Four cultural celebrities appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Please briefly introduce their achievements.

Zhang Heng (78- 139) was a scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The word Ping Zi. Xi people from Nanyang (now Shiqiao, Nanyang County, Henan Province). In his early years, he studied hard at home. /kloc-When he was 0/7 years old, he traveled to Chang 'an and Luoyang, visited imperial academy, and sought teachers and friends. In the twelfth year of Yongyuan (100), he served as the main book of Nanyang House. In the fifth year of Yongchuan (1 1 1), he went to Beijing as Langzhong assistant minister and minister, and served as an official twice. In his later years, he served as Hejian Xiang and Shangshu. He has high attainments in astronomy, seismology, machinery manufacturing, mathematics, literature and painting. In astronomy, the representative works are Notes on the Armageddon and Lingxian. Advocating the theory that the sky is like an egg, the earth is at the center like the yolk in the egg, and the sky and the earth stand by and watch the air float with the water. Although it advocates that the sky has a hard shell, it also advocates that "the surface of the universe is infinite and the end of the universe is infinite", and that there is a sky outside the sky and the universe is infinite. Put forward the origin theory of heaven and earth with naive dialectical thought, and think that before heaven and earth are divided, there is chaos first, then there is separation of vitality, heaven and earth are produced, and everything nourishes. The reason of the eclipse is correctly explained, and it is considered that the eclipse is caused by the moon entering the shadow of the earth. It is put forward that "the near sky is late and the far sky is fast", and the speed of five-star movement is explained by the difference of distance. He estimated that the number of stars visible to the naked eye in the Central Plains is about 2,500, and determined that the viewing angle diameter of the sun and the moon on Sunday is 1/736 (about 0.49), which is very close to the actual situation. He designed and manufactured the first aquatic elephant, which was powered by hydraulic pressure and driven by a gear system to rotate once a day. The appearance of the stars displayed on the elephant is completely consistent with the actual astronomical phenomenon. In seismology, he created the first seismograph in the world-Hou Feng seismograph in the seventh year of Yongjian (132). This instrument is very sensitive. There was an earthquake in Gansu thousands of miles away. Luoyang, Kyoto could not feel the earthquake, but it was still monitored. The representative work of mathematics is Arithmetic, in which two approximate values, pi = 730/232 ≈ 3. 1466 and pi = ≈ 3. 1623, are given. In the ideological field, he resolutely opposed the divination theology advocated by the feudal rulers at that time, and at the risk of being killed, he remonstrated with the emperor, "gather divination and ban it once." In literature, his works such as Tokyo Fu, Xijing Fu, Yingxian Fu and Thinking of Fu Xuan are all very famous. He also painted topographic maps and was good at painting. He was listed as one of the six famous painters at that time. 1956, Nanyang County, Henan Province rebuilt his tomb and erected a monument in front of it. Guo Moruo wrote an inscription on the tablet: "Such an all-round developed figure is also rare in world history. It is admirable to live for thousands of years. "

Cai Yong (133- 192) was a writer and calligrapher in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. The word "Bo". Chen was born in (now Qixian County, Henan Province). He is well-read, versatile, well-versed in Confucian classics, astronomy and temperament, and good at Ci and Fu. The spiritual emperor met the practitioners, looked up books in Dongguan, and moved to negotiate with them. He was exiled for impeaching eunuchs. When he was in Xian Di, Dong Zhuo forced him to be an advisor and a corps commander. After Dong Zhuo was punished, he was arrested by Wang Yun and died in prison. Cai Yong wrote *** 104 poems, poems, tablets and inscriptions. His Ci and Fu is most famous in Shu Xing Fu. Yan Xi two years (159), eunuchs Huang Xu, Zuo Xun and others played politics, loyal minister Liu Yun was killed, and politics was dark. Huang Xu knew that Cai Yong was good at playing the piano, so he asked the son of heaven to force Cai Yong into Beijing. Cai Yong went to Yanshi and said that he was ill and came back. "Poem on a Journey to Syria" is a lyrical text that satirizes the present and expresses one's resentment by taking advantage of the historic sites encountered on the way. In this paper, the different bipolar lives of the rich and the poor are written by contrast. From life to eating, the luxury of the rich and the sufferings of the people are profoundly revealed, which makes this fu far beyond the scope of description and has profound practical significance. In Han Fu, which has always been used to sing praises, such ideological content is valuable. Cai Yong's calligraphy is exquisite, especially official script. In the fourth year of Xiping (175), he wrote to ask about Zhengding Six Classics and wrote his own scriptures. Inscriptions outside imperial academy are called Xiping Shijing. Another "Guo Monument" is also quite famous. Beautiful inscriptions and harmonious melody mark the change of writing style in the late Han Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Pu compiled the Collection of Cai Zhonglang, which was included in the Records of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties 130.

Hua tuo, a clinician in the eastern han dynasty. A name, symbolizing. Activities in the 2nd-3rd century AD. Pei Guoqiao (now Bozhou, Anhui) was born. I studied in Xuzhou in my early years because I was familiar with classics and health care. Pei Gui and Qiu Huangwan successively recommended or recruited him as an official, but he refused. Huatuo mainly practiced medicine in Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong and Henan. Cao Cao, the prime minister of the Han Dynasty, suffered from head wind disease for a long time, and Hua Tuo was treated with acupuncture, which achieved immediate results. Therefore, Cao Cao wanted to keep him as a doctor, but Hua Tuo refused. He went home on an excuse and was later killed by Cao Cao. Hua Tuo's medical skill is superb and comprehensive. The History of the Three Kingdoms contains more than 20 cases treated by Hua Tuo, including infectious diseases, parasitic diseases, gynecological diseases, pediatric diseases, skin diseases and internal diseases. Hua tuo is especially good at surgery. He invented Ma Fei powder and operated under general anesthesia. He is also good at keeping in good health, and invented the "Wuqinxi" to imitate animal movements for medical physical exercise. Hua Tuo wrote many works in his life, all of which have passed away. China's Tibetan scriptures and the secret biography of Hua Tuo's imperial doctor are all works in the name of afterlife. Among Hua Tuo's disciples are Upp, Fan A and Li Dangzhi. Upp wrote Upp's Materia Medica, Li Dang wrote Li Dang's Medical Record, and Fan Ashan acupuncture for health preservation. He took Qi Yeqing sticky powder, a recipe for longevity taught by Hua Tuo, and lived to be over 65,438+000 years old.

Sima Qian (former 145- former 86), a native of Hancheng, Shaanxi Province, was a historian and writer of the Han Dynasty. Historical Records, written for more than ten years, is China's first biography, and it is called "The Historian's swan song, Li Sao has no rhyme".