In the folk stories and fairy tales of many nationalities in the world, there are also various legends about ancient human civilization. Legends from different nationalities have striking similarities, such as descriptions of prehistoric Atlantis civilization and so on.
According to Darwin's evolutionary hypothesis, it took millions of years for us humans to evolve from apes to adults, but the genealogy did not find the middle process of these millions of years, nor did it find any evidence of the existence of humans among apes. According to the usual understanding, human beings have developed from the most primitive state to the present high civilization, which is no more than 10 thousand years, and the written records are only 5 thousand years. According to Darwin's theory of evolution, it was impossible for human beings to exist hundreds of millions of years ago, let alone create a high degree of human civilization. Obviously, Darwin's theory of evolution cannot explain these ancient human civilizations at all.
At the same time, many cultural relics found can be traced back to different historical periods, from tens of thousands of years ago to billions of years ago, such as stone tools of different ages. It can be inferred that these prehistoric civilizations do not necessarily belong to the same prehistoric human civilization, and there are probably many prehistoric humans and civilizations, that is, the development of human beings on the earth is periodic, and different human civilizations exist on the earth in different periods.
Judging from many prehistoric civilizations that have been unearthed or discovered, they once had highly developed scientific and technological civilizations, such as the large chain nuclear reactor discovered in Gabon, Africa 2 billion years ago, and the iron bar with iron content as high as 99.72% found in India, which are beyond the reach of our current technology. Prehistoric humans also had high understanding and attainments in geography, astronomy, art and culture. It can be seen that the development process of each prehistoric human civilization is different, and the level of the previous civilization may even exceed that of the latter.
Judging from what has been discovered or recorded in historical books, the disappearance of prehistoric civilization seems to be sudden everywhere, such as the mainland sinking into the seabed in earthquakes and water, the tall buildings found under many oceans, and the remains of prehistoric civilization excavated from the ground. It can be seen that every time prehistoric human civilization disappears after a devastating blow, new human beings will appear on the earth and gradually develop into another civilization, and every human civilization seems to have experienced a period from emergence to development to high civilization.
The existence of prehistoric civilization and the development of human beings are cyclical. In the section "Qigong is prehistoric culture", Run Lun pointed out: "Therefore, it is believed that only a few people have survived many devastating blows to human civilization, lived a primitive life, and gradually bred new human beings and entered a new civilization. Then go to destruction, and then give birth to new human beings. It has changed through different cycles. "
This report first lists the direct discoveries of prehistoric human existence, then gives more detailed examples of prehistoric human civilization, and then preliminarily analyzes the periodic development of prehistoric human beings, the disappearance of prehistoric civilization and the reasons, as well as the lessons we should learn this time.
2. Prehistoric humans
Archaeologists have found direct evidence of human existence in different periods in ancient times all over the world, from human footprints tens of thousands of years ago to hundreds of millions of years ago to human skeleton fossils. Some confirmed findings are listed below.
21250 million to 540 million years of human footprint.
Trilobites are creatures from 250 million to 540 million years ago, and they have long been extinct. William J. Meister, an American scientist, found the footprints of an adult wearing casual shoes and a child in Cambrian sedimentary rocks in Antelope Spring, Utah. The footprints are about 10.25 inch long and 0.5 inch wide, embedded in the rock stratum, just above a trilobite fossil. Melvin A. Cook, a famous chemist at the University of Utah, believes that this is indeed a human footprint.
22.27 billion years of human footprint
18 17 years, archaeologists Henry R. Schoolcraft and Thomas H. Benton found two human footprints on a limestone slate near the west bank of the Mississippi River in the United States, about 10.5 inch long, with scattered toes and flat soles. Strong footsteps, natural footprints. There are indications that the indentation was stepped on when the rock was soft. According to identification, this limestone slate has a history of 270 million years.
23.235 billion years of human footprint
Footprints of four people were found on the Triassic rock surface in Fuyuan County, Yunnan Province, China. According to research, these rocks have a history of 235 million years.
2.4 Cretaceous human footprints and finger fossils (65 million years ago)
Dinosaur footprints that lived in the Cretaceous period were found in the Laluxi riverbed in Grenros, Texas, USA. Archaeologists were surprised to find 12 human footprints next to dinosaur footprint fossils, and even one person's footprints overlapped on a three-fingered dinosaur footprint. Cut the fossil from the middle, and find that the cross section under the footprint has compression marks, which can't be an imitation, obviously not a fake. In addition, human finger fossils and an artificial hammer were found in the same rock stratum nearby, and a handle was tightly left on the hammer head. The head of this hammer contains 96.6% iron, 0.74% sulfur and 2.6% chlorine. This is a very strange alloy. It is impossible to make this kind of metal combining chlorine and iron now. Part of the handle has turned into coal. In order to turn into coal in a short time, the whole stratum must have considerable pressure and generate certain heat. If the hammer falls into the gap, there is no coalification process of the handle due to insufficient pressure and temperature. This shows that the hammer was there when the rock layer hardened and solidified. It is found that the strata of artificial tools are consistent with the strata where dinosaur footprints are located, while other strata have no dinosaur footprints and artificial tools. This shows that humans and dinosaurs really lived in the same era.
Fossils of human upper arm humerus 25.4 million years ago
1965, archaeologists Bryan Patterson and W. W. Howells discovered a human upper arm humerus fossil identified as 4 million years ago in Kanapoi, Kenya. According to Professor Henry M. McHenry and Professor Robert S. Rucny of the University of California, this kind of humerus is almost the same as that of modern people.
Fossils of human thigh bones from 262 million years ago.
1972 The thigh bone fossils found in Lake Turkana, Kenya, are almost similar to modern human forms, dating back to 2 million years ago.
273.4 million to 3.8 million years of human footprint.
1976, a research group led by the famous archaeologist Mary. D. Leakey found a set of footprints with characteristics very similar to those of modern people in a place called Litri in northern Tanzania, Africa and the east line of the Great Rift Valley in East Africa. These footprints are printed on volcanic ash sedimentary rocks. According to radioactivity measurement, there are 3.4-3.8 million volcanic ash sedimentary rocks. Footprints * * * two strings, parallel to each other, extending about 27 meters. It is obvious from these footprints that the anatomical characteristics of its soft tissue are obviously different from those of apes. Gravity is transmitted from the heel, through the outside of the arch and the ball of the thumb, and finally to the big toe, which is straight forward. When orangutans and Australopithecus walk upright, gravity is transmitted from the heel, but through the outside of the foot to the middle finger, and the thumb of the big toe protrudes sideways.
2.8/kloc-0.0 million years ago human skeleton
19 13 a complete modern human skeleton was discovered by Hans lake, a German scientist, in the Yi Canyon in Audoye, Tanzania, which was in the stratum about 1 10,000 years ago.
Fossils of human pelvis and femur 29,300 years ago
Spanish paleontologists discovered prehistoric human pelvic fossils, femurs and some stone tools 300,000 years ago in the Atapueca Mountains in the northern province of Burgos.
1026000 years ago, 135 human bones.
1998 In May, the authoritative American magazine Science reported that 135 prehistoric cultural relics, such as human bones and fireplaces, were unearthed near Lake Mungo and Lake Willandra in New South Wales, Australia. A complete 30,000-year-old human bone fossil was unearthed in Mengge No.3 pit. It was smeared with ochre dye, with arms crossed on the chest, and buried according to the funeral ceremony.
3. Prehistoric human tools and remains
Labor tools created by human beings at different times in ancient times, such as stone tools and some prehistoric human remains, have been found all over the world. These remains are buried deep underground or lying on the seabed, but they are also directly exposed on the ground. They have a long history.
Scholars who study Homo erectus in China are customarily called Homo erectus. Their fossils were found in Europe, Asia and Africa from 170 (or 150) years ago to 300 (or 200) years ago. Its skull is flat, its bone wall is very thick, and its supraorbital ridge is also very thick. The brain volume is about 800 ml to 1200 ml and the average height is 160 cm. The structure of lower limbs is very similar to that of human beings, the femur is close to modern people, and the walking posture of Homo erectus is perfect.
Early homo sapiens, also known as the ancients, lived between 250,000 and 40,000 years ago. Its body shape is close to that of modern people, but it still has some primitive features, such as developed brow ridge, low forehead inclination, flat nose and prominent jaw, with an average brain volume of 1350 ml. Its fossils have been found in many places in Asia, Africa and Europe.
Late Homo sapiens Late Homo sapiens, also known as modern Homo sapiens, used to be called new human beings, living 40,000 to 50,000 years ago to 1 10,000 years ago. Its body shape is roughly the same as that of modern people, with the eyebrow ridge weakened, the skull height increased, the mandible retracted, and the forehead was obvious, with an average brain volume of more than 1400 ml. Their fossils are not only distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa, but also found in Oceania and Australia. When the late Homo sapiens appeared, the modern race was also formed.
Human tools and relics 2 million years ago
1On April 6th, 1998, China People's Daily reported on the topic of "Scientists' Identification of Wushan Man Site Confirmed that Ancient Humans appeared in China 2 million years ago": 1997 10. In October, Huang Wanbo, a researcher at vertebrate paleontology Institute of China Academy of Sciences, and Xu Ziqiang, a professor at Beijing Library, led an investigation team in Longgupo, Miao Town, Wushan County, Chongqing. Appraised by famous paleoanthropologist Academician Jia Lanpo and other authoritative scholars, these stone tools found in the same stratum as "Wushan Man" all bear traces of manual knocking and are tools used by ancient people. This result once again strongly confirmed the existence of "Wushan people" 2 million years ago. The fossil of Wushan man was first discovered in Longgupo in 1985 by Huang Wanbo. From 1988 to 1996, five units, including Iowa Research Institute, Peking University Archaeology Department and Institute of Geology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, successively identified these fossils by three methods: paleomagnetism, electron spin * * * vibration and amino acid determination, showing that their geological age was about 2 million years ago. 1995, Dr. Han Shi and Huang Wanbo, American paleoanthropologists, jointly published the article "Early Humans and Their Artifacts in Asia" in the authoritative scientific journal Nature No.6554, and reported their findings. Because only two stone tools were unearthed at that time, there was a debate in academic circles about whether "Wushan man" was an ape-man or a man. This latest discovery ended the debate.
Human tools and sites from 2 million to 2.4 million years ago
On June 2nd, 1999, China CCTV reported on the topic "The earliest human remains discovered so far in China", which made another major breakthrough in the study of ancient humans in China. Archaeologists in China discovered a large number of stone products and bone products when excavating herringbone caves in Fanchang, Anhui. The joint identification by experts confirmed that these stone tools were the remains of early humans 2 million to 2.4 million years ago, thus advancing the history of human beings in Asia by at least 300,000 years. News commentary pointed out that the origin of human beings has been a hot issue for archaeologists and paleoanthropologists for many years, and scientists all over the world have been looking for the earliest human fossils for many years. With the appearance of a large number of fossils, people's understanding of the origin of human beings is constantly being revised.
Ruins of human cities 9,000 years ago.
1998 The authoritative American magazine Science11+1reported on October 20th that archaeologists Tim Appenzeller, Daniel Clery and others discovered a city relic more than 9,000 years ago in Anatolia, the western peninsula of Asia.
Stone tools and ancient human sites in Baise 800 thousand years ago
Experts from China, the United States and other countries recently confirmed that these stone tools were made in Baise, Guangxi, China, 800,000 years ago. Richard Potts, chief scientist of the Human Origin Project, said that Baise Paleolithic is the largest human site discovered in East Asia so far, with the most accurate dating data. Its exquisiteness and its spread throughout the basin are similar to those of acheulian in Africa at the same time. It proves that the ancients who lived in China 800,000 years ago were as mature as the ancients in Africa in making tools.
Stone tools from 55 million years ago
1880, geologist J.D. Whitney identified various stone tools excavated 300 feet underground in Table Mountain, California, USA, and found tools similar to modern pestles. According to the determination, the stratigraphic age of these tools was found to be 55 million years ago [1].
Man-made tools 3.5 million years ago
1887, archaeologist florentino Ameghino discovered flint, bone-breaking fossils and ancient fireplaces 3.5 million years ago on the Argentine coast, which proved that there was human life at that time.