The so-called ability to read simple classical Chinese means that students can directly read some simple articles in the works of philosophers, historians and writers since the Warring States period with the help of reference books. Ordinary ancient books, unlike our textbooks, have so detailed and popular annotations that they don't even have punctuation marks. Even simple articles are not easy to understand.
First of all, choose a chapter and do a good job of reading and reciting a chapter. This is a traditional experience. What needs further study is how much classical Chinese students must read, how much classical Chinese they must recite and how to recite a certain amount of classical Chinese.
If students really want to be able to read even simple classical Chinese books independently, they can't read 100- 150 classical Chinese, but they can recite at least 50-60 classical Chinese skillfully. The reason why students are required to read and recite 50 or 60 articles is because only in this way can students not only be familiar with the syntactic features of classical Chinese, but also master the classical Chinese vocabulary necessary for reading ordinary classical Chinese ancient books.
Middle school students have a heavy academic burden. Is it possible to read and recite 50-60 articles? If you count by ten semesters, there are only five or six articles per semester on average. As long as the reading factors in the classroom are increased, as long as the repeated tests of recitation and dictation are emphasized, and as long as the selected articles are easy to recite, it is completely possible. Of the three, chapter selection is very important.
From the psychological point of view, all works that are lively and can arouse readers' strong interest are easy to learn and unforgettable; All works that are boring and can't arouse readers' strong interest are difficult to read and easy to forget. It is important to do a good job in reading and reciting, and urge students to review repeatedly, but it is especially necessary to work hard on selecting articles, and to choose short, concise and beautiful articles for students to read intensively, and there are all kinds of articles.
In addition, it is also important to inspire students to learn by themselves in teaching methods. It is difficult for students to remember what they have learned by instilling teaching method; It is hard to forget what students have thought independently and studied carefully.
Every teacher has this experience in teaching. Second, systematically sort out and master a certain number of words. Strictly speaking, it is not enough to be able to read even simple classical Chinese books independently, just reading 100 books and reciting 50-60 short articles.
This requires us to adopt scientific teaching methods to enable students to master the classical Chinese sentence patterns and common words necessary for reading ordinary ancient books. Classical Chinese sentence patterns are not complicated and can be easily solved in teaching. This article only discusses part of the text.
The first problem to be solved here is how many common words in classical Chinese should be mastered. Common words in classical Chinese are about 1350.
Among these words, there are more than 500 students, but in fact only more than 800 need to be analyzed emphatically. This shows that even reading ancient philosophical works like Mencius, it is enough to focus on analyzing more than 800 words in classical Chinese.
Students should be familiar with these words, and after reading them, they can draw inferences from others. It is not enough to explain lesson by lesson. Students must be guided to systematically summarize and sort out after the end of a unit. My approach is: (1) In the aspect of function words in classical Chinese, the method of combining point with surface and repeatedly discriminating is adopted.
For example, pronouns, after students accumulated more perceptual knowledge, I instructed them to classify pronouns into three categories: person, instruction and question, and * * summed up 33 pronouns (including "two, two, nai, if" which are mainly not pronouns). Then take out the most common or complicated pronouns such as "Qi", "Zhi", "Bi", "Fu", "Or" and "Mo", and guide the students to analyze and discriminate repeatedly with the analysis of sentence structure.
There are about 80 function words in classical Chinese, except those that are universal or too uncommon in ancient and modern times, of which less than 30 have many parts of speech and the highest frequency. Using the above methods, students have the opportunity to identify these 30 key function words repeatedly.
(2) In the aspect of content words in classical Chinese, classified induction is adopted according to the characteristics. There are three specific methods, namely, general cohesion method, ancient and modern comparison method and comprehensive analysis method. The so-called convergence of general notes is to find out synonyms and synonyms of several lessons and add general notes.
The so-called ancient and modern comparison is to list the words that have disappeared in several classes or have the same literal meaning in ancient and modern times, so that students can refer to their notes and write modern words with the same meaning. The so-called combinatorial analysis is a comprehensive comparative analysis of words with the same literal meaning but different meanings in several classes (that is, words with multiple meanings). For example, the word "death" has the same meaning as "escape", "despair", "death", "separation", "loss" and "nothing".
Explain one or two meanings one by one, and then collect examples to guide students to distinguish the meanings in different sentences. (3) In the system of ancient nouns and things related to ancient cultural knowledge, the method of combining texts and supplementing them appropriately can be adopted.
At present, people generally pay more attention to the induction and collation of function words and content words in classical Chinese, but not enough attention to ancient cultural knowledge and nouns in the name system. In fact, these ancient nouns can be found everywhere in ancient books.
Third, guiding self-study and expanding students' reading ability can be cultivated in two stages. In the first stage, guide students to read the text with the help of notes; In the second stage, guide students to read the text without comment.
In these two stages, we should pay attention to expanding students' reading range. In teaching, I realized that to cultivate students' autonomous learning ability and expand students' reading range, teachers need to play more leading roles instead of interpreting sentence by sentence.
In classroom teaching, we should be familiar with all classical Chinese textbooks, find out students' knowledge base, determine what to focus on in this class, and be good at inspiring students to understand the text with old knowledge. For example, after teaching The Six Kingdoms, the students taught themselves once. According to the difficulties in the article and the need of systematic induction, I contacted the old class and focused on "soldier", "bribe", "mutual", "death", "violence", "fatigue", "judgment", "speed" and "harmony".
Students read the text again.
2. How to improve the understanding of classical Chinese There is nothing special about classical Chinese, that is, memorizing words and explanations, some common proper nouns behind the Chinese book, common content words and endorsements are useless, so don't recite the whole manual.
There are only a few kinds of poems, and there are routines. See what poetry is about. Generally, Tang poetry is divided into romantic school, realistic school and frontier school, and the content is to write a farewell scene. Writing scenery is to express love for the great rivers and mountains of the motherland, and farewell is to say goodbye to someone. What's good about this sentence when asking questions? Generally, this sentence has a unique way of writing. Such as antithesis, antithesis, or static versus dynamic, static versus dynamic, line drawing, are mostly these kinds. The feelings expressed are basically admiration for real life or dissatisfaction with their own status quo. When I encounter this kind of thing, I will watch it several times and follow the example I said.
Song ci is generally lyrical, so you should first find out which one it is. Song ci is bold and graceful. The unrestrained school expressed its lofty sentiments and feelings about real life. Headed by Su Shi, grace is to express love or feelings. Song ci is headed by Li Qingzhao, Li Yu and Liu Yong, and also uses techniques such as drawing lines in Tang poetry. When appreciating, you will write from two aspects: writing techniques and lyricism, and you can basically score.
Yuanqu is mostly critical, because the Yuan Dynasty was founded by Mongols, so Yuanqu mostly criticizes the darkness of rulers, or expresses dissatisfaction with real life, and there are also some fresh and beautiful poems.
If you want to learn these things well, you can't make it clear in one or two sentences. I hope these can inspire you. I am exhausted. ...
3. How to improve the reading comprehension of classical Chinese has several points to pay attention to:
First of all, you must be familiar with the classical Chinese in class, because they are very representative.
There is also the need to strengthen memory and try to write down every classical Chinese. And when remembering, we must understand and remember, not mechanically, otherwise the memory will not be strong.
Then, write down some commonly used words in classical Chinese, and then make up some jingles that suit you, so that you can remember many meanings together, which is better. For example, if you remember the meaning of "one", I will write it down: rely on it.
We should also pay attention to special structures, such as noun usage and attributive postposition. The structure of "Zhi … Yu" is passive.
There is more questions, more hands-on information, combined with historical facts, to understand the full text.
Last but not least, you must cultivate your interest in learning anything first, so that you can go into battle lightly and gallop freely all the way.
After a long time, I have accumulated a lot, until it is more natural, and it will be much easier to read classical Chinese after class.
Translation methods of classical Chinese
First, basic methods: literal translation and free translation.
There are two basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation. The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as opposed as possible. The advantage of literal translation is the implementation of every word; Its disadvantage is that sometimes the translated sentences are difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough. The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns. The advantage of free translation is that the text is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages and is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be realized word by word. These two translation methods should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation.
Second, specific methods: leave, delete, supplement, change, adjust and change.
"Stay" means to keep. All words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places, things, officials, countries, years and units of measurement. , can remain unchanged when translating.
"Delete" means delete. Delete function words that do not need to be translated in classical Chinese. For example, "Pei Gong joined Fan Kuai"-Pei Gong's bodyguard Fan Kuai. "This is also" is an auxiliary word at the end, which is not translated.
"Supplement" means supplement. (1) Turn monosyllabic words into disyllabic words; (2) make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence; (3) Fill in the omitted sentences. Note: Fill in the omitted components or sentences with brackets.
"Change" means replacement. Replace ancient words with modern words. For example, replace "I, Yu, Yu" with "I" and "II, Ru" with "You".
"Adjustment" means adjustment. Adjust ancient Chinese inverted sentences to modern Chinese sentence patterns. When translating subject-predicate inversion sentences, prepositional object sentences, prepositional object postposition sentences and attributive postposition sentences, the word order should generally be adjusted to conform to modern Chinese expression habits.
"Change" means flexibility. On the basis of being faithful to the original text, translate related words on the spot. If "the waves are calm", it can be translated as "(the lake) is calm".
Translation formula of ancient Chinese
Classical Chinese translation has its own order, so you can read the whole article first and grasp the main idea.
Understand the theme first, collect information, from paragraphs to sentences, from clauses to words,
Understand all, be clear, and be careful when dealing with difficult sentences.
Take care of the previous paragraph, connect with the next sentence, think carefully and try to figure out the tone.
Strive to be reasonable, reasonable and closely related.
If omitted, fill in the original intention and put brackets to indicate the gain.
Names and place names, without translation, names, as usual,
I and Yu are mine, and Er and You are yours. Omitting inversion is regular.
Content words and function words, with the interpretation of the text, sensitize the sense of language, and vary from sentence to sentence.
After translation, you must carefully compare the sentences and understand the tone.
The sentence was fluent, and then I stopped writing.
4. How to improve the reading level of classical Chinese? As we all know, reading level can't be improved in one day, and classical Chinese reading is no exception. There are only two most effective methods: one is accumulation and the other is transformation. Let's talk about accumulation first. Many people learn classical Chinese just because they think the teacher has made it clear, and I get it, which is enough. Teachers speak one by one and students learn one by one. In the third year of high school. When you ask him how many articles he remembers, he will shake his head blankly and say that he doesn't remember any. This learning method is extremely undesirable. Therefore, learning classical Chinese is first of all accumulation. The best way to accumulate is to memorize several important chapters of classical Chinese, including the meaning of notional words, the use of function words and the changes of various sentence patterns. More importantly, we can learn ancient masterpieces by reciting them. The newly revised middle school Chinese syllabus has clearly stipulated that "read classical poems and simple classical Chinese, understand the meaning of words and the ideological content of works, and recite a certain number of famous works." This "certain number" is stipulated in the outline as 50 poems and songs such as The Road to Sadness, Slow Voice and Farewell Pavilion. There are 20 classical Chinese articles (paragraphs) such as "Encouraging Learning", "Preface to Lanting Collection" and "Red Wall Fu". These are the minimum requirements for every high school student. With the increase of reading articles, your language perception of classical Chinese will become stronger and stronger, and your reading level will become higher and higher. It's like laying a foundation before building a house. The stronger the foundation, the higher the house can be built. This is the fundamental way to improve the reading level of classical Chinese. Besides, there is no better way. If you don't spend time in this area, asking what to do during the exam is like leaving the earth by pulling your hair. Besides, transformation. Transformation here refers to the ability to transfer, that is, the ability to read other simple classical Chinese on the basis of reading and reciting. Knowledge learned in class is transformed into ability. It is an indisputable fact that we should master some learning rules and methods of classical Chinese, specifically in the following aspects. Grasp the meaning of notional words. Although the syllabus only stipulates that we need to master 65,438+050 notional words in classical Chinese, it is an indisputable fact that the more notional words we master, the higher our reading level will be. There are four main aspects to master the notional words in classical Chinese: 65,438+0. Ancient and modern meanings are different. Focus on mastering them. Some meanings have shrunk, while others have shifted. For example, in item D of 1999 college entrance examination 1 1, the meaning of "hunger strike" is completely different from that of today. This is the evolution of meaning. 2. Polysemy. When learning classical Chinese, we should always sum up and deepen it. For example, the word "send" should be used as "launch" in "See its arrow nine times out of ten" (Oil Seller) and "set out" in "It is too late, the prince will be late" (Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin); "Lighting" in "Going to the North Army for more than 20 miles and getting angry at the same time" ("Battle of Red Cliffs"); "Open" in "Send a picture, see the dagger in the picture" ("Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin"); In "Great castration also fears righteousness, and it is difficult to break out of the unusual plan" ("Five Tomb Monuments"); "An Neng bends the flow of Hao Jie, grasps the way of the tomb, and expresses his sorrow" ("Five Tomb Monuments"); "Dispatch" in the "independence faction", sending more people, carrying more resources and supporting the monarch "("Battle of Red Cliffs "); In "900 people who suddenly decided to defend Yuyang" ("Chen She family"), they did "recruiting troops and sending troops"; In "I know what you mean, nothing is refreshing" ("Promoting Weaving"), it is "a very short unit of length, and a dime is a beat"; Doing "opening" in "Wild fragrance but delicate fragrance" (Zuiweng Pavilion) is what we saw in class. If you usually accumulate the meaning of content words in the context and master more and more, you will form the ability of analogy and your reading ability will naturally improve. 3. In The Hongmen Banquet, "Yao Yao" is a common word, and its original word is "invitation". Some ancient and modern words are also included in the scope of common words in teaching materials, because some ancient words have more meanings, and then a new word is created on the basis of the original word to share its meaning. The original word is called the ancient word, and the later word is called the present word. Universal characters have nothing to do with this word, while ancient characters have something to do with today's words. The common characters and ancient and modern characters involved in high school textbooks are not more than 100, so it is not difficult to remember. 4. Flexible use of parts of speech. Some notional words in ancient Chinese temporarily had some grammatical functions in a specific language environment, some temporarily changed their parts of speech, and some also changed their pronunciation. This is a special usage of notional words in ancient Chinese. Adjectives as nouns, adjectives as verbs, causative usage and intentional usage of adjectives; Verbs are used as nouns, causative verbs, intentional verbs, etc. Understanding the flexible use of parts of speech is of great benefit to mastering substantive vocabulary, but it is not necessary to memorize it. In the process of learning and reading, the key to mastering this language phenomenon is to understand it with heart and master the usage of function words. Although the number of function words in classical Chinese is small, it is frequently used, flexible in usage and outstanding in grammatical function, so it is also one of the difficulties in learning. Therefore, when learning, we should first distinguish its part of speech, and then clarify its meaning and grammatical function. The syllabus stipulates that you should master 18 function words, and the examination instructions in 2000 stipulate that you should master 30 function words. We can divide these function words into several categories: pronouns mainly include "zhi" and "qi", and adverbs mainly include "bi".
5. There is nothing special about how to improve the understanding of classical Chinese, that is, memorizing single words to explain, memorizing some proper nouns commonly used at the back of Chinese books, memorizing common content words, and not memorizing all manuals, which is useless.
There are only a few kinds of poems, and there are routines. See what poetry is about. Generally, Tang poetry is divided into romantic school, realistic school and frontier school, and the content is to write a farewell scene. Writing scenery is to express love for the great rivers and mountains of the motherland, and farewell is to say goodbye to someone.
What's good about this sentence when asking questions? Generally, this sentence has a unique way of writing. Such as antithesis, antithesis, or static versus dynamic, static versus dynamic, line drawing, are mostly these kinds.
The feelings expressed are basically admiration for real life or dissatisfaction with their own status quo. When I encounter this kind of thing, I will watch it several times and follow the example I said. Song ci is generally lyrical, so you should first find out which one it is.
Song ci is bold and graceful. The unrestrained school expressed its lofty sentiments and feelings about real life. Headed by Su Shi, grace is to express love or feelings. Song ci is headed by Li Qingzhao, Li Yu and Liu Yong, and also uses techniques such as drawing lines in Tang poetry. When appreciating, you will write from two aspects: writing techniques and lyricism, and you can basically score. Yuanqu is mostly critical, because the Yuan Dynasty was founded by Mongols, so Yuanqu mostly criticizes the darkness of rulers, or expresses dissatisfaction with real life, and there are also some fresh and beautiful poems.
If you want to learn these things well, you can't make it clear in one or two sentences. I hope these can inspire you. I'm exhausted.
6. How to improve the reading comprehension of classical Chinese is very simple. As long as you master the translation methods, you can learn the translation methods of classical Chinese: Classical Chinese translation is a comprehensive exercise, which can not only examine the application of basic knowledge of classical Chinese, but also improve the reading ability of classical Chinese and students' written expression ability. Classical Chinese translation requires that every word should be implemented, with literal translation as the main and free translation as the supplement. Try to keep the language style of the original text. For the steps of classical Chinese translation, we should first read the full text, grasp the main idea of the article, and be aware of it, so as not to be in a hurry to translate it as soon as we start. When you encounter difficult words in translation, you can put them down temporarily and weigh them after you finish translating the context. After the full text is translated, read it through again and check the changes to prevent mistranslation, omission and mistranslation of songs. The basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation. The specific methods of classical Chinese translation: leaving, deleting, supplementing, modifying, adjusting and modifying the requirements of classical Chinese translation. Translation of classical Chinese should be "faithful, expressive and elegant". "Faithfulness" means that the translation should be accurate, that is, the translation should be faithful to the original, and the original should be translated truly and properly by using modern Chinese. "Da" means that the translation should be fluent, that is, it should conform to the grammar and usage of modern Chinese, and the words and sentences should be fluent without language defects. "Elegance" means that the translation should be beautiful and natural, that is, it should be vivid and vivid, and it should perfectly express the writing style of the original text. Principles of Classical Chinese Translation In the process of classical Chinese translation, we must follow the principle of "every word has its place, combining literal translation with free translation, and giving priority to literal translation". This requires us to translate every word in a sentence in a specific way. As long as it has a certain real meaning, we must implement it word by word and occupy the corresponding seat. When translating, we should directly change the classical Chinese into the corresponding modern Chinese according to the meaning and word order of the original text, so that words are inseparable from words and sentences. If the meaning is not smooth after literal translation, free translation should be used as an auxiliary means to make the meaning of the sentence as perfect as possible. Classical Chinese translation is a comprehensive exercise, which can not only examine the application of basic knowledge of classical Chinese, but also improve students' reading ability and written expression ability. Classical Chinese translation requires that every word should be implemented, with literal translation as the main and free translation as the supplement. Try to keep the language style of the original text. For the steps of classical Chinese translation, we should first read the full text, grasp the main idea of the article, and be aware of it, so as not to be in a hurry to translate it as soon as we start. When you encounter difficult words in translation, you can put them down temporarily and weigh them after you finish translating the context. After the full text is translated, read it through again and check the changes to prevent mistranslation, omission and mistranslation of songs.