Western Zhou Dynasty (BC 1 1 century to BC 77 1 century)
The Western Zhou Dynasty was a period when bronze platform casting was developed, and armor had developed to metal materials. In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the system of "China people" serving as soldiers was implemented. Zhou Li. Chun Guan. "Si Fu" recorded in detail all kinds of coronation clothes of Zhou and princes, among which Wei Yi's clothes were "military uniforms". There were no military attaché s in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and both the emperor and the prince were the commanders of the army. The Wei clothes they wore when they went out to war were special military uniforms. The only difference between handsome and soldier's clothes is that they are shorter than handsome (for running); The clothes are simple, but the material is thick. The "armor training" worn by warriors in the Western Zhou Dynasty is mostly made of silk and thick cotton, which belongs to the field of cloth armor.
Eastern Zhou Dynasty (Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period) (770 BC to 22 BC1year)
In addition to a large number of leather armor, bronze armor was also used during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In the late Warring States period, there was a real armor. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, military uniforms began to adopt deep clothes. A deep coat is a kind of clothes with a top and a bottom skirt. Many vassal States in the Yellow River valley began to build cavalry, and the appearance of cavalry will inevitably change their costumes, so Hu fu with tight sleeves and trousers became military uniforms.
Leather armor in the Warring States period was mostly made of leather such as rhinoceros and shark, and painted on it. Leather armor consists of a body, sleeves and a skirt. The knitting method of nail plate is that the left piece presses the right piece horizontally and the lower piece presses the upper piece vertically; The stomach is also composed of 18 nail plates. In addition, armored armor appeared in the mid-Warring States period, and its predecessor was bronze armor, which is a relatively simple animal breastplate. During the Warring States period, armor plates were mostly made of iron sheets in the shape of fish scales or willow leaves, which were assembled and spliced.
Qin dynasty (22 BC1year to 206 BC)
The uniforms of the Qin Dynasty were the same from generals to soldiers. They all wear thick clothes and trousers and have small mouths. The legs of the foot soldiers were wrapped in rows, full of boots or shoes.
There are four kinds of jewelry for soldiers. There are two kinds, one is cavalry and the other is military attache. The second is the crown, which is worn by cavalry. The third category is hats. The fourth category is steamed stuffed bun. There are also four kinds of boots, which are named high boots, square shoes, square shoes and square shoes according to the image. Boots and shoes are strapped to the instep and ankles. Jungle clothes are usually waist-tied. This belt is made of leather. The belt is connected with the hook. This kind of armor was worn by generals who commanded in the cold war. There are no nail patches on the chest and back, but they are painted with geometric patterns, which look like they are made of a hard brocade, or they may be made of leather and painted with patterns.
The shape of armor is pointed chest and hem, straight at the back and left, with wide edges around. It is also made of brocade or leather with geometric patterns on it. Below the chest, the center of the back and the lower back are decorated with small nail plates. There are 160 nail plates all over the body. The nail plate is square in shape, each side is wide and the handle is cm. The fixing method of the nail plate is to use a thong or beef tendon to penetrate the group in a V shape and nail it firmly with rivets. In addition, the shoulders are also equipped with shawls made of similar leather, and ribbons are also exposed on the chest, back and shoulders.
Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD)
Generally speaking, the military uniforms of the Han Dynasty are similar to those of the Qin Dynasty in many aspects. Regardless of rank, the army wears Zen clothes and pants. Zen clothes are deep clothes, also known as sand hub Zen clothes (that is, crepe single clothes). The military crown of the Han Dynasty is basically the military crown of the flat towel cover.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, military attaché s also had the habit of wearing a Gaza crown outside a plain towel. In the Han dynasty, military uniforms usually wore two belts outside, one was leather and the other was silk. Warriors mainly wear boots and shoes, mainly shoes, with round heads, flat bottoms and crescent heads.
The Han Dynasty was the initial period of the military attache system in China. After the Spring and Autumn Period, the size of the army has been expanding day by day, and the services, arms, strategies and tactics have become increasingly complex, so some specialized military strategists have emerged and formed actual full-time military attaché s.
It is not only the clothing that distinguishes officers and men, but also the emblem on the military uniform. There was a system of marking emblems on military uniforms in the pre-Qin period. There are three kinds of emblem knowledge in Han dynasty: Zhang, Zan and negative feather. The level of the chapter is low, mainly worn by soldiers. Generally, the identity, name and subordinate unit of the wearer should be indicated on the chapter, so as to be identified after the battle sacrifice. The flag is worn by the military attache, and the right shoulder is a shawl-like ornament made of silk. Negative feather officers and foot soldiers can use it. The further development of cavalry in the late Han Dynasty was mainly attributed to the invention of saddle and stirrup.
Wei and Jin Dynasties (AD 220-AD 420)
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the military uniforms were mainly battle robes and trousers pleated clothes. The robe is knee-high and the sleeves are wide. Pleats as short as two hips, tight small sleeve, robes, pleats are generally straight collar, but there are also round necks. Pants are big mouth pants. The trouser legs in the Eastern Jin Dynasty were bigger than those in the Western Jin Dynasty, much like today's skirts.
The crown ornaments mainly include military attache, enemy official, Fan Kuai official, Yi, Yi and so on. Soldiers usually wear round-headed boots, and the tips of the boots can't be tilted. Armor and military uniform have belts. On the left is the iron sleeve armor, which is a kind of short-sleeved shirt with the chest and back connected and made of fish scale nails. The shape of the sleeve armor is very similar to that of the western Han dynasty, and it is worn from the head. This sleeve armor is very hard. Zhou basically followed the shape of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the top of Zhou was decorated with tassels.
On the right is the military clothes of Wei and Jin Dynasties, mainly robes and trousers pleated clothes. The robe is knee-high and the sleeves are wide. Pleats as short as two hips, tight small sleeve, robes, pleats are generally straight collar, right slit, but there are also round necks.
Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 420-AD 589)
During this period, the production and development of weapons and equipment reached a brand-new stage. Armor, not only a wide variety, but also high quality and manufacturing technology. The most representative is two pieces of armor, "two pieces of armor, one for the chest and one for the back." There are bags, chestnuts and helmets.
The crotch shirt was the most prominent one at that time. The military attache wore the same cloth or leather on his crotch shirt as the other two, and it served as the military attache's official uniform until the Tang Dynasty. During this period, short-sleeved clothes were mainly used, including small cuffs, front lapels and large lapels. Fu Rong pants basically follow the Eastern Jin style, generally wide-mouth pants, and the trouser legs are tied with straps below the knees.
Crown ornaments are generally flat towels and hats. The front row in the picture consists of two hip nails, knee-high. Above the waist, it is the breastplate. Some are made up of small armor pieces, and some are made up of a whole large armor piece. The armor body is divided into two pieces, and the shoulders and sides are tied with belts. The armor worn by the two people in the back row in the picture is bright armor, which is related to the circular protection on the chest and back. Because this circular protector is mostly made of copper, iron and other metals, the polished aurora looks like a mirror (heart protector).
Wearing bright armor on the battlefield will give off dazzling "light" because of the sun's irradiation, hence the name. There are many styles of this kind of armor, and the complexity is also different: some just add two round guards at the front and back of the crotch, some are equipped with shoulder pads and knee pads, and some are so complicated that there are several shoulder pads. Most of the bulletproof vests grow to the hips, and the waist is tied with a belt. In addition, the statement that Ming Guang's armor eye protector is a "sunlight mirror" in the Han Dynasty is not credible (it is said that "the sun shines, landlite").
Tang dynasty (6 18 to 907)
Official clothes can be divided into royal clothes and official clothes, which are taken by civil and military officials above grade nine in the imperial court. The military attache's special uniform is a short crotch shirt embroidered with various patterns.
Soldiers wear two kinds of clothes, one is a narrow robe with a collar and the other is a robe without a crotch. No crotch robe, no embroidery, towel folded on the head. In the Tang dynasty, it was called a hoe, but in the late Tang dynasty, it has become a hat that can be worn at any time without being tied. In the Tang Dynasty, it was popular for warriors to bread a piece of red or white ropa outside their hoes. The armor and military uniforms in the early Tang Dynasty basically maintained the style and shape from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui Dynasty. After Zhenguan, a series of clothing system reforms were carried out, and military and military clothing with tang style was gradually formed.
During the period of Emperor Gaozong and China, the national strength was at its peak and the world was at peace. The luxury trend of the upper class is becoming more and more serious. Military clothes and armor are mostly divorced from the use function and have evolved into beautiful and luxurious etiquette clothes mainly decorated.
After the "An Shi Rebellion", it returned to a practical state conducive to combat, especially armor, which had basically taken shape at the end of the Tang Dynasty. According to the records in the Six Classics of Tang Dynasty, the armor of Tang Dynasty includes strong light, light armor, fine scales, mountain inscriptions, bird hammers, white cloth, soap Juan, cloth back, infantry, leather armor and wooden armor. Among them, Mingguang, Eta Ursae Majoris, Suozi, Shanwen, Bird Hammer and Thin Scale are armor, and the latter three are named after the style of armor pieces. Leather armor, wooden armor, white cloth, soap roll and cloth back are all named after the manufacturing materials. In armor, bright armor is still the most commonly used.
Some new military uniforms also appeared in the Tang dynasty, and short back clothes were one of them. In the late Tang Dynasty, a kind of military clothing accessories with "belly hugging" appeared, which was wrapped around the waist in a semicircle to prevent the weapons and armor worn around the waist from being damaged by collision and friction. In the Tang Dynasty, military commanders wore pointed Wu Le boots of different lengths. However, when you wear royal clothes or ordinary clothes, you can also wear shoes with cloud caps or Ma Xie.
Song dynasty (960- 1279)
After the southern crossing, the small court in the southern dynasties was always in a weak position, and it was unwilling to take care of the arms production, and the armor manufacturing was in a backward and stagnant state. Another reason for the stagnation of armor is the invention of gunpowder. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the lethality of gunpowder was greatly improved, and the defensive role of armor in the war became less and less. Although it has been used for hundreds of years, it has not received as much attention as before.
General officers who are forbidden to do more than nine things usually have three kinds of clothes: imperial clothes, official clothes and seasonal clothes. The use of court clothes and official clothes is the same as that of the Tang Dynasty. Seasonal clothes are seasonal clothes that the emperor gave to attendants and officials in different seasons every year. Ordinary soldiers in the Song Dynasty had only armor and leather gloves on their heads.
Liao (907- 1 125)
One is Qidan clothing, and the other is Hanfu.
According to the records of Liao history, when Liao was in the kingdom of Qidan, the army had already used armored armor, mainly in the style of the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, mainly in the Song Dynasty. The upper structure of the armor is exactly the same as that of the Song Dynasty, but the leg skirt is obviously shorter than that of the Song Dynasty, and the two-sided stork tail armor covers the leg skirt, maintaining the characteristics of the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties.
Armor belly protector seems to be hung in front of the abdomen with a belt, and then fixed with a belt. Like leather armor in the Song Dynasty, the big circle protector in the middle of the chest is unique to the Liao Dynasty. In the Liao Dynasty, leather armor was used in addition to real armor. The clothing of Qidan military attache can be divided into official clothing and official clothing. There is no obvious difference in style. They are all narrow-sleeved robes with stand-up collars. Like ordinary men's clothes, official clothes may be slightly tighter than official clothes. Both can be worn as military uniforms.
Xixia (A.D. 1032 to 1227)
The armor worn by Xixia warriors is full-body, and the helmet and epaulettes are exactly the same as those in the Song Dynasty. Body armor is like two hip armor, knee-high. Mainly short armor, indicating that the manufacture of armor lags behind the Central Plains after all. The official clothes of Xixia can also be used as military uniforms, such as the Qidan clothes of Liao Dynasty, which are obviously different.
Yuan (A.D. 1279 to 1368)
The Yuan Dynasty was able to explore the East and the West, relying on a powerful army. The main force of Mongolia is all cavalry, well-organized, well-equipped and equipped with firearms, especially armor. The nail body is all net armor, the outer surface is covered with copper wire and the inner layer is lined with cowhide, which is very delicate.
At the beginning of the founding of New China, the military uniforms of the Yuan Dynasty, regardless of generals and soldiers, were only national uniforms-high-quality sun suits. The crown of Mongolian military uniform is hat and hat. After China was unified by Mongolia, in order to consolidate the political power and win the support of the upper class of the Han nationality, especially the intellectuals, it followed the laws of China in all aspects.
After Beijing made its capital, most of the gowns of court officials were in Chinese. Public service, like the Song Dynasty, samurai's military service was a style formed in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Wear boots at ordinary times In the Yuan Dynasty, there were liujia and tiehoop armor. The inner layer of iron hoop armor is cowhide and the outer layer is iron net armor. The nail pieces are connected together like fish scales, and the arrow can't penetrate, so the production is extremely exquisite.
There are leather armor, cloth armor and so on. There is only one kind of national service in military service, that is, high-quality sun suit, which is a kind of robe with tight sleeves, with a cross collar and a square collar, which is long and short, reaching to the knee and short to the knee.
There is also a kind of knitted coat, which is exactly the same as the sun suit except that the hem is wider and denser. The waist is sewn with a wide waist made of braided thread and some buttons are nailed, commonly known as "knitted coat" or "waistline coat". This kind of clothing is also a Mongolian military uniform in Yuan Dynasty, which can be worn by military commanders, court guards and warriors.
Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1368 to A.D. 1644)
Armor in Ming dynasty was mostly made of steel, with advanced technology and various types. The military attache system in Ming Dynasty is the most complete in history, and the grade difference of military uniforms is also the most obvious. Military attaché s have four official uniforms, which are divided into more than nine categories: royal, official, ordinary and awarded. Except for the uniform, the other three are all court clothes, not military uniforms.
When they put on their work uniforms. Although uniforms and gifts do not belong to the category of military service, uniforms are often worn as a hierarchy of officers. Soldiers in the Ming Dynasty can wear armor, towels, hats and crowns when wearing military uniforms. This hat is a red hat. There are loyal and static crowns and small crowns. In the Ming Dynasty, there was a kind of fat coat for sergeant's clothing, which was made of "knee-length, narrow sleeves and inner cotton" and was red in color, so it was also called "red fat coat".
Knights ride horses in double-breasted clothes. Battlefield is mostly made of copper and iron, and leather is rarely used. The armor worn by the general is also made of copper and iron, and the shape of the armor plate is mostly "mountain", which is accurate and light to wear. Soldiers wear chain mail, below the waist, with iron mesh skirt pants and iron mesh boots. In the Ming dynasty, soldiers at lower levels could only wear shoes, not boots.
Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1644 to A.D. 19 1 1)
Wear only military uniforms or cotton armor when fighting, and don't wear armor at all. In the Qing dynasty, the helmet was renamed Zhou, which was divided into official Zhou, squire Zhou and soldier Zhou. After the armor was abandoned in the middle and late Qing dynasty, military uniforms became the only clothing of the army. Rongfu is full of clothes.
In Qing Dynasty, the military attache's clothing included court clothes, python clothes, supplementary clothes and robe clothes. Supplementary clothing, like the official clothing of the Ming Dynasty, distinguishes the ranks of civil and military officials through supplementary clothing on the chest and back. The robe is a military attache's uniform, shaped like a python. The crown of the official uniform is the same as the robe, and the civil and military are the same.
Soldiers' uniforms are much simpler. They wear short gowns with double-breasted leaderless tops and trousers with medium width and wide mouth below, usually with a jacket over them. Soldiers' crowns include warm hats, cool hats, headscarves and felt hats.
Qing army officers generally wear boots, and soldiers wear double-beam shoes or wishful shoes. There are several kinds of belts in Qing dynasty, such as, Ji, Chang and Xing. In the middle and late Qing dynasty, because there was no war for a long time, the world was peaceful and the upper class of the ruling group became increasingly arrogant and extravagant. Coupled with the feudal consciousness of standing still and shutting the country out, we adhered to the stupid policy of "riding and shooting is the foundation of Manchuria" and gave up the development of modern science and technology and weapons, which made the national defense force weaken rapidly.
Although the new uniforms are still mixed with many old uniforms, it is undoubtedly the beginning of modern uniforms in China. The old-style military obedience completely disappeared on the historical stage after the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty. In the Qing dynasty, the general helmets, whether iron products or leather products, were painted on the surface.
There are two beams at the front, back, left and right of the helmet, and a cover eyebrow protrudes from the middle of the forehead, on which there is a dancing engine and a bowl. There is a helmet plate shaped like a small handleless wine cup on the bowl, and there is an iron pipe or copper pipe for cutting the tassel gun, carving feathers or otter tail in the middle of the helmet plate. There are lapis lazuli and other colors of silk collar, neck and ear protectors, embroidered with patterns and decorated with copper or iron foam nails.
Armor is divided into armor and apron. Shoulder pad is installed on the shoulder of armor, and shoulder pad has underarm protection; In addition, wear a metal heart protector on the chest and back, and a trapezoidal abdomen protector on the front seam under the mirror, which is called "front guard". Wearing a "left block" on the left side of the waist and not wearing a block on the right side is reserved for wearing a bow and arrow bag. The apron is divided into left and right pieces and tied around the waist with a belt when worn. In the middle of the two skirts, a tiger head made of the same material covered her knees.