Qin Shihuang made many unprecedented achievements in unifying China, and listed several influential ones as follows: Qin Shihuang in film and television dramas.
1. unify the written language and make it the foundation of a nation, and continue to this day; 4. Abandoning the enfeoffment system and establishing counties and counties became the standard mode of management after the reunification of China, which lasted for thousands of years; 13. unifying currency and weights and measures will greatly promote domestic business exchanges. 4. The cars are on the same track and the roads are at the same distance. The construction of Qin Zhi Road greatly facilitates domestic traffic; 5. Burn the history books of the six countries, unify thoughts objectively, and avoid splitting the country due to historical problems; However, copies of ancient books destroyed in various countries were preserved, and the subsequent destruction was because Xiang Yu set fire to Qin Dou; 6. The construction of Lingqu strengthens the control over the Pearl River Basin, making this area the territory of China forever; 7. Building the Great Wall, an important line of defense against the invasion of the northern Hu people, has long been a national border; 8. Expedite to South Vietnam and bring Fujian, Zhejiang and Guangdong into Chinese territory. 9. Attack the Huns in the north and recapture the Hetao area, making this area the territory of China forever. So far, the basic pattern of China's unified multi-ethnic centralized state has been established. He was the founder of the emperor's honorific title, and also the founder of the emperor system in China, which made China enter the era of centralized monarchy of Han nationality. He also made China achieve political unification for the first time, forming a situation of "cars on the same track, books in the same language", which laid the foundation for the later dynasties to seek reunification. But since ancient times, Qin Shihuang has always been a controversial figure.
Positive evaluation
Statue of Qin Shihuang
When Qin Shihuang was in power, he annexed six countries and sent troops to explore the north and south. In history, it is said that "all the places that are over a hundred miles bow down", "thousands of miles go north" and "the king of Qin sweeps six rivers". According to the map of the Warring States Period, the territory is almost twice the area controlled by the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period. Moreover, Qin Shihuang "set up a county" and paid attention to the rule of conquered land and system construction, unlike other contemporary conquerors such as Alexander of Macedonia or Caesar of Rome, who only emphasized conquest and did not emphasize system construction; Thus stabilized the unified land rule and laid the foundation for the present Chinese territory. Later generations thought that "his contribution was greater than Qin Huang's Hanwu". It means that Qin Shihuang is ahead of Han Wudi in achievements, which is unparalleled in history. Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin attached great importance to the rule of law. Qin Shihuang inherited this tradition and admired Han Fei, a legalist figure. He once lamented that "if you walk with him, you will have no hatred." Reward and punish generals according to law. Although Qin Shihuang was autocratic and thought that "we rule the world", he still ruled the country according to law in the Qin Dynasty. Chen Sheng and the uprising, the reason is that "Qin law is harsh", and its crime is capital crime, so it has to be reversed, but the law forces the people to rebel. Nor is it like the "Zhumen wine stinks and frozen bones" in later generations. Because of serious corruption, officials forced the people to rebel. Later Confucianism advocated the rule of man, but not by law. A word was decided by the monarch, but the wind of rule by man and flattery still exists today. Qin Shihuang initiated the post station system and built post roads. It laid a technical foundation for the decree access of the huge empire and the resulting county-based imperial power country. "Building a post road and establishing a county" is a necessary condition for China to adopt the advanced county system to replace the western enfeoffment system. At the same time, Rome can't effectively control the occupied areas, and there is only one powerful governor (the governor is in charge of the military and political power of a place, all of whom are nobles, and the grass-roots organizations rely on the original local organizations), which is still similar to the enfeoffment system, which is a very important reason for the later division of the Roman Empire. The county system is a civilian system, and its military and political leaders are appointed by the emperor. According to their political achievements, their military achievements can be raised or lowered and leveled, which leads to the emergence of professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers. Professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers can come from civilians, and county bureaucrats effectively protect the rights of civilians (cloth clothes) to participate in the discussion of state affairs (for example, Reese and Meng Ao are both cloth clothes, so they can only pay homage to each other according to military merits). Compared with the aristocratic politics of the feudal system, it is undoubtedly a huge historical progress. This is the origin of the civil service system and the military system in modern countries. The Qin Empire established by Qin Shihuang laid the foundation that China's political system was more advanced than that of the West in recent 1700 years. The so-called "Han inherited the Qin system", "its system was unchanged from Qin" and "Qin political law was implemented in previous dynasties". China, in the era of imperial power in 2000, basically followed the system of Qin Dynasty in political system. Li Bai's "Antique" poem: "Qin Wang sweeps Liuhe, he looks!" Sang Hongyang affirmed Qin Shihuang's achievement in unifying China in his works. Modern Zhang Taiyan also praised Qin Shihuang in Qin Zheng Ji 19 13. Mao Zedong commented on Qin Shihuang
1. Qin Shihuang was an expert who cared about the present and cherished the past. 2. On one occasion, he said to Zhang: You said that the * * * production party was equal to Qin Shihuang, which was wrong, exceeding 100 times. 3. Confucius and Mencius are idealism, Xunzi is materialism, and the left wing of Confucianism. Confucius represents slave owners and nobles. Xunzi represents the landlord class. He added: In the history of China, the real doer was Qin Shihuang, and Confucius only talked empty words. For thousands of years, Confucius became a mere formality, but actually acted according to Qin Shihuang. Qin Shihuang used students from Lisi, Legalist and Xunzi. Confucius has some advantages, but not very good. We should be fair. Qin Shihuang was much greater than Confucius. Confucius is empty talk. Qin Shihuang was the first person to unify China. It not only unified China politically, but also unified China's writing and various systems in China, such as weights and measures, some of which are still in use today. No second feudal monarch in China has surpassed him, but he has been scolded for thousands of years. 5. I advise you to scold Qin Shihuang less and discuss the reasons for burning the pit. The ancestral dragon's soul is still dead in Qin, and Confucius' scientific name is high. EMI is good at Qin politics and law, but ten batches are not good articles. Be familiar with the feudal theory of the Tang Dynasty, and don't return to King Wen from zihou. Politicians of all ages have made great achievements, and legalists were all in the early feudal society. These people advocate the rule of law and beheading if they break the law. They advocate respecting the present and cherishing the past. Confucianism is full of benevolence and morality, full of thieves and prostitutes, and all advocate respecting the past and cherishing the present. Qin Shihuang was the first famous emperor in China feudal society. I'm Qin Shihuang, too. Lin Biao calls me Qin Shihuang. China has always been divided into two factions, one says that Qin Shihuang is good, and the other says that Qin Shihuang is not good. I agree with Qin Shihuang, but I disagree with Confucius. Because Qin Shihuang was the first to unify China, unified the writing and built a broad road. He did not use a country within a country, but a centralized system. The central government sent people to various places and changed them every few years. There was no hereditary system. 7. Qin Huang Hanwu, literary talent slightly lost-Mao Zedong also thought that Qin Shihuang lacked literary talent.
Qin Shihuang in the eyes of westerners
Qin Shihuang was not only China, but also a famous emperor in the West. And his far-reaching influence on China and even the world really matches his fame. After Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, from 230 BC to 22 BC1year, the grandmasters of Wang Jian and Wang Ben swept the Central Plains, and the six behemoths of Han, Wei, Chu, Zhao, Yan and Qi were wiped off the map forever without any defense. The space they left became a unified color with a huge word "Qin" written on it. In 22 1 year BC, when the world was unified, Qin Shihuang made the most decisive decision in the restructuring: "Give up the enfeoffment system and set up counties." The country is divided into 36 counties, and each county has several counties. The county chief executive is directly appointed by the central government and can be replaced at any time. The unity of the country has been greatly strengthened, but this may be one of the reasons for Qin's short life. Qin Shihuang's achievements in establishing long-term unification include unifying writing, unifying laws, unifying currency, and unified measurement. Most of them were based on the practices of the former Qin State and extended to the conquered areas. In addition, a wide range of post roads leading to various places have been built. In this way, the Qin empire became an organic whole in all aspects. Although the Qin Dynasty only lasted 15 years, the ruling mode established by Qin Shihuang continued. Qin Shihuang was the main designer of centralized feudal monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years, and his influence was far-reaching and extensive, which was unmatched by any other emperor. In the history of the world, many emperors created a huge empire, but their actual influence could not be compared with that of Qin Shihuang. Historically, the population of China has accounted for more than 20% of the world's population. If it has an important influence on China, it can be regarded as an important influence on the world (in McHart). Moreover, due to centralization and loyalty to the monarch, the emperor's influence on the history of China was far greater than that of many other countries. Thus, Qin Shihuang played a vital role in China and even the world. Westerners have always been in awe of China's vast territory, although historically, the population of China is not as large as that of Europe. The difference is that Europe will always be a small country, while China is a unified country. This is mainly due to political and social factors, rather than geographical factors such as mountain barriers. Of course, the unification of China can't be attributed only to Qin Shihuang, but also to others, such as Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty. In the west, people often compare Qin Shihuang with Napoleon. In fact, Qin Shihuang is not only the "Emperor through the ages" in China history, but also the "Emperor through the ages" in the world history. As far as his achievements are concerned, it is difficult to find a monarch who can defeat him. Generally speaking, there is not much difference in population and area between the Roman Empire and the Qin Dynasty. But the Roman Empire ruled for a short time. After Caesar's death, the empire fell apart. The Qin dynasty was not, which is why Qin Shihuang had a unique influence.