What are the folk comments about Qin Shihuang in Historical Records, A Brief History of the Middle Ages and History of Qin and Han Dynasties?

Qin Shihuang made many unprecedented achievements in unifying China, and listed several influential ones as follows: 1. Unify the written language, making it the foundation of a nation and continuing to this day; 2. Abandoning state-owned counties became the standard management mode after the unification of China, which lasted for thousands of years; 3. Unifying currency and weights and measures greatly facilitates domestic commercial exchanges. 4. The cars are on the same track, and the distance between roads is the same. The construction of Qin Zhi Road has greatly facilitated domestic traffic; 5. Burning books to bury Confucianism, objectively unifying thoughts and avoiding the division of the country due to historical issues; However, the destruction of ancient books in various countries has made a considerable number of ancient cultural faults and ancient history in China dating, which is really regrettable; 6. The construction of Lingqu strengthens the control over the Pearl River Basin, making this area the territory of China forever; 7. Build the Great Wall to make it a natural dividing line between agricultural and nomadic peoples, and the Great Wall will become a national border for a long time; 8. Attack the Huns in the north and recapture the Hetao area, making it the territory of China forever. According to historical evaluation, he was the first emperor in China, the founder of emperor honorific title, and the founder of emperor system in China, which made China enter the era of multi-ethnic centralized monarchy. He also made China achieve political unification for the first time, forming a situation of "cars on the same track, books in the same language", which laid the foundation for the later dynasties to seek reunification. But since ancient times, Qin Shihuang has always been a controversial figure. When Qin Shihuang was in power, he annexed six countries and sent troops to explore the north and south. History contains "a hundred miles of land bowed down", "a thousand miles to the north" and "the king of Qin swept six rivers". According to the map of the Warring States Period, the territory is almost twice the area controlled by the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period. Moreover, Qin Shihuang "set up a county" and paid attention to the rule and system construction of conquered land, unlike other contemporary conquerors such as Alexander of Macedonia or Rome, which only paid attention to conquest but not to system construction; Thus stabilized the unified land rule and laid the foundation for the present Chinese territory. Later generations thought that "his contribution was greater than Qin Huang's Hanwu". Qin Shihuang is ahead of Han Wudi in martial arts, which is unparalleled in history. Today, the English name for China, China, also evolved from the Roman word Chin, which shows the influence of the Qin Empire from one side. Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin attached great importance to the rule of law. Qin Shihuang inherited this tradition and admired Han Fei, a legalist figure. He once lamented that "if you walk with him, you will have no hatred." Reward and punish generals according to law. Although Qin Shihuang was autocratic and thought that "we rule the world", he still ruled the country according to law in the Qin Dynasty. Chen Sheng and the uprising, the reason is that "Qin law is harsh", and its crime is capital crime, so it has to be reversed, but the law forces the people to rebel. Nor is it like the "Zhumen wine stinks and frozen bones" in later generations. Because of serious corruption, officials forced the people to rebel. Later Confucianism advocated the rule of man, but not by law. A word was decided by the monarch, but the wind of rule by man and flattery still exists today. Qin Shihuang initiated the post station system and built post roads. It laid a technical foundation for the decree access of the huge empire and the resulting county-based imperial power country. "Building a post road and establishing a county" is a necessary condition for China to adopt the advanced county system to replace the western enfeoffment system. At the same time, Rome can't effectively control the occupied areas, and there is only one powerful governor (the governor is in charge of the military and political power of a place, all of whom are nobles, and the grass-roots organizations rely on the original local organizations), which is still similar to the enfeoffment system, which is a very important reason for the later division of the Roman Empire. The county system is a civilian system, and its military and political leaders are appointed by the emperor. According to their political achievements, their military achievements can be raised or lowered and leveled, which leads to the emergence of professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers. Professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers can come from civilians, and county bureaucrats effectively protect the rights of civilians (Brazzaville) to participate in the discussion of state affairs (such as Reese and Meng Ao). It's all cloth, only according to the military). Compared with the feudal aristocratic politics, it is undoubtedly a great historical progress. This is the origin of the civil service system and the military system in modern countries. The Qin Empire established by Qin Shihuang laid the foundation that China's political system was more advanced than that of the West in recent 1700 years. The so-called "Han inherited the Qin system", "since the Qin dynasty, its system has not changed" and "all dynasties have practiced Qin law and politics". China, in the era of imperial power in 2000, basically followed the system of Qin Dynasty in political system. Li Bai's "Antique" poem: "Qin Wang sweeps Liuhe, he looks!" Sang Hongyang affirmed Qin Shihuang's achievement in unifying China in his works. Zhang Taiyan of the Qing Dynasty also praised Qin Shihuang in his Qin Zhengji written in 19 13. The negative evaluation is due to Qin Shihuang's legalist theory of "ruling the country according to law", and later the rulers of China praised Confucianism with benevolence and moderation as the core. Therefore, Qin Shihuang often appears as a negative example in various essays and historical records. Such as Jia Yi's On Qin and so on. "Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor" Qin Wang was greedy for money, self-motivated, did not believe in merit, did not kiss the gentry, abolished the royal power, established private rights, prohibited documents from cooling the law, and bullied power before righteousness, which began with tyranny. Jia Yi's "On Qin": One person is in trouble for seven temples, and his body is dead and his hands are dead. What is the joke of the whole world? Be merciless, and the offensive and defensive trends are different. Qin Shihuang was regarded as a tyrant by many historians and would do anything for power. The Great Wall of Wan Li, Qin Chi Road, Lingqu, Epang Palace and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor are all huge in scale, and the population of the whole country is under construction. Many documents denounced that many people were killed or injured in the construction process, but on the other hand, it further developed the transportation in various places and made contributions to the future transportation, economy and trade and the integration of various ethnic groups. Therefore, whether Qin Shihuang's achievements are great or too great has always been a point of debate in the history circle. Mao Zedong commented on Qin Shihuang (1). Qin Shihuang is an expert in understanding the present and cherishing the past (2). He said to Zhang: You said that the * * * production party is equal to Qin Shihuang, which is not true. 100 times. (3) Confucius and Mencius are idealists, Xunzi is materialist and Confucian leftist. Confucius represents slave owners and nobles. Xunzi represents the landlord class. He added: In the history of China, the real doer was Qin Shihuang, and Confucius only talked empty words. For thousands of years, Confucius became a mere formality, but actually acted according to Qin Shihuang. Qin Shihuang used students from Lisi, Legalist and Xunzi. (4) Confucius has some advantages, but not very good. We should be fair. Qin Shihuang was much greater than Confucius. Confucius is empty talk. Qin Shihuang was the first person to unify China. It not only unified China politically, but also unified China's writing and various systems in China, such as weights and measures, some of which are still in use today. No second feudal monarch in China has surpassed him, but he has been scolded for thousands of years. (5) I advise you to scold Qin Shihuang less and discuss the reasons for burning the pit. The ancestral dragon's soul is still dead in Qin, and Confucius' scientific name is high. EMI is good at Qin politics and law, but ten batches are not good articles. Be familiar with the feudal theory of the Tang Dynasty, and don't return to King Wen from zihou. Politicians of all ages have made great achievements, and legalists were all in the early feudal society. These people advocate the rule of law and beheading if they break the law. They advocate respecting the present and cherishing the past. Confucianism is full of benevolence and morality, full of thieves and prostitutes, and all advocate respecting the past and cherishing the present. (6) Qin Shihuang was the first famous emperor in China feudal society, and I was also Qin Shihuang. Lin Biao called me Qin Shihuang, and China has always been divided into two factions, one saying that Qin Shihuang is good and the other saying that Qin Shihuang is bad. I agree with Qin Shihuang, but I disagree with Confucius. Because Qin Shihuang was the first to unify China, unified the writing and built a broad road. He did not use a country within a country, but a centralized system. The central government sent people to various places and changed them every few years. There was no hereditary system. Mao Zedong thought that Qin Shihuang still lacked literary talent. I hope it helps you.