How did poetry come into being? It turns out that before the formation of literature, our ancestors compiled rhymes in order to pass on the experience in the production struggle to others or the next generation for memory and dissemination. According to Mr Wen Yiduo's textual research, [poem] and [ambition] are originally the same word, and [ambition] belongs to [scholar] and [heart], which shows that what stops in the heart is actually memory. After the writing came into being, with the help of literature, there is no need for rote learning. At this time, all written records are called records. Desire is poetry. Have ambition in your heart and speak like a poem.
How did the title of the song come from? Poetry and songs are not the same thing Songs are produced by human labor at the same time, long before the formation of literature and long before poetry. At first, we only used sighs to express our feelings, such as ah, xi, oh, alas, and so on. At that time, these words were all pronounced with the same pronunciation: "ah". Song is a pictophonetic character, pronounced with "ke". In ancient times, [song] and [ah] were the same word, and the [ah] that people uttered in their labor was called composition. Therefore, the title of the song has been used.
Since poetry and song are not the same thing, why did they later be linked together and called [Poetry]? As long as we understand their relationship. At first, Song only used simple interjections to express emotions. With the appearance of language, people's understanding of objective things has gradually deepened and their emotions have become richer, so it is far from enough to express them with a few exclamations. So content words are added to the song to meet the needs. After the appearance of words, the combination of poetry and songs went further, and lyrics written in words appeared. At this time, a song includes two parts: one is music and the other is lyrics. Music is lyrical, and the lyrics are poetic and memorable. In other words, poetry is a song with music and a poem without music. The original poem can be sung with music. Songs are poems, and poems are songs. The combination of poems and songs has been discussed for a long time in China ancient books.
Preface to Mao's poems: "Heart is ambition, words are poetry." Emotions move in the heart and form in words. If words are not enough, lament. If there are not enough words, recite them. If there are not enough songs, I don't know how to dance. "Shangshu": "Poetry expresses ambition, but songs are silent", which vividly points out the internal relationship between poetry and songs. Because of this situation, people later called poetry and song side by side, but at present, poetry has become synonymous with poetry.
Ci is one of China's ancient poems. It began in Liang Dynasty, formed in Tang Dynasty and flourished in Song Dynasty. According to Old Tang Book; "Since Kaiyuan (the year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty), singers have mixed the songs of Okoyi Lane." At that time, there were many talented musicians in the city who made a living by singing. According to the need to coordinate the lyrics with the music beat, they created or adapted some long and short sentence lyrics, which are the earliest words. It can also be seen from Dunhuang Quzi Ci that the words produced by the people are decades earlier than those created by the literati.
Folk words in the Tang Dynasty mostly reflect themes such as love and acacia, so they are not elegant in the eyes of literati. It is considered a poetic path. Only those who pay attention to absorbing the artistic advantages of folk songs, such as Bai Juyi and Liu Yuxi, write some words with simple and natural style and full of rich life flavor. Wen Tingyun and the "Huajian School" in the Five Dynasties, which are famous for their rich ci works, have a certain position in the history of ci. However, Li Houzhu's poems after his capture in the Southern Tang Dynasty opened up a new and profound artistic realm, which strongly infected later poets.
In the Song Dynasty, after a major breakthrough in the creation of Liu Yong and Su Shi, Ci developed greatly in form and content. Although Ci is influenced by literati's poems in language, its elegant carving style has not replaced its popular folk style. The long and short sentences of words are more convenient to express feelings, so the saying that "poetry is blind and lyrics are lyrical" still has some basis.
Generally speaking, Ci can be divided into graceful school and wild school. Graceful words are elegant, graceful and full of music; Like Liu Yong's "Where do you wake up tonight?" Yang Liuan, Xiao Feng and the waning moon "; Yan Shu's "Helpless Flowers Fall, I have met Yan Gui"; Yan's famous sentence, "Liu Lou's heart dances low, and the peach blossom fan sings at the bottom", is worthy of being a lyrical masterpiece with a blend of scenes and scenes, and has artistic merits. Bold ci began with Su Shi. He helped Ci break away from the world of entertaining guests and develop into an independent lyric art. Landscape scenery, farmhouse scenery, carefree travel and ambition to serve the country all became the theme of Ci in his hands, which made Ci move from flowers to flowers to broad social life. Judging from the tastes of our readers today, the works of this kind of unconstrained style, The River Never Returning, are more acceptable.
Characters can be roughly divided into Xiao Ling (less than 58 words), Middle Tone (59-90 words) and Long Tone (more than 9 1 word, with the longest word reaching 240 words). A word, some with only one paragraph, is called monotony; Some are divided into two sections, called double tones; Some are divided into three or four sections, which are called three or four sections.
Words have epigrams. Generally speaking, epigraph has the following situations: following the titles of ancient Yuefu poems or music; Such as "Six States Song Tou"; Name the words in several people's poems, such as Xijiangyue; According to a historical figure or allusion, such as Nian Nu Jiao; And the famous homemade epigram. Ci developed and gradually separated from music, becoming an independent style.
Genre of Song Ci
1.
A. Graceful and restrained school: in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, influenced by the style of five pronouns in the late Tang Dynasty, it was dominated by graceful and restrained school. This kind of words are mainly poems and quatrains, and their contents are biased towards the feelings of men and women, sighing that wanderers are homesick and hating parting with distant people. The style is subtle and graceful, and later generations push it as an original.
B. bold school: this school of ci is a major breakthrough in the northern song dynasty. Such works are heroic, fresh in artistic conception, informal in temperament and freely expressed. The subject matter is wide, the content is lyrical or argumentative, the realm is wider than that of graceful and restrained school, and the feelings are more unrestrained.
C. Metric school: Poets of Metric school are proficient in melody, able to innovate their own intonation, with rigorous melody, beautiful timbre, delicate wording and sentences, and mainly lyrical and lyrical content.
2. Song Ci represents the writer's name and a collection of words with characteristics of the writer's times.
Li Yu's ci is light, which is known as Li Houzhu's reflection of court life in the early Five Dynasties. His style is gorgeous and he pours out the pain of national subjugation in the later period, and his sad style is "two masters in the southern Tang Dynasty"
Liu Yong, whose name was changed three times, wrote more about the city prosperity and life in the Northern Song Dynasty. He is good at writing "collections of movements" in long and simple language.
Su Shi's poems are profound, and Dongpo laymen in the Northern Song Dynasty don't like to cut them. Taking poems as words, they expand the brushwork and make Dongpo Yuefu less imposing.
Zhou Bangyan has a beautiful word, and is a Muslim layman. In the Northern Song Dynasty, there were many strict plans and statutes. He writes poems with Tang poems. He loves the past and is good at writing Collection of Hui People (also known as Pian Yu Ci).
Li Qingzhao's Yi 'an Jushi North/Early Southern Song Dynasty mostly reflects the feelings of boudoir, and the feelings are sincere and delicate. Later, she wrote Yu Shuci, the pain of vagrancy and displacement.
Xin Qiji's word is young and harmonious, and his name is Jiaxuan. The artistic conception of the Southern Song Dynasty was magnificent and broad, and he was magnificent and wonderful. He is good at writing pastoral scenery "Jia Xuan Long and Short Sentences" in folk spoken language.
Yao Zhang, whose real name is Jiang Kui, is a Taoist priest in Baishi. Song, a Taoist of Baishi in the Southern Song Dynasty, is a poet who is good at innovating tune (self-tuning). He wrote a lot of travel notes and poems about objects, with beautiful intonation, careful diction and structure.
Tang poetry, Song ci and Yuanqu are different in syntax and style.
Songs are more popular and poems are more elegant.
Tang poetry is mainly composed of five-character or seven-character poems, and the words should be filled in according to the epigraph. Sentence patterns vary in length, so they are also called long and short sentences. Music is similar to words, so it should be filled in according to the music card. Therefore, the poems written by Tang people can be called poems, the words written by Song people and the songs written by Yuan people, which are called Ci and Qu. The epigraph of Song Ci is the tune of the Central Plains, and Yuan Qu is the tune of the people in the northern grassland, so Yuan Qu is also called Northern Qu.