumes. For example, China's largest series "Si Ku Quan Shu".
category: one of the units of measurement of books. A book that constitutes an independent body by itself is called a book. Modern publications A book can be one volume or multiple volumes, which is characterized by a single title and a single or unified pricing. For example, The Selected Readings of Mao Zedong's Works is divided into two volumes, one for pricing and one for counting. The Complete Works of Lenin, in its second edition, has 6 volumes * * *, and each volume is priced at a single price, so there are 6 kinds. Sikuquanshu is divided into several sub-categories under the four major categories, and sub-categories are subdivided under some sub-categories, one for each item.
volume: one of the units of measurement of books. Books written on silk or paper in ancient China were rolled up for collection. Therefore, the number of books is counted as "volumes". A book can be divided into several volumes, and each volume has its own words. Descendants continue to use it. "Volume" refers to a part of the whole book, such as Volume I, Volume I, Volume I, etc. In modern publications, one volume is mostly one volume, but there is also one volume divided into several volumes. For example, the Chinese version of The Complete Works of Marx and Engels has 5 volumes, of which the 26th volume is divided into three volumes, I, II and III, and the 46th volume is divided into two volumes. Some books contain several volumes in one volume, such as Chen Shou's Three Kingdoms (1959 edition) ***5 volumes, volumes 1-3 are Wei Shu, with 3 volumes, volume 4 Shu Shu 15 volumes and volume 5 Wu Shu 2 volumes.
volume: a binding form of books and periodicals. The name of "Book" originated from the ancient book form of China-Jane Eyre. Before the invention of paper, China split bamboo into pieces to write words called Jane, and the woven Jane was called "strategy" and also wrote "books". The articles written on Jane can be divided into several volumes. The binding form of books in China developed from scroll system to album system, and then from butterfly binding, Bao Beizhuang binding and thread binding to today's book binding form, basically maintaining the album binding form. Modern publications and periodicals are generally bound in one issue. A binding of one or more books. For the convenience of publication, books with large space are usually published in volumes according to the content structure of the books. Some of them are published in the first and second volumes (or volumes); Published in three volumes: upper, middle and lower; Some books are arranged in digital order, such as the first volume, the second volume and the third volume. There are also "sub-volumes" and "attached volumes". A volume refers to an entity unit of a book bound in a volume. Some books are divided into units according to the contents of the works, such as Ci Hai, which is published in more than 2 volumes, such as Words and Philosophy. A book is an independent body, which is used to count the number of books and periodicals published and the amount of books in the library. The "number" on the book copyright page is calculated by volume. Non-publication practical books, such as account books, commemorative books, etc.