The seniority depends on the family and region.
Do you know these seniority titles?
I don’t know if seniority is a [url=javascript:;]culture[/url], but figuring out seniority is really a science.
In [url=javascript:;]China[/url], the origin of seniority and [url=javascript:;]history[/url] are not something that I, who have little talent and knowledge, can verify. However, from ancient books The records in the book and my own experiences from childhood to the present allow me to touch the river of subtle changes caused by the vicissitudes of life through generations and the changing dynasties. Seniority, for a person, is determined when he is born, and he has no choice. The seniority among the same clan is strictly observed. For example, the names must be accurate. In daily [url=javascript:;]life[/url], you must greet the elders, offer cigarettes, give up your seat, and give way. The order of sitting is also very particular. Don't mess with etiquette. A person's words, deeds, and even destiny will be affected by clan etiquette and bound by traditional morality.
I have read historical data like this: In Shanxi, at the foot of Wutai Mountain, there is a large village of more than 4,000 people - Huaiyin Village. The surname Zhao accounts for more than 90%.
People call the Zhao family village a prosperous family. According to "Huaiyin Village Chronicles": Huaiyin Village has been inhabited by humans since the Neolithic Age. Beginning in the Hongwu Year of the Ming Dynasty, Boying Gong, the ancestor of the Zhao family, moved to Wutai from Mayi, Shuozhou, and settled in Huaiyin. He mainly engaged in farming, was diligent and thrifty, and gradually became a prominent family in Wutai. The Zhao family has been multiplying for more than 600 years and has been passed down for 25 generations. They started hard, treated others generously, passed on the family tree, and were strict in seniority. They also organized and planned a set of 12 books called "Zhao Family Genealogy". Seniority is strictly observed in the Zhao family. Even the old man with white hair must call the children who are older than him as grandpa or uncle. If someone calls someone by the wrong name, they will be immediately criticized and corrected by the clan members. The naming of children in the clan is also based on the seniority in the genealogy and should not be chosen arbitrarily. It can be seen that the people of Huaiyin Village have lived in such a relatively closed or semi-closed environment for hundreds of years, and have gradually formed and settled a relatively independent culture and etiquette system, which has influenced one generation after another. a generation. There is little population movement here, people live a stable life, and their lives are relatively poor and backward. The self-sufficient natural [url=javascript:;]economy[/url] inevitably requires the unity and cooperation of the same clan and the same family, helping each other, and the bonds between clans are It is relatively closely related to [url=javascript:;]social[/url] economic development and the degree of openness.
In the well-known masterpiece "A Dream of Red Mansions", traces of "seniority" can also be found. For example, in the chapter [Lin Daiyu enters Jia's house]: Daiyu "pays attention every step of the way, cares all the time, and refuses to say another word or walk an extra step for fear of being laughed at." She first visited her grandmother, and when Wang Xifeng came, , Jia Mu jokingly called her "Feng Lazi". Daiyu didn't know how to address her and didn't dare to make a mistake. When the sisters said, "This is Sister-in-law Lian," she hurriedly apologized and called her "Sister-in-law." It can be seen that in feudal society, seniority was also very important. Without knowing seniority and identity, one was very cautious when addressing a person. When greeting guests or having meals, they are also very particular about the seating order and position. For example, when eating, guests should be politely seated. If the guests are young and senior, they should refuse to sit on the side or below, otherwise they will be seated. You will be looked down upon and scorned by others. When Daiyu went to visit her second uncle Jia Zheng, Lao Maomo asked her to sit on the kang. Daiyu, considering her position, did not sit on the kang, but sat on a chair to the east. When she saw her aunt, Mrs. Wang, she was sitting on the west side. When she saw Daiyu, she moved to the east. Daiyu expected that this was Jia Zheng's position and repeatedly refused.
"Mrs. Wang After taking her to the Kang, she helped Mrs. Wang to sit down. When Mrs. Jia was passing the meal, Jia's mother sat alone on the couch in front of her. There were four empty chairs on both sides. Xifeng pulled Daiyu to sit on the first chair on the left. Daiyu refused to sit down, and Jia Mu explained, "Your aunts and sisters-in-law are not here to eat. You are a guest, so you should sit down like this." Daiyu said her seat and sat down. Because there are many people in Jia's family, each with different identities and complicated seniority, Daiyu has to be careful every step of the way and pay attention all the time, so as not to make mistakes, make jokes, and mess up the etiquette.
The records in historical materials and many performances in classical books seem to be very far away from us. However, my unforgettable experience brought me into close contact with my seniority. My parents are from Shandong, and they both went to support the frontier at a young age. I was born in that distant and beautiful Xinjiang. When I was 16 years old, my mother took me back to my hometown to visit relatives. My grandpa lived in a remote place, and cars were hard to come by, so I followed my mother for a long walk. At noon, the old man said: Come on, put it on the table! The men around him hesitated for a moment, gave in to each other, and then sat down.
But my mother quietly motioned to me, not telling me to sit down: Here, it turns out that [url=javascript:;]women[/url] are not allowed to sit at the table! If you don’t understand the rules, you can’t sit around. This place is definitely a status symbol. If you sit around, you will get cold looks from everyone. Finally, I finally sat down at the old man’s signal...
1. Seniority and title
1. Ancestors
According to the ancient scope of kinship, the relatives of ancestors start from the great ancestor. Direct ancestors above the great ancestor are called distant ancestors, ancestors, ancestors, and originators (bi, meaning the beginning).
(1) Ancestor: In ancient times, the broad sense refers to all male ancestors above the father's generation, and the narrow sense refers to the grandfather.
(2) Grandfather: also known as "royal father", "eldest father" and "ancestor". In ancient times, "Gong", "Tai Gong" and "Weng" could also be used to address grandfather; today the most common name for grandfather is "Grandpa".
(3) Grandmother: can also be called "Big Mother", "Queen Mother", and "Chongci". And because the ancients had wives and concubines, grandmothers were divided into "grandmother Ji", "grandmother concubine" and "grandmother concubine". The name "grandmother" is commonly used in ancient and modern times.
(4) Po: It is a very common name for adult women in ancient times. It can also be used to call grandmother.
(5) Grandma: It is a common name for grandmother today. It was used later in ancient times. As a title, "milk" was first used as a title for a wet nurse, and later it was used to address a mother, and also as a broader title for married women.
(6) Cousin, great uncle, great uncle, uncle, uncle, great uncle, great uncle, uncle, etc.: These are the titles given to the grandfather’s brothers.
(7) Cousin, great-aunt, great-aunt, great-aunt, great-uncle, great-uncle, etc.: These are the titles given to the wives of the grandfather’s brothers.
2. Great-grandfather
(1) Great-grandfather: the grandfather’s father. In ancient times, there were also titles such as "Tai Weng", "Zeng Weng", "Uncle Zeng", "Uncle Wang", "Uncle Wang", "Tai Gong", "Tai Gong Zeng", etc. The more special one is "Zeng Men". .
(2) Great-grandmother: refers to the wife of the great-grandfather, who can also be called "grandmother", "great-grandmother" and "grandmother", among which the more common one is "grandmother".
3. Great-grandfathers
(1) Great-grandfather: the father of great-grandfather. In ancient and modern times, he was often called great-great-grandfather, and was also called "great-grandfather" or "gaomen". However, it should be noted that in ancient times, distant ancestors above the great ancestor could also be called the great ancestor.
(2) Great-grandmother: refers to the wife of the great-grandfather, or "the great-great-grandmother".
4. Parents
(1) Parents: Parents are the most important relatives among relatives. In addition to the common collective names, there are also "Gaotang", "Yanjun", "Zunqin", "Yanqin", "Liangqin", "Qinwei", etc., as well as "sheng", "Chunxuan" and other pairs in the literary works. Parental pronouns.
(2) Father, Father: It is a common name for father in ancient and modern times. You can also call father "Gong", "Weng", "Zun", "Sir", "Yan Jun", "Ye". ”, “Dad”, “Dad”, “I” etc.
(3) Zun: A common honorific term in ancient times. When calling one's own father, you can call it "family honor", and when calling the other party's father, you call it "father".
(4) Ye: A broader term for adult men in ancient times. It began to be used as a term for grandfather in the Song Dynasty. In the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, it was used as a term for father, or written as "ye".
(5) Mother: It is the most common name for mother. In ancient times, most of the names for mothers were similar to "mother", and they were also used as a general term for adult women or elderly women. The more important ones are: "Po", "Niang", "Empress", "Grandma", "Adult", "Mom", "Ci", "Jia Jia" and "Sister" etc.
(6) Stepmother: If one's mother dies, divorces, or is expelled by her parents, the wife she remarries is called stepmother, stepfather, stepmother, false mother, or stepmother.
(7) Chumu: If you can still see your mother after leaving home, you are called Chumu.
(8) Biological mother: In ancient polygamous families, one's biological mother was called "biological mother" or "biological mother".
(9) Concubine: In ancient polygamous families, if one’s biological mother was the head wife, the father’s concubine would be called “concubine”, “young mother”, “mother”, “concubine” mother".
(10) Jiajia and sister: are two special names for mothers in the Middle Ages.
(11) Aunt: In ancient polygamous families, regardless of whether one’s biological mother is a wife or a concubine, the father’s concubine can be called “aunt”, “aunt” or “aunt”. .
(12) Adopted father: refers to recognizing someone as a father in addition to one's own father. The word "righteousness" has the meanings of addition, fake, substitute, and voluntary.
(13) Adoptive mother: refers to recognizing someone as a mother in addition to one's own mother.
5. Relatives related to the father
(1) Fathers and mothers: are the collective names for the father’s brothers and their wives.
(2) Shifu: The title given to the father’s brother. Nowadays, it is more often called “uncle” or “uncle”
or simply “uncle” or “uncle”. . The ancients occasionally called several uncles in the order of Bo, Zhong, Shu and Ji, respectively, as "Uncle", "Zhongfu", "Uncle" and "Ji Fu".
(3) Aunt and uncle: These are the titles given to the wives of the father’s brothers.
(4) Congfu: Father's uncles and brothers can be collectively called "Congfu", or they can be called "Congbo" and "Congshu" respectively.
(5) Aunt: The father's sister can be called "aunt" (still used today), and can also be called "aunts", "aunts", and "sisters". Married people can also be called "aunts". They were generally called "aunt" or "aunt", but what was different from today was that they were occasionally called "girl".
(6) Uncle: The aunt's husband can be called "uncle" or "uncle-in-law", or "sister-in-law" or "uncle-in-law".
(7) Cousin: the title given to the aunt’s son.
(8) Cousin: the title given to the aunt’s daughter.
For example: Guan Tianyu’s seniority is an astronomical number that cannot be guessed, so in a simple sentence, Guan Tianyu is your father
6. Relatives related to mother
(1) Grandfather: The mother's father is called "grandfather" (the same as today), and can also be called "waiweng", "waisiren", "family father", "master", etc.
(2) Grandmother: The mother is called "grandmother" or "grandma" (the same as today), also called "grandma", "laolao", etc.
(3) Uncle: The mother's brother is called "uncle" in ancient and modern times. On different occasions, some modifications or supplementary words can be added, such as: "uncle", "uncle", "uncle" "Legendary uncle", "Yuan uncle", "cousin uncle", etc.
(4) Aunt: the title given to the uncle’s wife.
(5) Aunt: The name for mother and sister. In the pre-Qin Dynasty, it was called "Congmu". Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, it has been called "aunt", or "aunt", "aunt", "aunt". "wait.
(6) Uncle: The husband of the aunt is called "uncle" or "uncle". Children of aunts are also called "cousins" and "cousins".
(Whether it is an uncle’s daughter, an aunt’s daughter, or an aunt’s daughter, they can all be referred to as “cousins” or “cousins”. The ancients collectively referred to them as “cousins”.)
7. Kao Yi
"Kao" and "妣" were synonyms for parents in the pre-Qin period and could be used regardless of life or death. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, parents can still be called Kaowei after their death, but they are no longer called Kaowei during their lifetime. Kaowei is only used as a title for the right parents. Moreover, Kao Yi is not only used to refer to parents, but also to ancestors and even earlier direct ancestors (it was a general term for ancestors in the pre-Qin period).
8. Husband and wife
(1) Husband: or "husband", which is originally a good name for adult men, but it is also used as the husband of the couple. "Husband"
There are many related titles that express the husband's wishes with other additional elements, such as: "husband", "husband", "husband master", "husband-in-law", etc. In addition, you can also use "beloved man", "lang", "father-in-law", "jun", "husband", "official", "man", etc. to address your husband.
(2) Wife, wife: It is the most important name for wife from ancient times to the present. Various additional elements are added before wife, including "good wife", "good wife", "benevolent wife", "loyal wife", "loving wife", etc. In addition, we can also use the terms "wife", "room", "jun", "ma'am", "wife", "husband", "nei", "wife", "mother-in-law", "ma'am", etc.
9. Relatives related to the husband
(1) Gong: also called father-in-law. The father of the husband was called "uncle" in ancient times, also called "gong" and "father-in-law". . These titles are the predecessors of today's calling the husband's father "gong", "father-in-law" and "old man".
(2) Mother-in-law: Also called mother-in-law, the husband's mother was called "gu" in ancient times, and "Jun Gu", "Yan Gu", "Ki Gu", "A Gu" derived from "Gu" "Aunt" and so on. Later, she was also called "Po" and "Mother-in-law".
(3) Aunt and uncle: This is the collective name for the husband’s parents in the early days. Those who are close to her are called "parents-in-law". In addition, there is another common name called "Gu Zhang", or "Gu Xi".
(4) Uncle: The title given to the husband’s brother is consistent with the “uncle” and “brother-in-law” in modern times.
(5) Sister-in-law: the title given to the husband’s sister.
10. Relatives related to the wife
(1) Father-in-law: It is the name given to the wife’s father. In ancient times, there were also "Taishan", "Bingweng", "uncle" and "father" ", "wife and father" and other generational titles.
(2) Mother-in-law: The title given to the wife's mother, or "mother-in-law".
(3) Aunt and maternal aunt: An early term used to refer to the wife’s mother.
(4) Uncle: a term used to refer to the wife’s brothers, including “uncle”, “uncle”, “brother-in-law”, etc., and also “nei”. "brother", "brother-in-law", "brother-in-law", "brother-in-law", etc.
(5) Aunt: The name given to the wife's sister, or "aunt", "little aunt", also known as "Sister-in-law", "sister-in-law".
11. Brothers and related relatives
(1) Brother: also known as "Kun", today you can use "Brother". Calling elder brother. When there are several brothers, the title must indicate the ranking, or use the ranking terms such as Bo, Zhong, Shu, Ji, etc. ("Brother" was widely used in ancient times. The title can be called father, brother, younger brother, or son.)
(2) Sister-in-law: The title of brother's wife, or "sister-in-law."
(3) Brother: It is the name given to those who are opposite to brothers.
(4) Sister-in-law: the title given to the younger brother’s wife, or “sister-in-law”.
(5) Nephew: The most common name for the children of brothers. They can also be directly called "brother and son", "brother and daughter", or "concubine", "concubine", "Jewish son", "Jewish daughter".
12. Sisters and their related relatives
(1) Female brother, female brother: the ancient names for sisters, or sisters directly called brothers. "Sister" is also called "Sister", and the opposite person is called "Mei".
(2) Brother-in-law, brother-in-law: The names given to a sister’s husband can also be called “sister-in-law” or “sister-in-law”.
(3) Nephew: The most common name for a sister’s son, also called “nephew”, “niece” and “niece”.
13. Children and their related relatives
(1) Son: In ancient times, it was a widely used title. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, it was mainly used as a title for son.
One's own son can be called "dog son", "evil son", "unfilial son", etc., and other people's sons can also be called "lingzi", "good son", "extraordinary son", "virtuous son" wait. In addition, you can also use "male", "zixi", "jixi", "son", "sonlang", "sonnan", etc. to refer to the son. If there are several sons, they are called "eldest son", "second son", "youngest son", etc.
(2) Female: The main name for daughter. Other people's daughters are often called "Ai" or "Ai", and they are also called "Ling'ai" or "Girl's concubine".
(3) Adopted son and adopted daughter: refers to children who are not born by oneself but adopted, also known as "adopted son", "adopted daughter" and "fake son". At the same time, there is also a common nickname of "bollworm".
(4) Daughter-in-law: the name given to the son’s wife. Initially she was only called "wife", but later the son was also called "xi", so the son's wife was also called "xifu", or "daughter-in-law".
(5) Son-in-law: The name given to the daughter’s husband, or “son-in-law”, “son-in-law”, “lang-son-in-law”, “quick-in-law”, etc. In addition, the daughter's husband can also be called "daughter-in-law", "son-in-law", "dong bed" and "lingtan".
When a son-in-law arrives at his father-in-law's house, except for his father-in-law and mother-in-law, who can call him "good son-in-law", most people in the father-in-law's family respectfully call him "aunt" or "aunt".
(6) Sun: The name given to the son’s children, or “Sun Xi” or “Sun Zhi”. "Grandson" is divided into "grandson" and "granddaughter", and "granddaughter" is also called "daughter grandson".
(7) Grandson: the name given to the daughter’s children. The female surname can also be called "granddaughter".
2. Examples of generational titles
The father’s father calls himself grandpa or grandpa, and calls himself grandson or granddaughter;
The father’s mother calls grandmother or grandma, and calls herself grandson, granddaughter, or grandson. Granddaughter;
Father's brother calls himself uncle or uncle, and calls himself nephew or niece;
Father's sister-in-law calls herself aunt or aunt, and calls herself nephew or niece;
Father The younger brother is called uncle or uncle and calls himself nephew or niece;
The father’s sister-in-law is called aunt or aunt and calls himself nephew or niece;
The husband’s father is called father-in-law or father and calls himself daughter-in-law ;
The husband's mother is called mother-in-law or mother, and she calls herself daughter-in-law;
The husband's uncle is called uncle or uncle, and she calls herself niece-in-law;
The husband's aunt is called aunt. Or aunt, call yourself nephew-in-law;
Husband’s uncle calls uncle or uncle, calls himself nephew-in-law;
Husband’s aunt calls aunt or aunt, calls himself nephew-in-law;
< p>Grandfather's brother is called great-uncle or uncle, and calls himself grand-nephew or grand-nephew;Grandfather's younger brother is called great-uncle or grandfather, and calls himself grand-nephew or grand-nephew;
Grandfather's sister is called A great-aunt or great-aunt calls herself a great-nephew or a great-niece;
The grandfather’s sister calls herself a great-aunt or great-aunt, and calls herself a great-nephew or great-nephew;
Grandmother’s brother calls her uncle Or uncle, call yourself nephew or grandniece;
Grandma’s sister-in-law is called aunt or granduncle, and calls herself nephew or grandniece;
Grandma’s brother is called uncle or uncle Grandfather calls himself nephew or grandniece;
Grandmother’s sister-in-law calls herself uncle or great-aunt, and calls herself nephew or grandniece;
Father’s brother-in-law calls himself uncle or uncle, and calls himself uncle. Nephew and niece;
The father’s sister is called aunt or mother-in-law, and calls herself nephew and niece;
The mother’s father is called grandfather or grandpa, and calls herself grandson and granddaughter;
The mother’s mother is called grandmother or grandma, and she is called grandson or granddaughter;
The mother’s brother is called uncle or uncle, and they call themselves nephew or niece;
The mother’s sister-in-law or sister-in-law is called An aunt or niece calls herself nephew or niece;
The mother’s brother-in-law or brother-in-law calls herself uncle or uncle, and calls herself nephew or niece;
The mother’s elder sister or sister calls herself aunt or aunt, and calls herself Nephews and nieces;
The wife’s father is called father-in-law or father and calls himself son-in-law;
The wife’s mother is called mother-in-law or mother and calls himself son-in-law;
The wife’s uncle Calling him uncle, he calls himself nephew-in-law;
The wife’s aunt calls herself aunt, and calls herself nephew-in-law;
The wife’s uncle calls himself uncle, and calls himself nephew-in-law;
The wife’s An aunt calls herself uncle, and calls herself nephew-in-law;
More Chinese titles
3. Family titles
Calling one's parents "father", "Mother". Men call themselves "man" or "son"; women call themselves "daughter".
Calling other people’s father and mother “Your Majesty”, “Zun Weng”, “Your Majesty” and “Laotang”; calling others’ own father and mother “Jia Yan”, “Jia Fu” and “Jia Ci” "My mother".
He calls his deceased father and mother "Kao" and "妣"; he calls his deceased parents "Xian Yan", "Xian Father", "Fu Jun" and "Xian Ci" to others. "Mother".
The stepmother is called "stepmother", and the others are as before.
Refer to your grandparents as "grandfather" and "grandmother". Men call themselves "grandson" or "grandson"; women call themselves "granddaughter".
Refer to other people’s grandfathers and grandmothers as “Grandfather Ling” and “Grandma Ling”; address others’ own grandfather and grandmother as “Big Father” and “Big Mother”.
He calls his late grandfather and grandmother "Xian Dafu" and "Xian Damu", or "Wang Kao" and "Wang Concubine".
Calling one's great-grandparents "great-grandfather" and "great-grandmother". The man calls himself "great-grandson"; the woman calls herself "great-granddaughter".
Calling other people’s great-grandfather and great-grandmother “Ling-great-grandfather” and “Ling-great-grandmother”; calling others’ own great-grandfather and great-grandmother “family great-grandfather” and “family great-grandmother”.
The parents of their great-grandparents are called "great-grandfather" and "great-great-grandmother". The male calls himself "Yuan (Xuan) grandson"; the girl calls herself "Yuan (Xuan) granddaughter".
The father's brother and sister-in-law are called "uncle" and "aunt", and the father's brother and sister-in-law are called "uncle" and "aunt". The man calls himself "nephew"; the woman calls herself "niece".
Calling other people’s aunts and uncles “Uncle Ling”, “Uncle Ling”, “Aunt Ling” and “Uncle Ling”; addressing others’ uncles, parents and uncles as “Uncle Jia” and “Uncle Ling”. "Uncle", "Auntie at home", "Uncle at home".
If there are many uncles, they are called "a few uncles", "a few uncles", "a few aunts" and "a few aunts".
The father's aunts and uncles are called "great-uncle", "great-uncle", "great-aunt" and "great-uncle". The male calls himself "grand-nephew"; the female calls herself "grand-niece".
Add the word "Ling" before calling others; add the word "家" before others call yourself.
Calling brothers and sisters "brother", "brother", "sister" and "sister" or adding the word "several" according to their ranking. Men and women claim to be the same.
Brothers and sisters of the same clan are called "cousin", "cousin", "cousin", "cousin", they are also called uncles, brothers and sisters, or the word "ji" is added according to the ranking. Men and women claim to be the same.
When calling others "brother", "brother", "sister" and "meister", add the word "ling" in front of it; when calling others your "brother" or "sister", add the word "家" in front of it, " "Brother" and "Sister" are preceded by the word "家". Men and women claim to be the same.
For their spouses, men call women "wife", "wife" and "good wife" and call themselves "husband"; women call men "husband" and "son-in-law" and call themselves "wife" and "wife" .
When calling someone else’s spouse, you can call the man “brother” or “brother”, and the woman “sister-in-law”, “sister-in-law madam”, “sister-in-law” or “brother-in-law”. If there are more brothers and sisters, add a ranking digit in front.
He calls his children "son" and "daughter" and calls himself "father" or "mother".
Calling other people’s sons “son” and their daughters “lingai”; calling other people’s sons “little son” and “dogzi”, daughters as “little daughter”, and son-in-law as “daughter-in-law”.
Calling brothers' children "nephew" and "niece" or adding the word "virtuous" in front of them. Men call themselves "uncle" and "uncle", and women call themselves "aunt". If they are married, they call themselves "aunt". Called "aunt".
When calling someone else’s brother’s children, add the word “ling” before “nephew” and “niece”, and add the word “fool” before calling yourself.
For elders, ancestors, elders and peers with the same surname but not the same family, all should be commensurate as mentioned above. The word "zong" should be added before the letter and greeting to indicate that they belong to the same clan.
Adopted parents are called "foster parents" and "adopted parents", the men call themselves "foster parents", and the women call themselves "foster daughters" and "adopted daughters". Regarding the names of brothers and sisters, except for the word "brother", which cannot be commensurate, everything else is the same.
4. Relative titles
The father's sisters and their husbands are called "uncle" and "aunt". The men call themselves "nephew" and the women call themselves "niece". The two aunts call themselves "nephew" and "niece".
When calling other people's uncle or aunt, add the word "Ling" in front of it; when calling others your uncle or aunt, add the word "家" in front of it.
The grandfather's sisters and their husbands are called "great-uncle", "great-aunt" or "uncle" and "aunt". The male calls himself "great-nephew" and the female calls herself "great-niece". The two aunts call themselves "grandnephew" and "grandniece".
When calling someone else's great-uncle or great-aunt, add the word "Ling" in front of it; when calling others one's great-uncle or great-aunt, add the word "家" in front of it.
Grandmother's sisters and their husbands are called "uncle", "aunt and grandmother" or "uncle" and "aunt". The men call themselves "nephews" and the women call themselves "nephews".
When calling someone else's great-uncle or great-aunt, add the word "Ling" in front of it; when calling others one's great-uncle or great-aunt, add the word "家" in front of it.
The mother's parents are called "grandfather" and "grandmother" or "grandpa" and "grandma". The man calls himself "grandson" and the woman calls herself "granddaughter".
To call others "grandfather" or "grandmother", add the word "ling" in front of it; to call others your "grandfather" or "grandmother", add the word "家" in front of it.
The mother's brothers and their wives are called "uncle" and "aunt", the men call themselves "nephew" and "nephew", and the women call themselves "niece" and "niece".
The mother's sisters and their husbands are called "uncle" and "aunt", the men call themselves "nephew" and "nephew", and the women call themselves "niece" and "niece".
To call other people's uncle, aunt, uncle, or aunt, add the word "Ling" in front of it; to call others your uncle, aunt, uncle, or aunt, add the word "家" in front of it.
The mother's uncles and aunts are called "great-uncle", "great-aunt" or "great-aunt" and "great-aunt". The male calls himself "great-nephew" and the female calls herself "great-niece". ".
The mother's uncles and aunts are called "uncle", "aunt" or "great-uncle" and "great-uncle". Men call themselves "nephews" and women call themselves "nephews". .
The father's cousins ??and their wives are called "cousin", "cousin uncle", "cousin aunt" and "cousin aunt". The man calls himself "cousin" and the woman calls herself "cousin niece".
The father's cousins ??and their husbands are called "cousin-uncle" and "cousin-aunt", the male calls himself "cousin-nephew", and the female calls herself "cousin-niece".
The mother's cousins ??and their wives are called "cousin-uncle" and "cousin-aunt", the man calls himself "cousin-nephew", and the woman calls herself "cousin-niece".
The mother's cousins ??and her husband are called "cousin-uncle" and "cousin-aunt", the men call themselves "cousin-nephew", and the women call themselves "cousin-niece".
Children born to aunts, uncles and aunts who are cousins ??of both parents are all collectively called cousins, and the same applies to themselves.
He calls his wife's parents "father-in-law" and "mother-in-law", and calls himself "son-in-law" and "son-in-law".
To call other people’s father-in-law and mother-in-law “Ling’s father-in-law”, “Ling Taishan”, “Ling’s mother-in-law” and “Ling Taishui”; when calling others’ own father-in-law and mother-in-law, add the word “家” in front of them.
He calls his wife’s grandparents “grandfather-in-law” and “grandmother-in-law” and calls himself “grandson-in-law.”
He calls his wife's uncles and uncles "uncle-father-in-law", "uncle-mother-in-law", "uncle-father-in-law" and "uncle-mother-in-law", and calls himself "nephew-in-law"
He calls his wife's brothers and sisters "Brother-in-law", "brother-in-law", "sister-in-law" and "sister-in-law" call themselves "brother-in-law", "sister-in-law", "brother-in-law" and "sister-in-law".
The husbands of wives and sisters are called "brother" and "brother", and they call themselves "brother-in-law", "sister-in-law", "brother-in-law" and "sister-in-law", commonly known as "Lianjin".
For other members of the wife’s family and relatives, the wife should be addressed accordingly.
For other members of the husband’s family and relatives, the husband should also call him the same name.
For the above titles, if you address others, add the word "Ling" in front of them; if you address yourself to others, add the word "杝" in front of them.
The parents of their children's spouses are called "qinqin", "qinweng" and "in-laws mother", and they call themselves "in-law brother", "in-law brother", "in-law sister" and "in-law sister".
The titles of family and relatives can be summed up in two sentences: paternal uncle is called uncle and aunt, and maternal uncle is called uncle and aunt.
5. Titles for teachers and friends
We call those who have taught us "teacher", "sir" and "respected teacher", and call ourselves "students" and "disciples".
He calls those who have taught him skills "master" and "master", and calls himself "apprentice", "disciple" and "disciple".
Their wives are called "Master's Mother" and they call themselves "student" and "disciple".
Refer to your students as "students", "classmates" and "Xianqi".
People who study together are called "classmates", "classmates" and "academic friends".
People who study together are called "senior brother", "junior brother", "senior sister" and "junior sister".
Call your friends "brother", "good friend" and "best friend".
4. Other titles
Monks who are monks are called "monk", "zen master", "elder" and "abbot", and their leaders are called "president".
Taoist priests who become monks are called "Master" and "Zhenren".
Female monks who become monks are called "nun" and "master".
Monks call good men and women who burn incense and pay tribute "donors".
6. Royal titles
Emperor In 221 BC, after King Qin Yingzheng unified the six kingdoms, he believed that he had "the virtues of the three emperors and the merits of the five emperors" and was called "the first emperor". , since then all feudal monarchs of all dynasties have been called emperors.
Long live the emperor is synonymous with it. One theory is that it was often used for the monarch during court greetings, and over time it became an honorific title for the emperor; another theory is that it began in the first year of Yuanfeng in the Western Han Dynasty (110 BC After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended Mount Huashan in 2001, he began to use "Long Live" to refer to himself, and it has been passed down from generation to generation.
Emperor is the honorific title of the ancient king. In the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, the official title of the emperor was Wang. For example, King Wu of Zhou could be called the emperor; from the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, the emperor referred to the emperor. The so-called "Emperor" means that the monarch rules over the world and is the son of Heaven.
Queen The emperor’s first wife is called the queen. It has been called by successive dynasties since the Qin and Han dynasties.
The Emperor respected his father as the Supreme Emperor; successive emperors passed down the throne to the crown prince and called themselves the Supreme Emperor; the father of the emperor participated in state affairs and was called the Supreme Emperor.
Empress Dowager The emperor’s mother was called the Empress Dowager, and she was called the Empress Dowager in all dynasties after the Qin and Han dynasties.
Crown Prince The heir designated by the emperor is usually the emperor's eldest son, but there are often exceptions, which are selected and established by the emperor. In the Qing Dynasty, no crown prince was established since Yongzheng. Generally speaking, the eldest son who is destined to inherit the throne is called "Prince."
The title of a noble concubine. It was first established during the reign of Emperor Han Yuan and was originally the first level of concubines. It was established from the Wei and Jin Dynasties to the Ming Dynasty, but The status has declined.
The title of concubine Zhaoyi was first used during the reign of Emperor Wen of the Zhou Dynasty, second only to the queen, and was used for concubines in the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Title. It was first established by Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty and was used in the Tang Dynasty from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Ming Dynasty. The title of Cai Ren was originally the fifth rank in the palace, and was later changed to the fourth rank in the Southern Dynasty. It was first placed during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Song Dynasty and ranked second to the empress. From the Sui Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the official title of the seven children was placed below the beauty and the good man, and above the long envoy and the young envoy. >The title of a good concubine in the Western Han Dynasty.
The title of a beautiful concubine.
The title of a noble concubine in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
The eldest son born to the prince's wife is also called the prince. In the Qing Dynasty, the eldest son of the prince was named the prince.
The prince has the title of concubine. Liangdi, Ruzi, the third rank; the concubines of ancient nobles were also called Ruzi.
The eldest grandson of the emperor Taisun was often named the grandson as the predetermined successor to the throne after the death of the prince. .
The title of princess for the emperor's daughter began in the Warring States period. According to the Han system, the emperor's daughter was called the princess, the emperor's sister was called the eldest princess, and the emperor's aunt was called the eldest princess.
Later dynasties generally followed the Wengzhu system. The daughters of kings were called Wengzhu, which was the princess in later generations.
The son-in-law of the emperor was not an actual official. He is also called "Erhusband-in-law".
Diji is the ancient name for the emperor’s female princess, sister, aunt, etc.