1. How to learn classical Chinese in primary schools
1. Familiarize yourself with classical Chinese - overall perception.
When reading aloud classical Chinese texts, students should first be guided to read aloud: break long sentences into short ones, and accurately read the tone of "zhi", "hu", "zhe" and "ye" in classical Chinese texts. Use methods such as model reading, lead reading, simultaneous reading, divided reading, chanting, and memorization to master the language sense of classical Chinese.
After repeated readings, students have a preliminary perception of classical Chinese; they have an overall and hazy impression of the content expressed in the article; they also have the beauty of language in classical Chinese, which inspires students to learn classical Chinese. With my interest, I can naturally feel the different beauty of classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese. 2. Read classical Chinese texts intensively—understand the meaning of the texts.
The classical Chinese texts selected in primary school textbooks are easy to understand, but they all tell people a profound truth through simple words. Therefore, in order for students to realize the truth on their own, students are also required to read the article carefully and study it carefully.
In teaching, the methods of "interpretation", "translation" and "comparison" can be used to guide students to understand ancient texts and comprehend the principles. "Interpretation" means using reference books and annotations given in the text to understand the modern meaning of classical Chinese texts.
For example: when studying the fable "Spear and Shield", annotate it after the text, praise: boast, vend: sell, son: you, heru: how is it? Wait for the explanation of key words, and students compare the notes to clarify the meaning of the sentence. "Translation" means translating classical Chinese sentences.
The sixth grade of primary school is the first time for students to come into contact with ancient Chinese. When using modern language to express the meaning of ancient Chinese sentences, the sentence form can be more flexible. There is no need to insist on consistent expressions, as long as the meaning is good. Through the understanding of words and the translation of sentences, students naturally came up with the idea of ??"bi".
3. Read familiarly, read intensively, and read carefully—understand the truth. On the basis of being familiar with the text and being able to recite it, through careful reading and intensive study, the profound truth contained in the simple words becomes apparent.
Take the lesson "Spear and Shield" as an example. After the first "two readings" students have been able to narrate this fable skillfully, and then ask the students to demonstrate on stage (taking the visual teaching aids Spear and Shield), and sell The antics of the man with the spear and shield allowed the students to hear the contradictions in language and see the ridiculous behavior in action. This not only gave students a deep understanding and personal feelings, but also enabled students and the author to achieve Mental and emotional agitation. Students will naturally understand all the profound truths the author tells people.
The connotation of careful reading emerges spontaneously. 2. Junior high school ancient Chinese learning skills
Junior high school learning methods[/size][/B] Mastering the correct learning methods and developing good study habits are the only way to succeed in learning. Compared with primary school students, The learning methods of junior high school students appear to be more diverse and complex. Changes in learning content require junior high school students to: 1. Learn to arrange their own study time reasonably to avoid confusion in study.
2. In class, students are required to listen carefully and learn to take notes. 3. As the learning content expands and deepens, students are required to learn to think independently and process the learning materials logically so that they can learn vividly, remember them well, and use them effectively.
How to adapt to junior high school as soon as possible "When I entered the top 30 in the grade, but fell back to more than 200 in the exam, I must have not studied hard." A few days ago, when the test results of various middle schools came out, a parent saw that his child in the first grade of junior high school had a "bad start" and was at a loss. The school held a parent-teacher meeting, but the parents felt that they had no face and were unwilling to participate.
Teacher Yan Guifeng, the teaching director of No. 20 Middle School in Shijiazhuang City, introduced that whether students in the first semester of junior high school can adapt to the new learning environment as soon as possible will play a very important role in the learning of the entire middle school. The test scores of first-year students have declined. , the main reason is that they have not adapted to junior high school learning. This is meaningless for parents to complain and scold. They should actively help their children adapt to the new learning environment as soon as possible. In the first semester of the first grade of junior high school, parents should cooperate with their children to achieve changes in three aspects: 1. Changes in learning methods.
At the elementary school level, students have relatively few subjects to study, and they only need to complete their homework on time. Taking Chinese as an example, as long as they basically master the knowledge in the textbooks, the exam will not be a problem. However, at the junior high school level, the curriculum There are more settings, more flexible test questions, and emphasis on flexible learning and application. Students must change their past practice of finishing homework and everything will be fine, and take the initiative to review the knowledge they learned that day. In addition to the homework left by the teacher, they should also do more reference materials to deepen their understanding. Broaden knowledge and transform from dependent learning to active and independent learning. 2. Changes in living habits.
The middle school curriculum is tight and contains a lot of content. Students must be disciplined in their lives. Be nervous, formulate a work and rest schedule that suits you and consciously abide by it to ensure a regular schedule. 3. Changes in watching TV.
Some parents do not allow their children to watch TV. In fact, if you look through some high school and middle school entrance examination questions, you will find that some of the test questions are closely related to television. For example, one of the Shanghai college entrance examination questions in recent years asked candidates to recommend watching Movies (TV series, or operas), therefore students should use TV as a learning tool and watch it purposefully and consciously. They cannot watch TV for an hour or two at a time, or always watch some TV series. They should choose active and learning-related movies. A film and television drama that is uplifting and can cultivate sentiment.
Three learning methods The quality of academic performance often depends on whether one has good study habits, especially thinking habits.
1. Always grasp knowledge from a systematic perspective. Many students are accustomed to following the teacher step by step, chapter by chapter, and do not pay much attention to the chapters and the overall system of the subject. In the relationship between them, we can only see the trees but not the forest. As time goes by and the knowledge you learn continues to increase, you will feel that the content is complicated and unclear, and the memory burden will increase.
In fact, any subject has its own knowledge structure system. Before learning a subject, you should first understand this system, grasp the knowledge as a whole, and understand the structure of each part of the content when learning it. position in the overall system, doing so often makes the knowledge learned easier to grasp. 2. Tracing back to the source and seeking the inner connection between things. The most important thing to avoid when learning is rote memorization, especially in science learning. What is more important is to understand the truth. Therefore, no matter what content you learn, you must ask why. The knowledge learned in this way seems to have The source is water, which has a root of wood.
Even if the question you ask is beyond the scope of middle school knowledge, and even the teacher cannot answer it, it does not matter. The important thing is to have a thirst for knowledge and curiosity about everything. This is often the key to cultivating An important way for us to learn our interests, and more importantly, develop this thinking habit, which is conducive to the training of thinking quality. 3. Divergent thinking and developing the thinking habit of association. When studying, we should always pay attention to the connection between new and old knowledge, between subjects, between the content learned and the reality of life. We should not treat knowledge in isolation and develop a multi-angle approach. The habit of thinking about problems and consciously training the fluency, flexibility and originality of thinking will inevitably promote the development of intellectual quality in the long run.
The learning of knowledge is mainly achieved through thinking activities. The core of learning is the core of thinking. Mastering knowledge is important, but more important is to improve intellectual quality through knowledge learning. When intellectual quality is improved, Learning knowledge will become easier. Therefore, the three learning habits of learning mentioned above are essentially three thinking habits.
The point of learning is to learn how to think. Three realms of learning 1. The first level is hard study. When it comes to learning, it is said that "the head hangs on the beam and the cone stabs the buttocks" and "hard work, hard work, and hard work".
Students at this level find learning boring. For them, learning is a forced behavior and they cannot experience the fun of learning. In the long run, they will inevitably have a sense of fear of learning, which will lead to a feeling of being tired of learning. As a result, learning becomes a kind of drudgery for them.
2. The second level is love of learning. It is said that "those who know are not as good as those who are good". For students who have reached this level, their interest in learning plays a major role in promoting learning. He is so hungry for learning that he often forgets to eat and sleep.
Their studies do not require force from others. Their conscious attitude often enables them to achieve good results, which in turn makes them more interested in learning, forming a virtuous circle in learning. 3. The third level is learning. Learning itself is also a science, with scientific methods and rules that need to be followed.
If you study according to the correct method, your learning efficiency will be high, you will learn easily, your thinking will become flexible and smooth, and you will be able to control knowledge well. Truly become the master of knowledge.
At present, in the study of middle school students, most are in the first level, a few are in the second level, and even less are in the third level. We should be clear that an important goal of learning is to learn to learn, which is also a requirement for the development of modern society.
The illiterate people in the 21st century will be those who cannot learn. Therefore, students should pursue a higher learning realm in their studies, make learning a pleasant thing, and learn all the lessons easily. 3. How primary school students can quickly improve their reading skills in classical Chinese
1. Read the text thoroughly and gain self-understanding while reading
2. Underline the rhythm and gain preliminary understanding
3. Comparison Annotate and explain sentences
4. Communicate with each other and deepen the theme
Reading methods of primary school classical Chinese:
1. Read the text thoroughly and realize yourself while reading
As the saying goes: "Read a book a hundred times, and its meaning will become apparent." Therefore, for classical Chinese texts that are unfamiliar to students, before studying the text, I first read the text in detail, and then read it in order to let the students read the pronunciation of the characters correctly and understand the text. How to pause a sentence and read the tone of the sentence. Then, I asked the students to read through the classical Chinese text initially, and the students practiced reading the sentences in order and fluently. In the process of reading, find new characters and new words. In the process of reading, you can initially understand the content of the classical Chinese text. You can talk about your experience while reading and understand the meaning of the text. In this way, students will have a general knowledge and understanding of the content of classical Chinese, which not only cultivates students' ability to read the text aloud, has a preliminary perceptual understanding of the article, but also lays a certain knowledge foundation for understanding classical Chinese.
2. Underline the rhythm and get a preliminary understanding
There are big differences in language and narrative between classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese. To understand the meaning of classical Chinese, you must master its inner rhythm. Only by drawing the correct rhythm can we accurately understand the content of classical Chinese. Therefore, on the basis of students reading the text thoroughly, I ask students to try to draw the rhythm of reading aloud and initially understand the content of the article.
For example, in the sentence "Think of the bow and shoot it", the correct rhythm should be "Think of the bow and shoot it", so the meaning of this sentence is to think of pulling the bow and arrow to shoot it (it refers to the swan), The meaning is more obvious. However, some students divide the rhythm into "Siyuan/Gong pay/Er/Shoot it", which makes the meaning unclear and difficult to understand. If students cannot correctly mark the rhythm of reading aloud, teachers should provide guidance and help so that students can effectively master the method of marking the rhythm of classical Chinese.
3. Compare the annotations and explain the sentences
After the students initially understand the content of the classical Chinese text, I ask the students to compare the annotations in the text, figure out the meaning of the sentences, and explain the sentences independently. Because the meanings of most of the words that are difficult to understand can be found in the notes after class. In this way, most students can speak the meaning of the sentence relatively fluently. Teachers should emphasize that using modern language to express the meaning of classical Chinese sentences, the meaning of the sentence can be more flexible, and the meaning does not need to be consistent, as long as the meaning is good. For individual students with difficulties, teachers should help or let students help. If students cannot understand individual difficult sentences independently, teachers should focus on guidance or solve them during group discussions and exchanges.
4. Communicate with each other and deepen the theme
In order to allow students to truly understand classical Chinese and deeply understand the theme of the article, I ask students to divide into groups or at the same table to freely communicate and explain the text, and talk about the text with each other The meaning is to help each other and complement each other to achieve the purpose of common improvement, especially focusing on discussion and understanding of some difficult sentences. The teacher first allows students to talk freely and encourages students to speak boldly and put forward sentences that are difficult to understand or explain. The whole class exchanges questions and the teacher focuses on guiding the understanding of difficult sentences. For example: "My shield is so strong that nothing can trap it." "My spear is so sharp that it can trap everything." "How about using Zi's spear to trap Zi's shield?" We should focus on guiding students to understand the three sentences. The meaning of the word "Zhi". Then, on the basis of discussion, we will understand the topic of the article, and the teacher will give appropriate guidance. In this way, students not only understand the content of the article, but also understand the theme of the article, understand the truth or meaning contained in the article, etc. 4. What are the methods and techniques for solving junior middle school Chinese reading questions?
1. Use information skillfully to grasp the overall situation. The reading process itself is the process of obtaining information, and the quality of reading depends on the amount of information captured.
When answering the question, you can first look at the author of the article, the writing time and the notes after the article. At the same time, you should especially browse the questions asked at the end, and infer the general gist of the article from the question options. If it is a novel, you should focus on its characters, plot, etc. If it is an argumentative essay, you should focus on grasping elements such as arguments, arguments, and demonstrations.
After understanding the author's main writing intention and then grasping the whole text as a whole, you will have a good idea of ??how to solve the problem. Second, determine the area and highlight the area. Reading large passages mainly uses the method of intensive reading, which requires careful consideration word by word. Therefore, in daily practice, you should develop the habit of highlighting and making more marks. You can first look at which paragraphs or areas in the text the question involves, and Which statements are relevant.
After determining a certain answer area, carefully understand the meaning of each sentence in this paragraph, and then clarify the relationship between paragraphs and understand the writing ideas. With this habit, it is possible to develop strong analytical and comprehensive abilities.
When reading, ponder over the question stem repeatedly and circle relevant content. This will save you the need to search from beginning to end when answering the question, which can save a lot of valuable time. Third, pay attention to excerpting the original text. Without the raw materials, no one may be able to answer accurately or completely.
Therefore, the most important and effective way to accurately answer reading questions is to find the answer in the original text. The answers to most questions can be "picked out" in the article.
Of course, the found sentences may not necessarily be used directly. They must also be processed according to the requirements of the question, or the words may be extracted, the trunks compressed, the key points extracted, or reorganized. Even if you are summarizing the meaning of an entire paragraph, you must make full use of the original text.
Another thing to note when reading is that many students have strong memory ability of basic knowledge, but weak transfer ability, especially the contextual meaning and function of related words, words and sentences. I feel embarrassed about the topic. Here, the problem-solving method of the Sixteen-Character Jue is provided for your reference.
1. The words are inseparable from the words. Polysemy is quite common in Chinese.
When understanding the meaning of a certain word in a word, you must put it into the word and examine it, that is, keep the word in mind, so that you can accurately understand the meaning of the word. For example: Tao refers to the way by hearsay; Tao refers to the principle of being like-minded.
2. The words do not leave the sentence. In comprehensive reading questions, it is often required to understand the meaning and function of words in context.
This type of request has the following aspects: The word has multiple meanings. This is common in classical Chinese.
For example: if you don't follow the way, policy, drive; if you stick to the plan and come to it, policy, horse whip. In modern literature, it is mostly expressed as contextual meaning. The meaning of these should be inferred based on the specific language environment, that is, the sentence itself, that is, the word does not leave the sentence.
For example: The original meaning of the word "Seeking advice" is a polite word, meaning to teach (me). It has different meanings in different language environments.
In the article "Fan Jin passed the exam", Fan Jin faced Hu Butcher's "teachings" before passing the exam, saying "this is what my father-in-law taught me." As for the expressive role of a certain word in a sentence, it must be understood according to the specific language environment, and cannot be explained separately from the sentence.
3. The sentences should not be separated from the paragraphs. In other words, the analysis and understanding of sentences cannot be separated from the specific segment of speech and the specific language environment.
If we leave the specific paragraphs and the specific language environment, many sentences can only be understood narrowly or even be incomprehensible. Only by combining the specific paragraph and language environment can we know what position this sentence occupies in the full text.
4. The paragraphs are inseparable from the text. Paragraphs are an integral part of the article and reflect the author's writing ideas.
Therefore, the reading comprehension of the passage cannot deviate from the main meaning of the article and cannot deviate from the center of the article. Otherwise, the understanding of the content or function of the segment will be biased.
What’s more, most of the current selections are articles of both literary quality and beauty. They either focus on speculation and enlighten students’ wisdom, or they show the new look of science and technology, broaden students’ horizons, or they incorporate reasoning and emotions to guide students to form correct opinions. Aesthetics, outlook on life, and some also represent new cultural concepts, etc. These materials are unfamiliar to most students, so it is essential to guide students to browse, read carefully, and appreciate the materials. Browsing guides students to learn to quickly read all text materials including titles and test questions.
Through browsing, you can generally understand the content of the material and the direction of the proposition, and form a preliminary impression. Close reading, that is, on the basis of browsing, students are asked to read the selected text carefully with test questions, and have an in-depth understanding of the article's purpose, writing ideas, expression methods and performance techniques, so as to make the key points clear and have an overall picture.
Reading requires students to have a preliminary understanding of the material, first focus on reading the test questions, figure out the intention of the questioner, and then read the selected text based on some thinking, and at the same time, Those questions that require higher answering requirements should be targeted and focused. 2. Grasp the stylistic characteristics. Reading is the prerequisite for answering questions. To answer the questions well, if you only understand the selected text without a certain accumulation of knowledge and master some basic skills, you may not be able to start.
The characteristics of various literary styles are the knowledge that must be mastered. Because many reading materials generally have obvious stylistic features, only by mastering the basic knowledge of various styles can it be easier to "get started" in answering questions.
For example, narrative writing often involves the six elements of narrative, narrative clues, narrative methods, expression methods, etc.; expository writing often involves explanation methods, explanation order, explanation objects and characteristics, and explanation methods. etc.; the argumentative essay focuses on the examination of the three elements of the argumentative essay, such as the argument of the article, the type of argument, the method of argumentation, etc. These all involve the basic concepts of the corresponding style and have essential content.
If students correctly identify the genre of the selected article and have a clear understanding of the basic concepts, they will not be pretentious when answering questions, and basic points will not be lost. 3. Accurately grasp the materials. Each selected article is of flesh and blood.
However, during the reading process, if you cannot quickly grasp the main content or theme ideas, and your sight is blocked by some specific and trivial materials, answering the questions will be thankless. How to quickly grasp the main body and spirit of the article.