Zhuge Liang (AD 181-234), courtesy name Kongming, was an outstanding statesman, military strategist, strategist, essayist, and diplomat during the Three Kingdoms period. No. Wolong. Zhuge Liang was born in an official's family in Langxieyangdu (now Yinan County, Shandong) in the fourth year of Emperor Guanghe of the Han Dynasty (181). The Zhuge family is a prominent family in Langxie, and their ancestor Zhuge Feng once served as Sili Xiaowei (chief of the garrison of the capital) during the reign of Emperor Yuan of the Western Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang's father, Zhuge Gui, whose courtesy name was Jungong, served as the magistrate of Taishan County in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang's mother Zhang died of illness when he was 3 years old. Zhuge Liang lost his father when he was 8 years old. Together with his younger brother Zhuge Jun, they followed their uncle Zhuge Xuan, who was appointed as the prefect of Yuzhang by Yuan Shu, to Yuzhang. The Eastern Han Dynasty court sent Zhu Hao to replace Zhuge Xuan, so Zhuge Xuan went to join his old friend Liu Biao, the pastor of Jingzhou.
In the second year of Jian'an (197), Zhuge Xuan died of illness. Zhuge Liang and his siblings lost their livelihood, so they moved to Nanyang (① Wolonggang, Nanyang, Henan; ① Longzhong, twenty miles west of Xiangyang, Hubei (now Xiangfan, Hubei)) to live in seclusion in the countryside and farm to make a living. In the fourth year of Jian'an (199), 19-year-old Zhuge Liang and his friends Xu Shu and others studied under Mr. Shuijing Sima Hui.
Later, in order to eliminate the historical disputes left by Zhuge Liang's seclusion, Gu Jiaheng, a native of Xiangyang, Hubei Province who served as the prefect of Nanyang, Henan Province in the Qing Dynasty, wrote: "The merit lies in the court, and there is no distinction between the first and the last; the person with the highest reputation In the sky, there is no need to distinguish between Xiangyang and Nanyang."
This was written by Gu Jiaheng, a native of Xiangyang, Hubei who was the prefect of Nanyang, Henan in the Qing Dynasty. Because Zhuge Liang was so famous in the world, the two provinces competed for the location of Zhuge Liang's former residence. Gu Jiaheng couldn't think of it. To offend Nanyang, but also afraid of being blamed for betraying Sangzi, he wrote this wonderful couplet, which not only praised Zhuge Liang, but also smoothed over the dispute between the two provinces, which is fair. But the controversy did not subside. When the second set of "Three Kingdoms" stamps "Longzhong Pair" souvenir sheet was issued in 1990, Hubei and Henan provinces competed for the location of the "Longzhong Pair" launch ceremony and formed a delegation. He went to Beijing to complain, and the plan was blocked. The Institute of History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Institute of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties of Beijing Normal University have organized an academic symposium on "Zhuge Liang plowed the land". The statement that Zhuge Liang plowed the land in Xyang has been approved by most people. At the same time, historians also believe that, just like Just like the civil and military Chibi, Zhuge's monuments in Xiangyang and Nanyang can completely coexist. Gu Jiaheng's title couplet is truly a masterpiece of famous couplets.
Note: Delete all explanations about Zhuge Liang’s seclusion and the controversy over the titles of ancient books here to avoid causing ethnic conflicts. The history is only for understanding, no debate!
The new version of the People's Education Press textbook also deleted all the words "Xiangfan", "Xiangyang" and "Nanyang" in the notes of "Longzhong Dui" and "Shishi Biao", and only mentioned Zhuge Liang's birthplace and origin.
If you want to know more, please search the entries: "Zizhi Tongjian", "Thatched Cottage Dui" ("Longzhong Dui"), Nanyang, Xiangfan (Xiangyang).
Zhuge Liang's reading was different from that of most people at that time. He did not stick to one chapter or one sentence, but looked at its general outline. He also liked to recite the ancient ballad "Liang Fu Yin". Through painstaking study, he was not only familiar with astronomy and geography, but also proficient in tactics and art of war. He has great ambitions and takes the world as his own responsibility. , Zhuge Liang also paid great attention to observing and analyzing the society at that time, and accumulated rich knowledge on governing the country and using troops.
In the twelfth year of Jian'an (207), when Zhuge Liang was 27 years old, Liu Bei "visited the thatched cottage three times", met with Zhuge Liang, and asked about the plan to unify the world. Zhuge Liang analyzed the situation at the time incisively and proposed to first capture Jing, Yi served as a base, reformed politics internally, united with Sun Quan externally, pacified the Yiyue in the south, and reconciled with the Rong in the west. Waiting for the opportunity, he sent troops from both directions to the north to unify the country's strategic thinking. This conversation is the famous "Longzhong Dui" (That is, "Thatched Cottage").
After listening to Zhuge Liang's incisive and thorough analysis, Liu Bei's thoughts suddenly became enlightened. He felt that Zhuge Liang's talent was rare, so he sincerely asked Zhuge Liang to come out and help him complete the great cause of reviving the Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang then came out to assist Liu Bei, forming a tripartite alliance among the Three Kingdoms. Zhuge Liang stepped in to assist Liu Bei in times of crisis and joined forces with Sun Yat-sen to fight against Cao Cao. Defeated Cao's army at Chibi and captured Jingzhou. In the 16th year of Jian'an, Yizhou was captured. Then he defeated Cao Jun and captured Hanzhong. In the twenty-sixth year, Liu Bei established the Shu Han regime in Chengdu, and Zhuge Liang was appointed prime minister to preside over the government. In three years (223 years), Liu Bei was critically ill and asked him to take care of his future affairs.
Liu Chan succeeded to the throne, and Zhuge Liang was named the Marquis of Wuxiang and led the pastoral care of Yizhou. Be diligent and prudent, handle all political affairs personally, strictly enforce rewards and punishments, alliance with Soochow, improve relations with all ethnic groups in the southwest, implement farming, and strengthen war preparations. In the fifth year of Jianxing (227), Shangshu (i.e., "Chu Shi Biao") was appointed by Liu Chan, and he led his army to station in Hanzhong. He made six northern expeditions to the Central Plains, mostly using food but without success. After twelve years, he finally became ill due to overwork and died in the Wuzhangyuan Army. He left his funeral affairs to Jiang Wei.
Zhuge Liang was an outstanding statesman, thinker, and military strategist in the Shu Kingdom during the Three Kingdoms period. For thousands of years, Zhuge Liang has become the embodiment of wisdom, and his legendary stories have been recited by the world. Zhuge Liang's writings are included in the "Zhuge Family Collection Catalog" in the original biography of "Three Kingdoms", consisting of twenty-four chapters and one hundred and forty-four thousand one hundred and twelve words. Compiled by later generations, the "Collected Works of Marquis Zhuge Zhongwu" compiled by Zhang Shu of the Qing Dynasty is relatively complete. Zhuge Liang's main works in his life include: "The Former Teacher", "The Later Teacher", and "Longzhong Dui".
Zhuge Liang was skilled in strategy, resourceful and decisive, and was good at ingenuity. He once innovated the "continuous crossbow", which could fire 10 arrows at the same time; he also made "wooden ox" and "flowing horse" to facilitate military transportation in the mountains; he also practiced the art of war and made the "eight formations". picture".
There are many memorial monuments to Zhuge Liang, dozens of them across the country. There is an endless stream of tourists.
The earliest Wuhou Temple in the country is in Mian County, Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province. Wuhou Temple in Mian County is the No. 1 Wuhou Temple in the world. Wuhou Temple in Mian County was built in the spring of the sixth year of Jingyao (AD 263). Zhuge Liang was the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty. He was named "Wuxianghou" during his lifetime (Wuxiang is in Wuxiang Town, Hanzhong City today). After his death, he was posthumously named "Zhongwuhou" by Liu Chan. Therefore, historically, his ancestral temple was honored as "Wuxianghou". Hou Temple". Now the Wuhou Temple in Mian County is majestic and grand in scale. It has seven courtyards and more than 60 temples. It is not only a place to pay homage to the sages, but also a place to visit cultural relics. What is even more significant is that the Wuhou Temple in Mian County is located at the former site of the "Xingyuan Prime Minister's Mansion" where Zhuge Liang went to Hanzhong to station troops for the Northern Expedition.
At present, in addition to Wuhou Temple in Chengdu and Wuhou Temple in Mian County, there are also Wuhou Temple in Nanyang, Wuhou Temple in Baidi City, Wuhou Temple in Baoshan, Yunnan, and Wuhou Temple in Qishan. In addition, there are the Wuzhangyuan Zhuge Temple built before the Tang Dynasty, the Wuhou Palace (Puqi, Hubei) built in the Ming Dynasty, the Huangling Temple (Yichang, Hubei) built during the Jian'an period, etc. Zhuge Town in Lanxi, Zhejiang is named after the descendants of Zhuge Liang who have lived here for generations. The Prime Minister's Ancestral Hall was first built during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, more than 370 years ago. The Prime Minister's Ancestral Hall has fifty-two rooms of ancient buildings, including Zhuge Liang's tomb. In recent years, the Lanxi Prime Minister's Ancestral Hall has become increasingly famous and influential. It is a major historical site and a scenic spot in Lanxi.
Chronology of Zhuge Liang
Era, Age, Life and Deeds
Zhuge Liang was born in the 4th year of Guanghe, 181 0 years old, in Langye Yangdu (now Yinan County, Shandong Province) ).
Zhongping 6 years 189 8 years old Zhuge Liang's biological mother Zhang passed away.
Chuping 3rd year 192 11 years old Zhuge Liang's father Zhuge Si passed away.
In the first year of Xingping, 194, at the age of 13, Zhuge Liang, his younger brother Zhuge Jun and his younger sister were adopted by their uncle Zhuge Xuan. His older brother Zhuge Jin went to Jiangdong with his stepmother.
In the 2nd year of Chuping, 195, 14 years old, Zhuge Liang's uncle Zhuge Xuan was appointed as the governor of Yuzhang. He and his younger siblings went to Yuzhang (now Nanchang) with his uncle.
Zhuge Xuan died of illness in 197, the 2nd year of Jian'an, at the age of 16. Zhuge Liang and his siblings moved to Nanyang.
In the 4th year of Jian'an, 199, at the age of 18, Zhuge Liang and his friends Xu Shu and others studied under Mr. Shui Jing, Sima Hui.
Jian'an 12th year 207 26 years old Liu Bei visited the thatched cottage three times. Zhuge Liang told Liu Bei a plan to divide the world into three parts, which is the famous "thatched cottage pair". He immediately came out to assist Liu Bei.
13th year of Jian'an 208 27 years old Zhuge Liang persuaded Sun Quan to form an alliance with Liu Bei and participated in the Battle of Chibi and won.
In the 14th year of Jian'an, 209, at the age of 28, Zhuge Liang was appointed as the military advisor.
16th year of Jian'an 211 30 years old Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, and Zhao Yun guarded Jingzhou.
Jian'an 19th year 214 33 years old Zhuge Liang left Guan Yu to guard Jingzhou, and led troops with Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun to join forces with Liu Bei. Liu Bei entered Chengdu and took charge of Bashu. Zhuge Liang was appointed as the general of the Shu army's military division, the general of the left, and the chief minister of the government.
20th year of Jian'an 215 34 years old Zhuge Liang rectified the internal affairs of Bashu.
23rd year of Jian'an 218 37 years old Zhuge Liang stayed in Bashu to raise military rations to supply Liu Bei who was fighting in Hanzhong.
In the first year of Shu Zhangwu, 221, at the age of 40, Liu Bei ascended the throne and established the Kingdom of Shu. Zhuge Liang was appointed prime minister.
In the first year of Jianxing of Shu, 223, 42 years old, Liu Bei entrusted Zhuge Liang to Baidi City.
Liu Chan made Zhuge Liang the Marquis of Wuxiang and led Yizhou as a pastoralist.
2 years after the founding of Shu, 224, 43 years old, Zhuge Liang adjusted the internal affairs of Bashu and stabilized the people who were in chaos due to Liu Bei's defeat.
In the 3rd year of the founding of Shu, 225, 44 years old, Zhuge Liang led his army to the south and stabilized the four southern counties.
In the 4th year of the founding of Shu, 226, 45 years old, Zhuge Liang prepared to attack Wei.
In the 5th year of the founding of Shu, 227, 46 years old, Zhuge Liang submitted the "List of Departures" to his former lord Liu Chan for the Northern Expedition.
In the 6th year of the founding of Shu, 228, 47 years old, the street pavilion was lost during the Northern Expedition. Zhuge Liang beheaded Ma Su with tears, demoted himself to the right general, and acted as prime minister.
In the 7th year of the founding of Shu, 229, 48 years old, Zhuge Liang once again launched the northern expedition to capture Wudu and Yinping, and restored his position as prime minister.
In the 8th year of Shu Jianxing 230 49 years old, Zhuge Liang went on another northern expedition.
In the 9th year of the founding of Shu, 231, 50 years old, Zhuge Liang launched a northern expedition to attack Qishan, defeated Sima Zhongda, and defeated Wei general Zhang He.
In the 11th year of Shu Jianxing's reign (233-52 years old), Zhuge Liang built a pavilion in Xiegu to gather grain.
Zhuge Liang died of illness in Wuzhangyuan during the second Northern Expedition in 234, the 12th year of Shu Jianxing's reign (at the age of 54).
Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms: Biography of Zhuge Liang
Written by Chen Shou of Jin Dynasty, Zhuge Liang was named Kongming and was a native of Langxieyangdu. Han Si Li Xiaowei Zhuge Fenghou also. Father Gui, whose courtesy name was Jungong, was the capital of Taishan in the late Han Dynasty. Liang was orphaned early, and his father Xuan was appointed as the prefect of Yuzhang by Yuan Shu. Xuan general Liang and Liang's younger brother were all officials. The Han Dynasty elected Zhu Hao to replace Xuan. Xuansu had an old relationship with Liu Biao, the herdsman of Jingzhou, and relied on him. Xuan died, Liang worked hard to cultivate Longmu, so as to write "Liang Fu Yin". He was eight feet tall. Every time he compared himself to Guan Zhong and Le Yi, no one at that time would agree with him. However, Cui Zhouping of Boling and Xu Shu of Yingchuan and Yuanzhi were friendly to Liang and said they were trustworthy.
At that time, the first master settled in Xinye. When Xu Shu saw the late master, he took charge of his weapon and said to the late master, "Zhuge Kongming is a crouching dragon. How can the general want to see him?" The late master said, "You are here with me." The concubine said, "This man can be here. See, you can't give in. The general should take care of it in vain. "Then the first master came to Liang and saw him three times. Yinpingren said: "The Han Dynasty collapsed, traitorous ministers stole their lives, and the Lord was covered in dust. I did not measure my virtues and abilities, and I wanted to believe in the greatness of heaven, but my wisdom was too short-sighted, so I used it rampantly. As of today. However, my ambition is still not over. What do you think of the plan?" Liang replied: "Since Dong Zhuo came, there have been countless heroes who have joined forces across the state. Compared with Yuan Shao, Cao Cao was a little famous and outnumbered. However, Cao Cao was able to defeat Shao. To use weakness to become strong is not only due to the timing of the day, but also due to human conspiracy. Today, Cao has millions of people, holding the emperor's hand to command the princes. This sincerity cannot be compared with Sun Quan's possession of Jiangdong for three generations. The country is in danger and the people are in danger. Attachment, if the virtuous can be used for it, it can be used as reinforcement but not as a plan. Jingzhou controls Han and Mian in the north, benefits from the South China Sea, connects Wuhui in the east, and connects Ba and Shu in the west. This is a country that uses military force, but its owner cannot defend it. The general is so talented that he doesn't care about it. Yizhou is a dangerous place with thousands of miles of fertile fields. It is the land of Tianfu. Liu Zhang is weak, Zhang Lu is in the north, the people are rich and the country is rich, but they don't know how to care. The general is a member of the emperor's family. He is loyal to the world, takes charge of heroes, and is thirsty for talents. If there are thorns and thorns across the road, he will protect the rocks and obstacles. He will unite with the Rong in the west and the Yiyue in the south. He will make friends with Sun Quan on the outside and befriend Sun Quan on the inside. If there is a change in the world, I will order a general to lead the army of Jingzhou to Wan and Luo, and the general will lead the people of Yizhou out of Qinchuan. Is it sincere that the people will not eat pots of milk to welcome the general? If this is the case, then the hegemony will be achieved and the Han Dynasty will be prosperous. "The First Master said: "Good!" So he and Liang Qinghao became close. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others were displeased, so the First Master explained: "The solitary one has a hole, just like a fish has water. I hope you will not say anything more." Yu and Fei stopped.
Liu Biao’s eldest son Qi was also very talented. I accepted the words of my second wife and loved the young son Cong, but I was displeased with Qi. Qi every time wanted to plan with Liang how to stabilize himself, but Liang always refused and failed to draw any plans. Qi then took Liang to visit the back garden, and went up to a high building. During the banquet, he asked people to go up the ladder, because he said to Liang: "Today, I can't go up to the sky, and I can't go down to the earth. The words that come out of my mouth come into my mouth." "Ear, can you say it?" Liang replied, "Don't you see that Shen Sheng is in danger inside, but Chong Er is in trouble outside?" Qi Yi realized, Yin Gui made a plan. After the death of Hui Huangzu, he came to the conclusion and became the prefect of Jiangxia. When the Russians came to report their troops, Cong heard that Duke Cao was coming to fight, so he sent an envoy to ask for his surrender. When the First Lord was in Fan Wenzhi, he led his troops to the south. Liang and Xu Shu followed together. Cao Gong pursued and defeated the concubine, and captured the concubine's mother. The concubine then pointed to his heart and said: "I originally wanted to fight with the general and those who seek hegemony in this small area. Now that I have lost my mother, the area is in chaos and will not be helpful. Please say goodbye from now on." Cao Gong.
When the First Lord arrived at Xiakou, he Liang said: "The situation is urgent. Please ask for help from General Sun." At that time, Quan supported his army in Chaisang, watching the success or failure. Liang said to Quan: "There is great chaos in the sea, General. He raised troops to occupy Jiangdong, and Liu Yuzhou also took over the Han Dynasty to join forces with Cao Cao to fight for the world. Now that Cao Cao was in trouble, it was almost over, and Jingzhou was defeated. The hero had no use for his power, so Yuzhou fled here. The general will deal with it according to his ability: if the Wu and Yue people can compete with China, it is better to defeat them as soon as possible; if they can't do it, why not put on their armor and attack from the north? Hesitant plans will lead to disaster. " Quan said, "As you say, why doesn't Liu Yuzhou carry out the plan?" Liang said, "Tian Heng, a strong man in Qi, still upholds his righteousness. What's more, the royal family of Liu Yuzhou is extremely talented and admired by all the people. If things don't work out, it's God's fault. How can they be restored? " Quan Boran said: "I can't lift the entire Wu. , a hundred thousand people are under the control of others. I have decided! No one but Liu Yuzhou can resist this. After Yuzhou's new defeat, how can it be difficult?" Liang said: "Although the Yuzhou army was defeated by Changban, today's soldiers Guan Yu's navy had ten thousand soldiers, and Liu Qi and Jiangxia's warriors were no less than ten thousand. Cao Cao's troops were tired from afar, and they pursued Yuzhou with their light cavalry for more than three hundred miles in a day and night. This is called "the end of the strong slaves." Those who are unable to penetrate Lu's armor are therefore forbidden in the art of war, saying, "The general must be defeated." Moreover, the people in the north are not accustomed to water warfare; and the people of Jingzhou are not convinced by force. The general can command tens of thousands of strong generals and work together with Yuzhou to defeat Cao's army. If Cao's army is defeated, it will return to the north. In this way, the power of Jing and Wu will be strong, and the chance of success or failure lies in the formation of the tripod. Today. "Quan Dayue immediately sent Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, Lu Su and other 30,000 naval troops to follow Liang Yi and resist Duke Cao. Duke Cao was defeated at Chibi and led his army back to Ye. The First Lord then took over the south of the Yangtze River and appointed Liang as the commander of the army. He was envoy to oversee the three counties of Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha, and transferred their taxes to strengthen the army.
In the 16th year of Jian'an, Liu Zhang, the herdsman of Yizhou, sent Fa Zheng to greet the late lord and attack Zhang Lu. Liang and Guan Yu took control of Jingzhou. The First Lord returned from Jiameng to attack Zhang. Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others led their troops back to the river, divided them into prefectures and counties, and joined forces with the First Lord to surround Chengdu. When Chengdu was peaceful, Yi Liang was appointed as the military advisor general and was assigned to the Zuo General's office. When the First Lord went out, Liang often guarded Chengdu and had enough food and troops.
In the twenty-sixth year, the subordinates persuaded the late master to give him the title of honor, but the late master refused. Liang said: "In the past, Wu Han, Geng Gai and others first persuaded Shizu to ascend the throne. Shizu resigned. Four times before and after, Geng Chun advanced and said: 'The world The hero is trembling, hoping for something. If he does not follow the proposal, the scholar-bureaucrats will return to the Lord and have nothing to do but follow the public. "The ancestors felt so deeply that they promised to usurp the Han Dynasty, and the great king Liu family." The Miao people were born in the early 19th century, and now they are on the throne. It is appropriate for the scholar-bureaucrats to follow the great king and work hard for a long time, and they also hope to achieve great results. "The former master then ascended the throne, and Ce Liang became the prime minister and said: "I have been punished by the family. Do not create, flatter the general, work conscientiously, do not seek peace, think about the peace of the people, and be afraid of failure! Alas! "It's a holiday for the Prime Minister to minister. After Zhang Fei died, he became the captain of the Sili school.
In the spring of the third year of Zhangwu's reign, the late emperor died of illness in Yong'an. He summoned Liang to Chengdu, which was a later matter. He said to Liang: "Your talent is ten times that of Cao Pi. You will surely be able to secure the country and resolve major events. If your heir can assist you, , assist him; if he is not talented, you can take it yourself." Liang cried and said: "I dare to devote all my strength and loyalty to the chastity, and then die!" The first master also issued an edict and said: "You. Working with the prime minister, he is like his father. "In the first year of Jianxing, he was granted the title of Marquis of Wuxiang and established a government to manage affairs. After a while, he also led Yizhou as a pastoralist. No matter how big or small the political affairs are, they are all determined by Liang. All the counties in Nanzhong were in rebellion. Liang Yixin suffered a great loss, so he could not send more troops. He also sent envoys to hire Wu, and because they made peace, they became the country.
In the spring of the third year, Liang led the army to march south, but the autumn was peaceful. With the supply of military supplies, the country will be rich, and it will be necessary to organize the army and teach martial arts in preparation for large-scale campaigns. In the fifth year, he led his troops to the north and stationed in Hanzhong. Before leaving, he wrote: "The late Emperor's business was not even half-way, but the middle road collapsed. Today, Yizhou is exhausted. This is the autumn of life and death. However, the guards are unremitting. Internally, those who are loyal and lofty ideals forget themselves outside, because they want to repay the kindness of the late emperor to His Majesty. It is the road of loyalty and remonstrance. The palace and the palace are all integrated, and the punishments should not be similar or different. If there are those who commit crimes and are loyal and good, they should be punished and rewarded by the officials to show your Majesty's fairness. It is not appropriate. Partiality leads to internal and external differences. The ministers such as Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, etc. are all good and honest, and their ambitions are pure. Therefore, the former emperor simply dismissed the affairs of the palace and left them to his Majesty. If you consult them carefully and then implement them, you will definitely be able to repair the gaps and benefit a lot. Governor. If you are ignorant of the affairs in the camp, you will be able to make things harmonious and prosperous. If you are close to virtuous ministers, you will stay away from villains. This is why the early Han Dynasty prospered; if you are close to villains, you will stay away from virtuous ministers. This is why the Han Dynasty was in decline. When the late emperor was still here, every time he discussed this matter with his ministers, he always sighed and hated Huan and Lingye. If you believe it, the Han Dynasty will be prosperous, and you can count on it.
"I am a commoner, working hard in Nanyang, and surviving in troubled times, without seeking to be heard by the princes. The late emperor did not think that his ministers were despicable, and he was in vain. He paid close attention to his ministers in the thatched cottage three times. The counselors were grateful for the affairs of the world, so they allowed the late emperor to drive away. Later, when the army was overthrown, I was appointed to the position when the army was defeated, and I was ordered to be in danger. You have been here for twenty-one years. The late emperor was cautious in informing his ministers, so he sent his ministers important information when he was about to die. Since receiving the order, I have been lamenting all night, fearing that the entrustment would not be effective and would harm the late emperor's wisdom. Therefore, I crossed Lu in May and went deep into the barren area. Now that the south has been secured and the troops are sufficient, it is time to lead the three armies to the north to secure the central plains. The common people are exhausted and the slaves are dull, the traitors are eliminated, the Han Dynasty is restored, and the old capital is restored. The reason why this minister reports to the late emperor is to be loyal to His Majesty's duty.
"As for considering the profit and loss, I will use my loyal advice to defeat Youzhi, Yi and Yun. I hope that your majesty will entrust the ministers to bring the thieves back to life. If they fail to do so, they will be punished and punished. In the spirit of the late Emperor, [if there are no words to promote virtue,] blame You Zhi, Yi, Yun, etc. for their arrogance, so that they can be blamed. Your Majesty should also seek advice on what is good, pay attention to the elegant words, and follow the late Emperor's edict deeply. I am so grateful that I should stay away now. I am in tears and don't know what to say." Then he went and settled in Mianyang.
In the spring of the sixth year, he raised his voice and took eyebrows from Xiegu Road, which made Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi suspect the army. Liang personally led the troops to attack Qishan, the troops were organized in order, rewards and punishments were austere, and the order was given to Chang Ming. The three counties of Nan'an, Tianshui, and Yong'an rebelled against Wei Yingliang, and Guanzhong was shaken. Emperor Wei Ming went to Chang'an in the west and ordered Zhang Tai to reject Liang. Liang sent Ma Su to supervise the troops in front and fought with Tai at the street pavilion. Su violated the bright moral standards and acted inappropriately, which was greatly defeated by Zhang Tai. Liang took out more than a thousand families in Xi County and returned them to Hanzhong, killing them to thank the crowd. Shangshu said: "I have a weak talent and talk about theft but not the evidence. I personally hold the yue to monitor the three armies. I can't teach the rules and regulations. I am afraid when things happen. Even if there are streets and pavilions that disobey orders, and Jigu is not disciplined, all the mistakes are to blame." The minister is appointed in a wrong way. The minister is ignorant of the people, and the affairs are too dark. "Spring and Autumn" says that the minister should demote himself to the third rank to supervise the blame. "So I appointed Liang as the right general and acted as prime minister. President as before.
In winter, Liang came back from Sanguan and surrounded Chencang. Cao Zhen refused, and Liang returned after running out of food. General Wang Shuang of Wei led his cavalry to chase Liang. Liang fought with Liang, defeated him, and killed both of them. In the seventh year, Liang sent Chen Shi to attack Wudu and Yinping. Guo Huai, the assassination commander of Yongzhou in Wei, led his troops to attack Shi. Liang went out to Jianwei, but Huai returned and the two counties were pacified. The imperial edict said: "The battle of Jieting was caused by Ma Su, but the king made a mistake, deeply devalued himself, violated the king's will, and obeyed the guards. The year before last, the army was shining, and Wang Shuang was killed; this year, Guo Huai was conquered. Escaped; surrendered the Di and Qiang, revived the two counties, and the power of the town was fierce. His merits were obvious. . Now that I have returned to you as Prime Minister, please do not say goodbye.
”
In the ninth year, Liang returned to Qishan. He used wood and oxen to transport the army and retreated after all the food was exhausted. He fought with Wei general Zhang Tai and shot him dead. In the spring of the twelfth year, Liang learned that the masses came out of the Xiegu to stream. Ma Yun, according to Wugong Wuzhangyuan, and Sima Xuanwang were in Weinan. Liang was in trouble for food and had no ambition, so he divided his troops into farming and established a base for long-term settlements in Weibin, while the people were blocked. , The army was selfless. In August of that year, he was ill and died in the army. When the army retreated, he went to his camp and said: "He is a genius in the world!" "
Liang ordered that he be buried in Dingjun Mountain in Hanzhong. Because the mountain is a tomb and the tomb is large enough to hold a coffin, it can be used to serve the time and no utensils are needed. The imperial edict said: "Only the emperor is physically qualified in civil and military affairs, and is wise and sincere. , was entrusted by an orphan, Kuang Fu joined forces, continued the decline, and was determined to pacify the chaos; the six divisions of Yuan Zheng, who fought at all times, were impressive and powerful, and would make great achievements in Jihan, participate in Yi and Zhou Dynasties Great honor. How can you not be worried? When things happen, you will be overwhelmed by sudden illness and death! Combined with mourning, the liver and heart will feel as if they are split. The husband respects virtue and prefaces his merits, and records his fate and posthumous title. Therefore, it will be immortalized in the future. The envoy envoy Chijie Zuo Zhonglang, Du Qiong, presented the seal ribbon to the Prime Minister of Wuxiang, and gave him the posthumous title of Zhongwuhou. The soul has spirit, Jiazi favors it. Alas! Alas!
At the beginning, Liang said: "There are 800 mulberry trees in Chengdu and 15 hectares of thin fields. The children have enough food and clothing. As for the ministers who are away from home, there is no other arrangement. They take the food and clothing with them and look up to them." When it comes to officials, they should not take care of their lives in order to grow in size. On the day of their death, they should not have any leftover silk inside or money outside, so as to be able to bear down on your majesty.
Brightness is better than ingenuity. The profit and loss of the crossbow, the wooden ox and the flowing horse are all unexpected; deducing the art of war, making eight Chen diagrams, and getting the key points. There are many impressive lectures on teaching, not just one episode.
In the spring of the sixth year of Jingyao's reign, an edict was issued to build a temple for Liang in Mianyang. In autumn, General Zhong Hui of the Wei expedition to the west conquered Shu and went to Hanchuan. He worshiped Liang's temple and ordered the soldiers not to cut wood or collect firewood around Liang's tomb. Liang's younger brother Jun was promoted to captain of Changshui School. Liang Zi Zhan, the successor.
Ninth Miscellany The Tenth Noble and the Eleventh Military Essentials The Twelfth Chuan Yun The Thirteenth and the Book of Sun Quan The Fourteenth and the Book of Zhuge Jin The Fifteenth and the Book of Meng Da The Sixteenth Abolition of Li Ping The Seventeenth Law Examination Part 1 Article 18, Section 19, Section 19, Section 20, Section 21, Section 21, Section 22, Section 23, Section 23, Section 24, Section 24, Section 24 One thousand one hundred and twelve words.
Chen Shou and others said: I am writing a book before you, and my servants lead the Zhongshu Supervisor and the Northern Marquis Xunxu. Liang Bizuo was in danger of the country, and he was not in favor of the guests, but he still recorded his words. He was shameful and good, and he left behind his legacy. It is true that the Jin Dynasty was bright and virtuous, and his benefits were boundless. This has not been the ethics since ancient times. Duplications are frequently deleted, and they follow the same categories. There are twenty-four chapters in total. The title is as shown on the right. Liang was a man of rare talent and a powerful weapon. He was eight feet long and had a majestic appearance. He was very different from other people at that time. After causing chaos in the late Han Dynasty, he followed his uncle Xuan to seek refuge in Jingzhou, where he worked hard in the fields without seeking to be educated or successful. At that time, Liu Bei, the general of the left, thought that Liang was very talented, so he paid three visits to Liang in the thatched cottage. Liang Shen thought that Bei was majestic and outstanding, so he took off his belt and wrote about his sincerity and kindness. When Emperor Wu of the Wei Dynasty went south to conquer Jingzhou, Liu Cong raised the prefecture to hold hostages, but he was prepared to lose power and be outnumbered, with no place to stand. When Liang was twenty-seven years old, he devised a strange strategy and sent Sun Quan to ask for help from Wu Hui. Quan not only stayed and served, but also admired the beauty and elegance. He respected him very much, so he sent 30,000 troops to assist him. He was ready to fight Emperor Wu, defeat his army, and take advantage of the victory to achieve peace in the south of the Yangtze River. The reserve then took Yizhou to the west. Yizhou was established, and Liang was appointed as the military advisor general. Prepare to be honored with honorary titles, worship Liang as prime minister, and record ministerial affairs. When he was ready to die, his heir was young and weak, and he focused on everything, no matter how big or small. Therefore, we connected with Soochow outside and pacified South Vietnam internally. We enacted laws and regulations, organized the military and brigades, and kept the crafts and machinery skills to the extreme. We were strict in science and education, and we must trust rewards and punishments. No evil should be shown. If you do not pick up relics, your borders will not be invaded and weakened, and your demeanor will be awe-inspiring.
At this time, Liang Zhizhi's ambition is to advance, dragons and tigers are looking at him, including the four seas, and his retreat is across the border of the mausoleum, shaking the whole world. He also thought that as long as he had no body, there was no one who could cross the Central Plains and compete with the superior country. Therefore, he used his troops without restraint and repeatedly showed off his military power. However, a talented man is better at governing the army, a clever plan is a shortcoming, and he is better at managing the people than a general. However, the enemy we faced may have talented people, but the numbers were too small, and their attack and defense were different. Therefore, even though they mobilized the masses for many years, they were unable to defeat them. In the past, Xiao He recommended Han Xin, and Guan Zhong promoted Wang Zicheng's father. They both considered their own strengths and could not take advantage of both. A bright weapon can govern politics, but it can also control and Xiao's Yapi. At that time, the famous generals did not have Chengfu and Han Xin, so their achievements were delayed and their righteousness was not as good as evil? Destiny has its destiny and cannot be fought with intelligence.
In the spring of the second year of Qinglong, many bright commanders showed their martial arts skills and divided their troops into fields to form a base for a long-term garrison. When he died of illness in autumn, Li Shu thought about it and thought it was true. To this day, the people of Liang and Yi still hear the words in their ears from those who have consulted them. Although Gantang's chant about Zhao Gong and Zheng's song about Zichan are incomparable. Mencius once said: "If you use the way of leisure to make people work, you will not complain even if you work; if you use the way of life to kill people, you will not be angry even if you die." Believe it! Commentators may blame Liang for not being brilliant in his writing, but being too thoughtful and thoughtful about Ding Ning. I foolishly thought that Jiu Yao was a great virtuous person and the Duke of Zhou was a sage. After examining the ministers, I found that Jiu Yao was brief and elegant, and that the Duke of Zhou's edicts were troublesome and thorough. Why? Jiu Yao talked with Shun and Yu, and Duke Zhou swore an oath with his subordinates. Liang's words are all ordinary people, so his writings cannot reach far. However, the last words of his teachings are all based on historical facts, and his sincerity and sincerity are reflected in his writings, which are enough to understand the person's thoughts and principles, and they can be useful to the current world.
His Majesty Fu Wei followed the ancient saints without scruples, so even though the enemy country made slanderous remarks, he spoke freely without revising the taboos, so he understood the way of great passage. I would like to record and write down my works. The minister, Shoucheng, was frightened, and he paused. It was a capital crime. On the first day of the second month of the tenth year of Taishi, on the first day of Guisi, Chen Shou, the prime minister of the Marquis of Pingyang, came up.
Qiao's courtesy name is Bosong, the second son of Liang's brother Jin, and his real name is Zhongshen. Both Qiao and his brother Yuan Xun were famous at that time. Commentators believed that Qiao's talent was not as good as his brother's, but his nature and karma were beyond him. At the beginning, Liang had no children and asked Qiao to be his heir. Jin Qi Sun Quan sent Qiao to the west. Liang considered Qiao as his suitable son, so he changed his name. He was worshiped as the Commander-in-Chief Prince Consort and followed Liang to Hanzhong. He died in the sixth year of Jianxing (Yuan Dynasty) in the twenty-fifth year of [one year]. Zipan, who was promoted to General Yiwu of the marching army, also died early. Zhuge Ke saw that his descendants were all gone after being executed by Wu, but Liang had his own descendants, so he climbed far away and became Queen Jin again.
Think far ahead. In the twelfth year of Jianxing's reign, he showed off his martial arts skills and wrote to Jin Shu: "Zhan is now eight years old. He is smart and cute. I think he has matured too early, so he may not be a high-ranking official." Next year, he will be appointed as the Lieutenant General of Yulin. He has been repeatedly promoted to the rank of Colonel Shesheng, Shizhong, Shangshu Pushe, and the rank of Military Advisor General. He is a master of calligraphy and painting, and has a strong sense of consciousness. The people of Shu remember him brightly and love his talent and agility. Every time there was a good deed of good governance in the imperial court, even though it was not initiated by Zhan, the people would pass it on and tell each other, "This is what Marquis Ge did." This is because of its good reputation, but it is not true. In the fourth year of Jingyao's reign, he served as the general guarding the capital, and served as minister of book affairs together with the general of the auxiliary state, Nanxiang Hou Dong Jue. In the winter of the sixth year, General Deng Ai of Wei Zhengxi attacked Shu and entered from Yinping by Jinggu Road. Watch and supervise the troops to halt at Fu, defeat the advance, retreat, and stay at Mianzhu. Ai sent a letter to lure Zhan and said: "If he surrenders, he will definitely be named King Langxie." Zhan was angry and killed Ai's envoy. Then he fought, was defeated, and died in battle at the age of thirty-seven. Everyone dispersed, and Ai Chang drove to Chengdu. Looking at the eldest son Shang, both of them disappeared. The second son Jing, Pan Zixian and others moved to Hedong in the first year of Xianxi.
Dong Jue was the official historian when the Prime Minister came to the throne. Liang called him: "Dong Lingshi is a good scholar. Whenever I speak to him, I think carefully and appropriately." He moved to Zhubo. After Liang's death, he moved to Shangshu Pushe, and replaced Chen Zhi as Shangshu Ling. He moved to the general and served as a general, and Fan Jian of Yiyang was appointed to Yan. In the 14th year of Yanxi (2), he sent Wu as a school lieutenant. When Sun Quan was seriously ill, he did not see the construction. Quan asked Zhuge Ke: "How can Fan Jian be like Zong Yue?" Ke replied: "His talent and knowledge are not as good as his prediction, but his elegance is beyond him." Since Zhan, Jue, and Jian Tong were in charge, Jiang Wei often went out on expeditions, and the eunuch Huang Hao stole the opportunity, and the generals of the Xian Dynasty were protecting him, but he was unable to correct it. However, Jian Te did not associate with Hao Hao. In the spring of the next year after Shu was defeated, Jue and Jian both went to Kyoto and joined the army as prime ministers. In the autumn, they also served as regular servants on casual cavalry, sending envoys from Shu to express their condolences.
Commentary: Zhuge Liang is the prime minister of the country. He cares for the people, shows rituals, appoints officials, obeys the authority, is open-minded and sincere, and delivers justice. Those who are loyal and beneficial will be rewarded even if they are enemies, and those who violate the law and are negligent will be loved. Punishment is inevitable. Those who plead guilty and lose love will be released even if they are serious; those who use rhetoric and clever words will be killed even if they are light; good deeds will not be rewarded if they are small, and evil will not be devalued if they are not small; common things should be refined, physical principles should be followed, names and responsibilities should be followed, hypocrisy Disdainful; finally within the territory of the state, those who are fearful but love them, and those who have no resentment despite severe punishments and policies, because of their calm intentions and clear warnings. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern, and Guan and Xiao are inferior to each other. However, he has been trying to mobilize the masses for many years without success. He must adapt to the general strategy and it is not his strength!
Some of Zhuge Liang's political achievements
1. Dujiangyan,
"Shui Jing Zhu Jiang Shui" records: "Zhuge Liang used the weir as his agricultural base during his northern expedition. The capital of the country is to be guarded by 1,000 and 200 people, and there are weir officials." --- Zhuge Liang pioneered the practice of weir officials.
The details of this decree are breathtaking, including the date of the annual dredging work, the depth of excavation, the stone ruler Zhuge Liang used for dredging maintenance, and the stainless steel ruler that was not copied until the 1980s. Ruler replacement. The maintenance regulations established by Wuhou are still implemented unchanged to this day.
2. The Wa people resisted the British;
As far back as 225 AD, the Kanamanjuan tribe of the Wa people living in the Hulu Kingdom signed an alliance with Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty, and pledged to submit to the Shu Han court. Guard the border and never rebel; for 1700 years, the Wa people have always followed this covenant. In 1934, when the British army attacked the Banhong and Banlao areas, the Wa people kept this covenant in mind. King Banlao rose up to resist and organized the Wa armed forces. Niu Meng swore allegiance to their most respected "grandfather" - Zhuge Liang. This is the famous "Banhong Incident";
3. The "Tea Ancestor" worshiped by six ethnic minorities.
"Pu'er Prefecture? Ancient Relics" records: It is said that Marquis Wu traveled through the six mountains and left copper gongs in Youle, placed copper trowels in wild branches, buried iron bricks in wild bricks, and left wooden bangs in Yi. In the country, the horses and pedals were buried in Gedeng, and the sacks were placed in Mancai, which is why the mountain is named after it. "One of the six major tea mountains is called Kongming Mountain. The local people also call the tea tree "Kongming Tree" and respect Zhuge Liang as the "Ancestor of Tea." To this day, the Jinuo, Bulang, Wa, Dai, Hani, Zhuge Liang's villages hold a gathering every year on Zhuge Liang's birthday, called the "Tea Patriarch Meeting", to enjoy the moon, sing and dance, set off Kongming lanterns, and worship Zhuge Liang.
Zhuge Liang's status in martial arts temples in the past
p>
In the Tang Dynasty, a martial arts temple appeared for the first time in Chinese history
1. "New Book of Tang - Rites and Music Five" records: "In the 19th year of Kaiyuan, the Taigong Shangfu Temple was built. He respected Taigong as King Wucheng, and the ceremony was comparable to that of King Wenxuan, and he was served by ten wise generals and elephants from past dynasties.
The ten sages of the martial arts temple are:
Sun Wu of the Wu State in the Spring and Autumn Period, Sima Ranju of the Qi State, Wu Qi of the Wei State of the Warring States Period, Le Yi of the Yan State, Bai Qi of the Qin State, and Zhang Liang of the Western Han Dynasty , Han Xin, Zhuge Liang of the Shu Han Dynasty, Li Jing and Li Shiji of the Tang Dynasty, and Yi Taigong Wang was the chief worshiper of the Wu Temple. ”
2. In the third year of Emperor Dezong’s reign in the Tang Dynasty, the imperial court issued an edict to the National History Museum, and listed 64 famous generals from ancient to modern times for sharing, and all of them were painted with images, arranged around King Wucheng. The 32 people on the left are: Yue Fan Li, Qi Sun Bin, Zhao Lianpo, Qin Wangjian, Wei Qing, Sui and Han Qinhu, Guo Ziyi, etc.
3. Emperor Zhaozong of Tang Dynasty?