Historical facts show that in Hunan before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, under the guidance of Guo Songtao and others, there was an ideological trend of "attaching importance to westernization" between the gentry and the people. But as far as urban social ideology is concerned, it cannot be called openness. Because, apart from demanding the establishment of a ferry, it shows that some gentry and people agree with "partial westernization", Hunan gentry and people have not made other opening moves after all. For the outside world, Hunan's past impression of "old age" is still indelible. Quoting Engels' historical "resultant force" theory here may help to explain the problem. Engels once pointed out that "history is created in this way: the final result always comes from the conflict of many individuals' will, and each individual has become what he is now because of many special living conditions." In this way, countless intertwined forces and numerous parallelogram forces have been produced, resulting in a universal result, that is, historical events "(Note: Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 4, page 478. )。 Obviously, the "historical events" Engels mentioned here include both historical events and historical situations. When we use Engels' theory of "resultant force" to analyze the overall characteristics of Hunan ideology, we need to use the latter concept. Before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 in Hunan, although the trend of change for strength represented the trend of historical development, the vector value of this will "force" was very weak after all, but the vector value of the stubborn and conservative trend of thought exceeded it. In this way, the "resultant force" between the urban gentry and the people's will still deviates far from the direction of the "new trend of thought", which also determines the specific "historical situation" in which the Hunan gentry and the people's thoughts as a whole present conservative characteristics.
However, various ideologies in the city ebb and flow with each other. With the deepening of the national disaster, the "new trend of thought" of Hunan gentry and people has been developing continuously. In particular, the fiasco of the Qing government in the Sino-Japanese War in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, and the unprecedented imperialist aggression brought about by it, had a great shock to Hunan gentry. Affected by this, the ideas of the gentry and the people in Hunan have changed greatly, so under the advocacy of enlightened officials, a strong ideological trend of reform and reform has finally formed.
The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 had a great impact on Hunan people, which was closely related to the fiasco of the Xiang army in this war. Once upon a time, the Xiang army suppressed the peasant movement in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom with the incomparable fighting capacity of the Qing government green camp, saved the feudal rule of the Qing government, and further strengthened the Hunan people's proud consciousness of saving the nation. After the Sino-Japanese War broke out in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the troops originally stationed in Korea and defending Liaodong (mostly Huai troops) of the Qing government were vulnerable and retreated one after another. The helpless Qing government tied the "life-saving straw" to the Xiang army, hoping that the Xiang army would regain its former glory and save the current defeat. At that time, people lamented: "Xiang army was in danger, and swallowed its words" and "Xiang army was defeated by Huai army" (note: Pi Xirui's Shifutang Series, Volume 40, Poetry and Grass, Volume 5. )。 General Xiang, whose duty is to save the world, also regards defending the country as a sacred mission. Xiang Wu Mi Da Ché ng @ ① volunteered to lead more than 30,000 Xiang troops (Note: Chen Xulu and China Dictionary of Modern History, p. 335). ) and used Wei Guangtao, Chen Shi @ ②, Li Guangjiu, Yu Huen, etc. , three close pull team crusade. 1895 1 The Qing government formally appointed Liu Kunyi, an old general of Xiang and governor of Liangjiang, as an imperial envoy to supervise the army of the Crusades, and Wu Dacheng @ 1 and Song Qing assisted the military affairs. Wu Da Ché ng @ ① thinks that the Xiang Army not only has the fighting spirit of "fine guns and quick guns" and "opening the array and raising the flag", but also has the fighting spirit of "children of Hunan strive for loyalty and righteousness". "Japan can be a new force with its long-term soldiers!" (Note: Notice of Xiangfu, World Bulletin, Volume 741page 5092. Therefore, he made a serious move to lower the flag at half mast to the Japanese (note: Xuebian, Box 92, p. 839. )。 Unexpectedly, in the Liaodong War, all the battles fought by Xiang Army were defeated. In just six days, they successively lost Niudian, Yingkou, Tianzhuangtai and other towns. "The previous enemy troops were different in courage and fear ... Feng Yong spent the rest of his life, leaving him in a dead end, scarred and miserable." (Note: Liu Kunyi's Legacy, Volume II, Volume I, 2002). At that time, a poem sighed: "The old department recruited Jingchu, and the long tassel invited the ministers of the world; When you know that selling Lan Huo is no better than sweeping yellow towels. " (Note: Pi Xirui's Series of Poems and Fu Tang (Volume 40) and Poems and Fu Cao (Volume 6). The fiasco of the Xiang Army completely lost the confidence of the Qing government in the decisive battle, and accelerated the process of negotiating peace with Japan (Note: Records of Hunan Province 1, Notes on Major Events in Hunan in the Last Hundred Years, 13 1 page. )。
The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 ended with a series of harsh conditions, such as the Qing government ceding land compensation and meeting Japanese people's demands to set up factories at trading ports, which triggered a further upsurge of the national thought of saving the country and strengthening the country. For Hunan people, their past conceited fantasies were completely "shocked". "When you realize these three small islands, how dare you run amok in Kyushu?" (Note: Cao Shi Volume VI, Pixirui's Shifutang Series Volume 40. ), the cruel reality, so that Hunan people from the original arrogant mentality into a heavy guilty mentality (Note: For example, Hunan people Yang once wrote in Hunan Daily: "The defeat of the Sino-Japanese War was actually our Hunan people who harmed the country; It is also our Hunan people who have harmed the country and compensated Japan for 200 million silver. " (Box 94, p. 854), so I have to face up to this harsh reality under painful suffering. Naturally, "Hunan people have moved there, and their arrogance is less than your anger, and it is too embarrassing" (Note: The Complete Works of Tan Sitong, edited by Cai Shangsi and others, Volume I, 174, Zhonghua Book Company, 198 1 version. )。 On the other hand, this heavy sense of guilt, combined with the original concept of saving the world with enthusiasm and strong and persistent personality characteristics, makes Hunan people's consciousness of seeking change and self-improvement stronger and stronger. As a notice at that time pointed out: "In the past, Taoism was chaotic and salty, but I, a Hunan scholar, dressed in the royal family, claimed to be the best in the world", and "From now on, the disaster will be more intense" and "its benefits are hard to determine, and I, a Hunan scholar, would rather give up on myself? ! "The increasingly severe national crisis has made Hunan people realize that" my Hunan scholar is not complacent today, proclaiming the sage and the son of heaven without enlightenment, the Sihong prize is elegant without answer, and the Bohai hero is afraid and yearning without stopping "(Note:" Hunan Current Affairs School Pass ",edited by Mai Zhonghua, Volume 5, page 22, the historical data series is positive. The Origin of Wu Shi School in Hunan, The Reform Movement of 1898, compiled by China Historical Society (Volume II), p. 492. )。 Under the control of the sense of mission to save time, Hunan people will change themselves with the country, and their self-reliance will be closely linked with the fate of a powerful country, which will further stimulate reform and the autonomy of a powerful country. Many enlightened gentry in Hunan shook their hands and shouted loudly: Tan Sitong pointed out that in this "great pain" moment, "if you can make up", you must "abandon everything and concentrate on careful thinking" and "don't sympathize with the initial difficulties and draw a plan to change Western France" (Note: Cai Shangsi and others compiled the Complete Works of Tan Sitong, Volume I, page 65430. ); Pi wrote, "The country breaks mountains and rivers, tears splash into the sea, and ox carts cry" (note: Pi's Shifutang Series, Volume 40, Poem Grass, Volume 6). ), and "It is urgent to talk about political reform" (Note: Pi Mingzhen's Chronicle of Pilumen, p. 37. )。 Wang Xianqian also pointed out: "Today's competition is unprecedented in the previous generation. Xiongbang is a long-term self-reliance policy in the autumn, and the time for change is ripe. " (Note: Wang Xianqian's Collection of Letters by Xu Shoutang 1. Even Ye Dehui, who later attacked the reformists most violently, thought that "in today's situation, the law is honest and harmful" (Noe: Ye Dehui: @ ③ Page 22 of the Garden Letter. ), "He who is worried and ignorant of the law has no gentleman" (Noe: Ye Dehui: @ ③ Garden Letters, p. 30. ); He also warned his students: "There is no eternal learning in ancient and modern times", "Those who regard western art as enemies today are also Confucian scholars" (Note: Ye Dehui: @ ③ Garden Letters Page 3. ); He even complained that "all good governance in Taixi, once in China, will be riddled with diseases" (Note: Ye Dehui: @ ③ Garden Letters, page 22. )。 It is not difficult to see that the serious sense of national crisis after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 made Hunan people have a wide range of psychology of seeking change and self-improvement.
In addition to the stimulation of the national crisis, there is another factor that cannot be ignored, that is, the example role of Hunan Westernization officials in advocating Western learning. At this time, the experience and career of these elite predecessors are regarded as valuable spiritual wealth by Hunan people, which greatly encourages and inspires them. At that time, a notice in Changsha read: "My Hunan is famous for its morale. It has been traded for decades. Westerners have traveled all over China, but they dare not cross the border in Chu. ..... So at home and abroad, Sui Xian looks at Shi Xiang with a conservative eye. But if I overhear my hometown ancestors, such as Mr. Wei, Mr. Zeng Zeng @ ④, when they were not talking about western learning, they were salty in the world, slandered by people, endured great criticism, and resolutely gave up to advocate this idea. Up to now, western scholars in the world are not loyal to Mr. Zhu, and Wu is conservative in Hunan. And what's the harm of being conservative, like what happened in Japan? The more loyal he is, the more sincere he becomes. If I change in Hunan, China will change; If we have a foothold in Hunan, China can survive. Use available morale to open people's wisdom. To see Japan today, it is best to have a concession. Better let it go! " (Note: The Public Enlightenment of Wu Shi School in Hunan, edited by Mai Zhonghua, Volume 5, page 22, Historical Materials Compilation No.771,page 407; The Origin of Wu Shi School in Hunan, The Reform Movement of 1898, compiled by China Historical Society (Volume II), p. 492. It can be seen that Hunan people have not given up on themselves because they are extremely conservative. On the contrary, they found spiritual motivation from Guo Songtao, Ceng Jize and others, and compared Hunan to Japan before the Meiji Restoration, which strengthened their confidence and determination in reform and self-improvement. As a result, the gentry in Changsha washed away their arrogance in the past, changed their ways to strive for strength, and became the mainstream of urban public thought, which gradually transformed Changsha from a culturally conservative city into the center of the reform movement in South China.
The advocacy and support of local officials played an important role in the rise and development of Changsha Reform Movement. Chen Baozhen has been an official in Hunan for a long time and lives in Changsha (note: Chen Baozhen's first stop in his career was to "send a reserve to Hunan as a magistrate" during Tongzhi's 67 years. Since then, he has been an official in Hunan for a long time and lives in Changsha. His son got married in Li San Changsha, and his grandson Yinke was born in Changsha. See Jiang Tianshu's Chronology of Mr. Chen Yinque, pages 4, 6 and 8. ), it is closely related to Guo Songtao who cares about the country and angers people and talks about "Westernization", and his influence is not weak. After the signing of treaty of shimonoseki between China and Japan, Chen Baozhen wrote a letter to talk about politics, recounting gains and losses, and worrying about the country and the people. Chen Baozhen has a deep affection for Hunan people, and he deeply studies the local customs of Hunan Province. He said: "In the past, Lian Po thought of using Zhao people, so I'd better use Hunan people." (Note: Chen's "The First House of the Governor's Office" and "Collected Works of Sanyuan Jingshe" Volume 5; Chen Yinque's Collection of Lengliutang, p. 176. Therefore, when he learned that he was entrusted with the post of prime minister, he "secretly pleased and masturbated" (note: Chen's "The First Government House" and "Sanyuan Jingshe Collection", Volume 5; Chen Yinque's Collection of Lengliutang, p. 176. )。 After Chen Baozhen took office, he "revived his thoughts" in local government affairs (Note: Wang Xianqian's "Self-made Chronicle of the Kwai Garden", p. 52. )。 His son, Chen, was praised by many people around his squire. The ideal officialdom environment provides conditions for Chen Baozhen to display his political talents and realize his political ambitions. Inspired by the current crisis, Chen Baozhen took political reform as a top priority, hoping to make Hunan prosperous and self-reliant through political reform, thinking that the country could rely on it. As Chen recorded in "The Governor's First House": "The government's coverage of the whole country is extremely weak. Without sweeping away our politics, cultivating talents and opening up the atmosphere, we can't survive. According to "Upper Reaches of the World", Hunan is known as the land where soldiers can win in the world. Its scholar rate boldly denies it. Also, the land belongs to Austria, and the production of coal, iron and hardware is complete. A glimpse of the camp is admired by the world, and it is rich and strong, which is enough for extraordinary changes and makes the country rely on it in the future. " (Note: Chen's "The First House of the Governor's Office" and "Collected Works of Sanyuan Jingshe" Volume 5; Chen Yinque's Collection of Lengliutang, p. 176. )
Hunan people appreciate Chen Baozhen's political courage and virtue of being an official. When I heard that I had helped the Hunan government, I was both salty and happy (note: Chen said in "The Governor's First Government": "Hunan people are also happy when they hear that the governor has a government", see Volume 5 of the Collection of Three Societies; Chen Yinque's Collection of Lengliutang, p. 176. )。 Pi wrote in Guangxu's diary on July 26, 20001year: "It is a great kindness to release Chen Youming's uncle in Xiangfu." (Note: Pi unpublished Diary of Shifutang, Hunan Historical Materials No.4, 1958. Tang also said happily, "If we save people from the drama and cultivate talents, people who will save the overall situation in the future may not leave Hunan, but we will try our best." (Note: See Tang Caizhi's Tang Cai Chang and Current Affairs School, Hunan Historical Materials No.3, 1958. Later, Xiangxue Xinbao commented: "I am Sean Youming, and I am eager to make a living. I belong to gentry, but I can't reach it through Quantico. Develop mines, cast silver rings, set up machines, build schools, set up wires, make electric lights, lead boats, talk about rivers and make matches. All these purposes will benefit people's lives and the country's situation. " (Note: On Hunan New Deal, Xiangxue New Newspaper, No.2, p. 833. It is true that these achievements of the New Deal are not attributed to Chen Baozhen alone, but Chen Baozhen is based on the principle that "the world has changed greatly, and there must be unnecessary moves" (Note: The History of the Reform Movement of 1898 compiled by the National Archives Bureau in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, p. 25. ), the advocacy and leadership role of Changsha Reform Movement can not be underestimated. Even Zhang Zhidong praised Chen Baozhen, praising him for "restoring knowledge, creating an atmosphere, and benefiting workers through business. Everything he did was in vain." . Smelling it outside the lake is enough to make the vulgar officials vulgar and refined, and everyone is confident and United, and they admire Jí @ ⑤ "(Note: Zhang Zhidong's" With Chen Youming "and" The Complete Works of Zhang Wenxiang "Volume 2 18. )。 Sheng Xuanhuai also praised: "Hunan is magnificent, and its talents are unique. In the past, those who were out of step with the times, especially Hunan people. One day, we will resolutely save the situation, and we will be so busy at home and abroad that we are afraid that people all over the world will be afraid. ..... However, Gong Wei (Chen Baozhen) advocates strength and follows good advice. How can it change so fast? " (Note: Sheng Xuanhuai's Letter of Visiting Xiang You Shuai Shu Prison in Zhai, p. 1 10. ) Wang Xianqian also commented on Chen Baozhen's "Living in a Pioneer Position" (Note: Wang Xianqian's "False Faith in the Hall" 1. )。 All these well explain Chen Baozhen's role in Changsha Reform Movement.
Chen Baozhen's "innovation" was supported and cooperated by other major officials in Hunan at that time. Jiang Biao is studying politics. When I was young, I studied in Wentong Museum of Beijing Normal University, studied western learning and participated in the organization of Beijing Strong Society. In the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), he studied Hunan, that is, he took it as his own responsibility to "change the style of writing and start a new governance" (note: Hu Sijing's Biography of Jiangbiao and Supplement to Monument, Volume 9). )。 After he took office, he learned useful talents by studying geography, anecdotes (current affairs), mathematics, etc., "breaking the barrier of taboos for hundreds of years" and "getting the most people in Hunan" (note: Tang Wenji, pp. 195, 197). )。 Jiang Biao is very much in favor of Xiang Baozhen's New Deal measures. Presided over the rectification of Changsha Confucian Classics School, set up a school library, and hosted Hunan Daily. In the preface of Hunan Daily, the first sentence that Jiang Biao shouted was: "Alas, reform is necessary." (Note: Xiangxuehai New Newspaper (1), page 5. Later generations called Jiang Biao the "pioneer" of Hunan Reform Movement (Note: Lin's "Hunan New Deal Movement in Qing Dynasty" page 2 1. ), some people regard Jiang Biao as the "first hero to carry out the ethos" in Hunan (Note: Wang Nan Institute of History, Taiwan Province Province's Collection of Modern History of China 12, the Reform Movement of 1898, p. 457. ), enough to explain the role played by Jiang Biao in the early stage of Changsha's political reform movement. In addition to Chen Hejiang, other major officials in Hunan also actively supported the political reform and reform. Huang Zunxian, the provincial judge and head of the salt law, once went to Japan and traveled to Europe and America, and read a sentence by Rousseau and Montesquieu, "We should pay close attention to the reform and reform" (Note: Tang Zhijun's Biography of the Reform Movement of 1898, 079. )。 He is closely related to Chen Baozhen, who is closely related to himself. (Note: It has been pointed out that Chen Baozhen's friendship with Huang Gongdu in Honshu, Chiayi County is of course based on the idea of embracing world reform. However, it has an old friendship with Chen in Yining and Huang in Honshu, Jiaying County, and has little to do with it. " See Jiang Tianshu's Chronology of Mr. Chen Yinque on page 247. ), he very much agreed with Chen's New Deal measures, and "dismissed them with his usual learning" (note: Kang Youwei's preface to entering the Lu). ), "It is the soul of Cheng in Chen You's mind" (Note: "Huang Gongdu-the Leader of the Reform Movement of 1898", Yijing 1936No. 10. )。 Because Huang Zunxian is the only official in Hunan who has experienced western civilization personally, he is "better than hearsay" (Note: Pi Wei did not publish Diary of Shifutang, Hunan Historical Materials No.4, 1958. ), so many new policies in Changsha are being promoted. Xu Renzhu, who became a political scholar in Hunan after Jiang Biao, not only actively consolidated and expanded the achievements of the New Deal initiated by Jiang Biao, but also made important contributions to further changing Hunan's style of study (especially advocating Confucian classics) and promoting reform and reform by writing Yó u @ ⑥ Jin Xuan Yu and publishing Shixiang Tiao. It can be said that Xu Renzhu even surpassed his predecessor Jiang Biao in the courage and pace of reform.
The advocacy and planning of enlightened officials have been positively responded by Hunan gentry who are eager for reform and change. Tan Sitong, Tang, Xiong Xiling, Pi, etc. Run to Changsha from all over the country to help the New Deal. "Those whose gentry have negative talents and aspirations will strive to restore their health and make corresponding reconciliation one after another. See several major changes in their spirit" (Note: Chen's Collection of Three Societies, Volume 5; Chen Yinque's Collection of Lengliutang, p. 177. )。 Changsha gentry Wang Xianqian, Zhang Zutong and Zhu Changlin also responded. They set up match factories and machinery manufacturing companies, set up inland river vessels, strived for the entry of Guangdong-China railway, and supported Chen Baozhen to set up telegraph mining bureau, all of which made great contributions. Wang Xianqian also took the lead in petitioning for the establishment of a current affairs school, and carried out curriculum reform in Yuelu Academy, which he presided over, adding courses such as arithmetic and translation. He also ordered the teachers and students of Yuelu College to buy current affairs newspapers that advocated political reform and reform. After the establishment of the school of current affairs, Changsha "united officials, gentry and people", "strongly urged (Liang Qichao) to give lectures", and "Hunan scholars especially sought it" (Note: Letters of Wang Shiyou compiled by Shanghai Library, volume 1, p. 253. )。 After Liang Qichao arrived in Hunan, the gentry in Changsha "entertained him very well", and Wang Xianqian and Zhang Zu also suggested that Liang Qichao "should be very lively, and it would be polite to hold a banquet at Zeng Zhongxiang Temple and invite all the gentry to accompany him" (Note: Xiong Xiling to Chen Zhongcheng, Hunan DailyNo.1kloc-0/2). )。 Even Ye Dehui, who later criticized the reformists, often attended the gathering of Hunan gentry hosted by radical reformers (note: Pi Wei did not publish the Diary of Shifutang, No.4 Historical Materials of Hunan, 1958). ), and the relationship with Liang Qichao is "extremely consistent", as well as "wine and food exchanges" (Note: Xiong Xiling's Chen Zhongcheng Book, BoxNo. 1 12. )。
As mentioned above, the Reform Movement in Changsha was actually an "innovation" movement initiated by enlightened officials and promoted by officials and gentry. Some people say, "Hunan's opening up is more energetic and faster than other provinces, which is a great turning point for China. Non-official leaders, scholars also show loyalty. Officials and gentry are integrated, up and down. What is this? " (Note: Xiang Baonuo. 105.) This introduction seems more appropriate. A ballad published at that time said: "The Xiang army was in full swing that day. Today is not the old Xiang army, Niuzhuang lost its reputation. ..... My generation should be practical and learn from others with an open mind, starting with agriculture and business. He Xing's officials are all virtuous people, and their efforts have been advocated by Hunan people. Hold a new policy and talk about new learning, open up the people's wisdom and make them rich and strong. The gentry of Hunan University expressed this intention and worked together with one heart and one mind. " (Note: Box 27. This is actually a popular summary of the reasons for the rise and development of the Reform Movement in Changsha.
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