The Five Classics and Seven Books is a series of art of war published by the Northern Song Dynasty court as an official book, and it is the first military textbook in ancient China. It is compiled from seven famous art books: The Art of War by Sun Tzu, The Art of War by Woods, Six Towers, Sima Fa, Three Views, Wei Liaozi and Li Wen. The government of the Northern Song Dynasty issued the Five Classics and Seven Books in accordance with the will of Zhao Yong (Song Shenzong). In order to meet the needs of military struggle, martial arts teaching and examination, in the third year of Yuan Feng (1080), Zhu Fu, the highest institution of learning in Song Shenzong, organized forces to revise, compile and publish the above seven works. He Feifei, a doctor of martial arts, participated in this work. The revision of these seven art books lasted more than three years, and it was not until the winter of the sixth year of Yuanfeng (1083) that the preparations for their publication were completed. The revised seven military books are named "Seven Books on Martial Arts", with a total of 25 volumes. It was selected by the Northern Song Dynasty court from more than 340 ancient China art books that were popular at that time, and it was regarded as a martial arts classic. This shows how important these seven art books are. It is the essence of ancient Chinese art classics and the treasure of China's military theory hall. It is not only the spiritual wealth of the Chinese nation, but also the spiritual wealth of people all over the world. It laid the foundation of ancient military science in China and played a positive role in the development of modern military science in China and the world. The revision and promulgation of the Five Classics and Seven Books is a contribution of the Northern Song Dynasty court in the construction of military theory.
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the art of war
It is an independent military work when Sun Wu met He Lv, the king of Wu. Later, he gained more war experience in Wu, which made him more complete. After it came out, it has been widely valued and circulated by the society. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty says that during the Warring States Period, "the books of Sun Wu (Sun Bin) and Wu Qi (Wu Qi) were available at home". Judging from the quotations of Sun Tzu's Art of War in the existing ancient books of Han, Tang and Song Dynasties, there are several different manuscripts. The remnants of Sun Tzu's Art of War unearthed in the treetop mountain are the oldest manuscripts that can be seen at present, among which Xing Pian is a manuscript in two different languages. There are also some differences between Ten Records of Sun Tzu in the Northern Song Dynasty and Sun Tzu in the Five Classics and Seven Books.
Before the mid-Han Dynasty, thirteen articles of Sun Tzu's Art of War were independent and complete. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang's Seven Records was called Sun Tzu's Art of War in three volumes. Saying "three volumes" instead of "thirteen articles" may be due to the change from simple strategy to silk book. However, Hanshu. Art and literature. Military tactics, later than Historical Records 100 years, are recorded as eighty-two articles of Sun Tzu's Art of War, with nine volumes in total. Bi Yixun, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, pointed out the reason for the sudden increase of this article in Sun Tzu's The Art of War. He said: Of these 82 articles, except for 13 written by Sun Wu before he met Lu, the remaining 69 articles were lost by Sun Wu. Most of these sixty-nine lost articles have been lost. It was not until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, that is, more than 60 years after Hanshu, that Cao Cao himself completed the work of restoring the thirteen prototypes. This is the ancient version of Song Shijie that we are seeing now. It compiled sixty-nine articles except thirteen into two volumes, and Sun Tzu's Art of War continued. In Sui Shu? There are records in the Annals of Classics and Records of Tang Shuyi, which may have been lost after the Tang Dynasty.
Weiliaozi
It is one of the famous ancient art books in China, The Five Classics and Seven Books. There are records on the calendar, but the number varies. "Continuation of Ancient Meaning Series" has five volumes, 24 articles and more than 9,000 words, including the Song version and the Ming and Qing versions. In addition, Wei Zhi compiled four Books in the Tang Dynasty. 1972, six bamboo slips were unearthed from the tomb of Leucaena leucocephala in the early Han Dynasty, which are similar to other versions of bamboo slips. Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi notes that the author of Wei Liaozi is Liang. Some people suspect that it was written by Liao Wei during the reign of King Qin, while others suspect that it was entrusted by later generations by mistake. According to the available information, this book seems to have been written in the middle of the Warring States Period.
Wei Liaozi has been handed down from generation to generation in five volumes and twenty-four articles, with Seven Books of Jason Wu as the oldest. The essayist of Hanshu Yiwenzhi recorded 29 Liao Wei, and the military strategist recorded 31 Liao Wei. According to Sui Shu, Historical Records and Records of Arts and Literature, the sage Liao Wei has been circulated from generation to generation. The number of articles is inconsistent with Hanshu, because some of them were lost in the process of circulation. Most of the contents of this book are about soldiers, so it is regarded as a strategist's work after the Song Dynasty. But his discussion of soldiers is different from the so-called strategist in Hanshu. Some people think that it is the "Liao Wei" of the strategist in Hanshu, which is not credible. Wanzi, an essayist in Hanshu, bet that "Qi people are good at discussing soldiers, which is similar to Sima Fa", so it can be seen that Wei Liaozi, which is circulated today, may be included in the list of saints.
Woods
China's famous ancient art of war, one of the Five Classics and Seven Books. According to legend, it was written by Wu Qi at the beginning of the Warring States Period and spread at the end of the Warring States Period. The Book of Han Yi Wen Zhi is called "Forty-eight Articles of Wuqi", and Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi and Tang Xin Yi Shu Wen Zhi are all included in one volume. Today, there are six volumes of Continuation of Ancient Yi Series, which were published in Song Dynasty and Ming and Qing Dynasties. They are divided into two volumes. Woods came into being under the historical conditions of great development of war and military thought after the establishment of feudal system. At this time, the change of military composition, the widespread use of iron weapons and crossbows, and the emergence of cavalry have made obvious changes in the way of fighting. It reflects the war theory, army building and operational guidance of the emerging landlord class.
"Woods" advocates "cultivating morality internally and managing military equipment externally" (the continuation of the ancient meaning series, the same below), which closely combines politics with military affairs. The so-called "virtue" means "Tao, righteousness, propriety and benevolence", which governs the army and the people. People believe that "people are safe in their fields and homes, and they are close to them." "The people are all our kings, not neighboring countries, and the war has been won." Emphasize that the army and the country should be harmonious. The so-called "armament" means "the way to secure the country, the police should be the treasure first", and it is necessary to "simply raise good materials for safety". It divides wars into different natures, such as just soldiers, Qiang Bing, rigid soldiers, violent soldiers and rebel soldiers, and advocates taking a cautious attitude towards wars and opposing militaristic tactics.
Sima fa
One of the important ancient art books. Written in the early Warring States period. According to Biography of Sima Yi in Historical Records, "Qi Weiwang (356 BC-320 BC) ordered the doctor to examine the ancient Sima Yi's art of war, and attached it, so it was called Sima Yi's art of war."
The Han Dynasty spoke highly of Sima Fa. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, "the minister who worships martial arts was chosen by Sima's art of war, and his rank was higher than". (See Gou Jian's Shen Jian Shi Shi) Sima Qian praised the outline of Sima Fa. Although it was conquered by three generations, it failed to realize its meaning, and so did its writing. (See Biography of Historical Records of Sima Rang). According to the Records of Han Yi Wen Zhi, Sima Fa had a volume of 155 at that time. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ma Rong, Zheng Xuan, Cao Cao and others all cited Sima Fa as an important document to research the military system in the Spring and Autumn Period of the Western Zhou Dynasty. During the Jin and Tang Dynasties, Du Yu, Jia, Du You, Du Mu and others also took Sima Fa as the basis for their arguments. It can be seen that Sima Fa still has a reputation as a military authoritative work. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties (A.D. 1078- 1085), Feng Zhong listed Sima Fa as one of the seven books in the Five Classics, and promulgated Martial Arts, which became a must-read book for ordinary schools, and its importance in the Jin and Tang Dynasties continued unabated.
Tamia Liu
Six Towers, also known as Six Towers of Taigong, and The Art of War, Su Shu, were written by Taigong Wang (namely Lu Shang and Jiang Ziya) at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, which is generally considered to be relied on by later generations, and the author can no longer be tested. It is generally believed that this book was written in the Warring States period. This book is compiled in the form of dialogue between Taigong and King Wen and King Wu. This book is listed as "Taigong, 237 articles" in Daoism, of which 81 are "Mou", 71 are "Yan" and 85 are "Bing". Confucianism records the six histories of the country, that is, the six roads now, covering the world and the army. Words are the same. It is clearly recorded in the Annals of Sui Shu Classics: The five volumes of Taigong Tamia Liu were written by Wang Jiang, a teacher from Zhou Wenwang. "1April, 972, a large number of bamboo slips were found in the Han Tomb of Ginkgo Tree in Linyi, Shandong Province, including more than 50 pieces of Liu Tao, which proved that Liu Tao had been widely circulated at least in the Western Han Dynasty.
Liu Tao is a masterpiece of pre-Qin military thoughts, which has a great influence on later military thoughts and is known as the ancestor of military tactics. Sima Qian's Historical Records. "Family History" said: "The words of later generations and the Yin Gong of Zhou. They all live in Taigong. " During the Yuanfeng period in northern Song Shenzong, Liu Tao was listed as one of the Seven Martial Arts Books, which was a must-read book for martial arts. Tamia Liu was introduced to Japan in16th century, and to Europe in18th century. Now it has been translated into Japanese, French, Korean, Vietnamese, English and Russian.
"Three strategies"
"Three Views", formerly known as "Three Views of Huang Shigong", is a famous ancient art book in China. According to legend, the author is Huang Shigong, a hermit in the early Han Dynasty. Sima Qian first mentioned this book. Historical records. The book "Stay at Houjia" records that the assassination of Qin Shihuang failed, he was hunted down, and he was forced to remain anonymous in Xiapi (now Pixian County, Jiangsu Province). At the foot of the ancient city, he met an old man who claimed to be Huangshi, and he got a copy of Sun Tzu's Art of War, that is, Huang Shigong Lulve. Since then, this man has disappeared from history. Sean got a book and devoted himself to it. Later, he helped Liu Bang win the world and established the Western Han regime. However, according to textual research, the writing time of Huang Shigong's three views was not earlier than the mid-Western Han Dynasty. It was compiled by later generations in the name of predecessors on the basis of absorbing the excellent military thoughts in the pre-Qin period and summarizing the political rule and military management experience in the early Qin and Han dynasties, and has many unique features.
Three Views of Huang Shigong is divided into three parts: upper, middle and lower, with more than 3,800 words. Different from the previous generation, it is a strategy book, especially focusing on political strategy, which is the remarkable feature of this book. It is the first monograph devoted to the study of strategy in ancient China. Another feature of "Sanlve" is that it quoted a lot of contents from ancient art books "Military Prediction" and "Military Situation" to express its thoughts. * * * More than 700 words have been quoted, accounting for 1/6 of the whole book. Therefore, part of the essence of these two lost art books has been preserved for future generations.
Li asked.
Li Weiguo asked, also known as Emperor Taizong asked, and Excavate asked. "Excavate" is a collection of Li Shimin and Excavate's remarks on military issues. Some people suspect that this book is a fake of Ruan Yi in the Northern Song Dynasty, because it is not recorded in the historical books Old Tang Shu and New Tang Shu. Most of the contents of this book are masterpieces of later generations.
* * * on the question of Li consists of three volumes, divided into upper, middle and lower parts, with more than 10,000 words, which recorded 98 questions and answers between Emperor Taizong and Li Jing. Rich in content. It is related to the war cases before the Tang Dynasty and the personal experiences of Emperor Taizong and Li Jing, and refers to the speeches of military strategists in previous dynasties. This paper discusses the problems of seizing the initiative, oneness, truth and falsehood, subject and object, attack and defense, situation, etc., and expounds their military thoughts. Ji Yun's "Summary of the Qing Dynasty Siku Quanshu" said: "Its books are odd and correct, referring to offensive and defensive paintings, and it is also easy for the subject and object to whisper among military strategists, sometimes profitable." This summary should be said to be concise.
Judging from Li's existing problems, the book mainly shows Li Jing's military thought from the following aspects: First, the thought of "making people not make people". Li Jing said that Sun Tzu's Art of War is "a thousand chapters and ten thousand sentences, not for yourself but for yourself." The so-called "creating people without creating people" means mastering the initiative on the battlefield, making the enemy subject to himself and not letting himself be subject to the enemy. Li Jing's thoughts of strangeness, truth, falsehood, attack and defense. Everything in his book is for the purpose of "making people but not making people". It can also be said that Li Jing's whole set of strategies and tactics are designed around this center. Objectively speaking, this idea of "causing people but not people" was not initiated by Li Jing, but also reflected in military books such as Sun Tzu's Art of War, but it was not as prominent as Li Jing emphasized. Second, odd and positive thoughts. "Oddity" and "righteousness" are a pair of important categories of China's ancient military thought. . The contribution and development of Li's The Problem are as follows: First, it further enriches the contents of the odd and the positive, and thinks that the odd and the positive contain rich connotations. For example, it thinks it is right to condemn the enemy politically and strange to strike militarily; Public invasion, surprise attack; The main attack direction or main defense direction is positive, and the auxiliary direction or secondary defense direction is odd; Forward is right, backward is strange and so on. Secondly, the idea of "being positive also wins, being odd also wins" is put forward. "The Art of War" once put forward the view that "anyone who uses troops will win by being positive and strange", while Li Wenzheng believes that those who are good at using troops are positive and strange everywhere.