First, over the years
(A) chronology of the Song Dynasty
1. "Jingdezhen Year System" in Song Dynasty. According to documents, Jingdezhen Kiln was named official kiln calendar after the emperor's year, which began in Jingdezhen period in Song Zhenzong. However, the Song Guan Kiln in Jingdezhen, based on the "Jingdezhen Year System", has not been discovered so far.
2. The first year of Taoism in the Song Dynasty. "The first year of Daoism" (995) was donated by Ding Song Kiln and carved on the outer wall of porcelain, which has the nature of remembering things.
3. The First Year of Ming Dow in Song Dynasty. "The First Year of Ming Dow" (1032) was the official style of tiger-pattern porcelain painting in Song Dynasty. Due to the influence of the physical and chemical properties of the painting carrier materials, the paper and silk paintings in the Song Dynasty are rarely preserved, so this device is very precious.
(2) calendar years of Yuan Dynasty
1. "Right 1 1 year". The inscription on the chrysanthemum jar of Yuan Cizhou Kiln in Beijing Palace Museum, "Made in Chen Jiaxiang, Twenty-nine Doors of Hedong in the 11th year of Zheng Zheng (135 1)", is a folk kiln of Yuan Cizhou Kiln.
2. "Year-round system". In recent years, the "mindfulness system" at the bottom of the glazed lotus bowl unearthed from the ancient tombs in Fuyu County, Heilongjiang Province is an imitation of the coins from Jiajing to Wanli in the Ming Dynasty.
(3) Ming Hongwu style
During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, imperial vessels were temporarily ordered to be burned in several important porcelain producing areas in China. If the demand is large, craftsmen will be transferred to the kiln in Beijing (now Nanjing) for firing. In this regard, the Ming Wanli edition of Daming Huidian (volume 194) made a specific record: "In the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu, the sample system was decided to calculate artificial materials for gas appliances and other things. If there are many, pick craftsmen to go to Beijing to build kilns. " In the 1990s, the remnants of Hongwu Imperial Kiln were unearthed from the former site of Nanjing Ming Palace Museum. However, so far, no official kiln porcelain in Hongwu period has been found.
(4) Yongle Grand Ceremony in Ming Dynasty
1. Yongle Imperial Kiln. In the early years of Yongle, the Ming court set up a royal factory in Jingdezhen. Burning imperial vessels, writing "Yongle year system" four characters. Most of Yongle kiln models are seal script. Or write with green material, or carve on fetal bone, and then cover it with transparent glaze.
(1) The official kiln of Yongle Year is written in blue and white, with rich and round strokes, sharp strokes at the beginning and end, rounded corners, rigorous arrangement, bold and open-minded weather, double circles around the periphery, or surrounding patterns (such as mandarin ducks, lion rolling hydrangeas and group flowers).
(2) Carve or print the secret pattern of the official kiln with the "Yongle Year" seal pattern and the "Yongle Year" seal pattern, and carve or print it on the inner bottom or inner wall. The font pattern is similar to the blue and white writing seal pattern, and the style is simple, and some have a single circle of peripheral flower geometric patterns.
(3) The four-character official kiln of Yongle in regular script refers to the mouth edge of Yongle glazed red fragments unearthed from the former site of Jingdezhen Imperial Ware Factory in the Ming Dynasty, written in the horizontal style of "the first year of Yongle" or "the fourth year of Yongle".
2. All previous dynasties entrusted Yongle descendants to copy, and the brushwork was blunt and angular.
(1) Wanli of Ming Dynasty entrusted Yongle style, with half-running script and half-seal, which was simple and clumsy, and some of the imitation characters of "year" were still like "season". There were ribbons around the inscription, and most of the characters were placed on the inner bottom of the instrument.
(2) Tomorrow's opening ceremony and Chongzhen donation, the font is like Wanli donation, and the decorative belt around the inscription is composed of continuous vortex patterns or double rehearsal strips. The decorative band has more decorative bandwidth than Wanli.
(3) The money entrusted by Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, the font of which is the legacy of the Ming Wanli Apocalypse, is better than Wanli. The apocalypse is smooth and natural, and there are no fences or flowers outside the inscription.
⑤ Ming Xuande
1. The official kiln is written in regular script, and the official kiln in Xuande seems to be written by one person. It is delicate and dignified, vigorous and powerful. The word "de" follows the ancient style in the Han stele, and the right half of the word "heart" has no horizontal line, which becomes the word "de". Moreover, the opposite sides have a large slope. The font style was deeply influenced by calligrapher Shen Du in the early Ming Dynasty. Xuande official kiln, blue-and-white regular script "Daming Xuande Year System" is common, followed by blue-and-white regular script "Xuande Year System".
2. The official kiln seal script is extremely rare, but two blue-and-white pieces of double-ring seal script "Xuande Year System" were unearthed in the former site of the Ming Dynasty Imperial Factory in Jingdezhen. The color of the material is uneven, simple and solemn, full of the charm of Yongle Imperial Kiln four-character printing style.
3. The color of the official kiln, the bottom glaze of Xuande Palace kiln, with white in green, crystal clear and moist, with orange peel. Xuande official kiln model is generally written with imported Sunibo green materials, or some domestic green materials are appropriately mixed in the imported materials. The color is mostly thick pure blue with iron crystal spots in depth, but the inscriptions are different in color and closely combined with the transparent white glaze covering the inscriptions, which makes the strokes seem to be covered with a layer of white fog. Looking at it with a magnifying glass more than eight times under strong light, the color of the model is foggy, dark and heavy, and the body, mouth and feet have obvious yellow teeth and thin glaze; There is a faint cyan in the thick glaze.
4. The layout, Xuande style and inscription position of Xuande official kiln vary greatly, either foot, heart, mouth edge or shoulder, as Mr. Sun Yingzhou said: "Xuande style knows the shape like the back of his hand."
(1) The official script of Xuande kiln, Daming Xuande Year System, is mostly double-row and vertical, with double circles around it. The double circle is written on the circle foot with a brush and a rotating pottery cart, which looks neat and tidy, but the color of the circle line is different and the thickness of the circle line is also different. If the inscription is located on the wall of the device, it is mostly in a single row, and there is no fence outside.
(2) Xuande official kiln regular script "Xuande year system", some are double-row vertical, and the periphery is double-circle; Have a plenty of single row horizontal row, no circle.
5. Imitating Xuande style in past dynasties, from Jiajing to the Republic of China, there were kiln furniture imitating Xuande style in past dynasties, but the font style imitating Xuande style was obviously different from Xuande style, especially Xuande official kiln style, and the brushwork tended to be either too thick, too soft, too neat or hasty. Imitation color, loose, light, floating on it.
(1) Ming Jiajing imitates Xuande official kiln, and Jiajing imitates Xuande official kiln with regular script, which is heavy and lacks the rich charm of Xuande official kiln. The writing of the word "year" is completely different from that of Xuande, but similar to that of Zheng De. Some scholars regard it as an imitation of the style of Xuande in Zheng De, but from the color analysis of the imitation, green is gray-blue, which belongs to the hue used by Hui Qing and Shi Ziqing in Jiajing period. In addition, the bottom glaze of the negative-character ware is slightly white with grayish yellow, and the glaze is thin and smooth, without orange peel, and it is also rich in the characteristics of Jiajing ware. In addition, the composition and tone of porcelain paintings all flash the elegance of Jiajing porcelain.
(2) Ming Wanli imitated Xuande style. There are many utensils in Wanli that imitate Xuande style. Imitation is generally regular script, but it is handwritten in epistolary style, which is far from Xuande style.
(3) In Qing Dynasty, Kangxi imitated Xuande style, mostly in regular script, and some font structures were full of the charm of Xuande style, but the style writing was thin. Some imitations of Kangxi, the word "de" is different from Xuande, and the right half has a horizontal "heart". Some imitations of Kangxi use running script, which is very different from Xuande.
(4) In the Qing Dynasty, Yongzheng imitated Xuande style, and used regular script, mostly vertical and three-line composition. Some directly write "Daming Xuande", which is more formal and not very lively. More than enough weight, but not enough depth.
(5) Qingganlong imitates Xuande, with different styles, some are too heavy and bloated, some are thin and lack of masculinity, which is far from Xuande official kiln.
Pay tomorrow.
The "Egg White Glazed Phoenix Plate" collected by the China Art Foundation in Edgeworth Beresford David, England, with "Tianshun Nianzao" printed in the center of the plate, is the only known porcelain with Tianshun Dynasty model. There are two different versions about its age. The first opinion is that the Privy Council set fire to the imperial kiln in Jingdezhen in the year of "Tianshun" in Yuan Dynasty (1328). Because the phoenix pattern on the wall of this dish is printed with the word "Shu Fu"; The second opinion is that it was in the Tianshun period of the Ming Dynasty (1457? 1464) Official kiln porcelain made by Jingdezhen Imperial Ware Factory. The reasons are as follows: (1) Egg white glazed porcelain was created and burned in Yuan Dynasty, and it was burned until Tianshun period in Ming Dynasty; (2) Its shape and foot are different from Yuan porcelain, but close to Ming porcelain; (3) The layout and arrangement of inscriptions do not have the characteristics of porcelain. Because the author didn't see the real thing, so I can't draw a conclusion about their right or wrong. We have to objectively introduce these two views to readers.
(7) MingChenghua Payment
1. official kiln money
(1) font function. Ming Chenghua official kiln money seems to come from one person. The brushwork is natural, there is bone in the flesh and rigidity in the softness. It is tall and straight and slender, and the brushwork is round. When talking about the font structure of Chenghua kiln, Mr. Sun Yingzhou put it well: "The big characters are sharp and round, and the characters are waist-hard. The word has a seven-level micro-head, and there are fewer and fewer word-making clothes. The word is narrow for thousands of years and the word is shoulder-to-shoulder. " The first sentence that Mr. Sun said refers to the upper end of the second stroke of the word "big", which is sharp and round, and the head is not high. The second sentence refers to the fifth stroke of the word "Cheng", which is straight and blunt. The third sentence means that one side of the word "Hua" and the upper end of the word "Qi" are flat or nearly flat. The fourth sentence refers to the second stroke at the lower part of the word "Zhi", which rarely crosses the right vertical knife. The fifth sentence refers to the "moon" on the right side of the word "Ming", which is narrow at the top and wide at the bottom, and the word "year" is obese. The sixth sentence refers to the last point of the word "Cheng", some with flat head, some with flat shoulders and some with flat waist.
(2) hue characteristics. The models of Chenghua official kiln are mostly written in green materials, and a few are expressed in the technique of painting white with colored glass (see figure code 17). Blue and white calligraphy has different shades of blue, and the blue material seems to be covered with a layer of floating fog. Under the strong light, with a magnifying glass, there is a layer of clouds and a string of bubbles looming on the calligraphy.
(3) layout. Chenghua official kilns are often formed in the form of vertical rows and double rows, which are generally placed at the bottom of the kiln, on both sides of the periphery or in double circles. The box of the enclosure is hand-painted, the lines are regular and inaccurate, and there are traces of different shades of paint left by uneven strokes. Because of the operation on the pottery car, the circle of the enclosure is relatively regular, but there are often traces of color branding. Ming Chenghua also has a few horizontal or single-row official kiln models, which are arranged in a semicircle and placed on the edge of the outer wall of the utensils.
2. Private kiln money
Chenghua folk kiln funds are generally divided into two ways: "Daming Chenghua annual system" and "Daming Chenghua annual production". Most inscriptions in folk kilns are regular script, but they are different from those in official kilns. Among them, the writing of the word "Hua" is more unique: the left is single and strong, and the left is single and short; Next to the "seven" on the right, the strokes are very sharp and sharp.
3. Imitation in past dynasties
Chenghua official kiln porcelain, the fetal bone is delicate and crystal clear, the shape is exquisite, the materials are pure, the color is soft and quiet, and the picture is elegant and generous. As early as Jiajing and Wanli in Ming Dynasty, Chenghua kiln had high value. In this regard, the book "Night Fire Discrimination" in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty records: "Each pair of wine glasses in the kiln is worth 100 yuan." It is for this reason that there are many imitations of porcelain in past dynasties.
(1) Ming Jiajing imitates Chenghua style, which is the font of semi-regular script and semi-running script. Among them, "Cheng" and "Hua" have the charm of Chenghua style, but the writing of "Nian" is unique, and the middle horizontal line is particularly long, which is close to some styles of Jiajing. Imitate peripheral double-ring or acyclic column.
(2) Wanli and Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty were copied into Huakuan, while Wanli and Chongzhen were copied into Huakuan, and their writing was sloppy. The word "Cheng" is mostly on the waist and a few on the shoulders. There are many ways to imitate money, some of which are written as "Daming Chenghua Year System"; Some are written as "made during the reign of Daming Chenghua"; Some are written as "Chenghua annual system"; Some are written as "Chenghua Nianzao". In the middle of the word "year", three horizontal lines are often written.
(3) Kangxi Qianlong imitated Chenghua style in Qing dynasty, which was mostly regular script, with strict rules and lacked the charm of Chenghua official kiln style.
(8) Chronology of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty
1. official kiln money. Hongzhi official kilns are mostly regular script, and there are official kilns of seal script in the National Palace Museum in Taipei.
Style characteristics of official kilns in regular script (1). Hongzhi official kiln regular script, neat and beautiful font, slender and soft strokes, changed to thin, hard and strong brushwork. Judging from the structure of Chinese characters, the word "big" is short horizontally and slender in structure, and the "bow" on the left of the word "red" is big and the "left" on the right is small; The word "governance" is divided into three parts, most of which are lower than "Taiwan". Under the mouth near the Taiwan Province, it usually protrudes horizontally and is shaped like a mouth. The horizontal strokes of the "clothing" part under the word "system" often exceed the "system" part above.
(2) The font features of official kiln seal script. Hongzhi official kiln seal script is rare in the world. Judging from the official kiln style of "Hongzhi Year System" of the yellow-green Gao Zubei upper seal script collected by the National Palace Museum, its fonts, especially the characters "year" and "system", have the legacy of Yongle and Xuande official kiln styles, which are vigorous, straight and beautiful.
(3) the layout of the official kiln. Judging from the existing Hongzhi official kiln wares, most of them are "Da Ming Hongzhi Year System" double-circle six-character regular script. The writing of Chinese characters is smaller than that of Xuande and Chenghua official kilns, but the spacing between words is larger, so the whole calligraphy occupies a larger area than Xuande and Chenghua official kilns. The brush lines of the outer double rings are more delicate and neat than those of Chenghua models, and the brush marks are not as rough and pungent as those of Xuande and Chenghua official kiln models.
2. Private kiln money. The calendar years of Hongzhi folk kiln can be divided into "Hongzhi calendar years in Ming Dynasty" and "Hongzhi calendar years". The font is childish and clumsy, and the word "nian" is mostly ""and "",which is far from the official kiln style.
(9) Zheng Deli calendar year in Ming Dynasty
1. official kiln money. In the Ming Dynasty, the official kilns in Zhengde were mainly composed of four characters: "Zhengde Year System" in regular script and six characters "Daming Zhengde Year System", among which four characters were the most.
The characteristics of (1) characters. The word "big" in Zheng Deguan kiln's six-character model? The horizontal stroke is slightly shorter and the feet are even. The "day" and "month" of the word "Ming" are not flush, and "day" is slightly lower than "month". The horizontal stroke above the word "Zheng" is shorter, the horizontal stroke below is the longest, and the upper, middle and lower horizontal strokes are flat. The word "De" is the same as the official kiln of Xuande, except that the word "De" is missing from the word "Heart". There are two ways to write "year", one is ""and the other is "".
(2) layout. Zhengdeguan kiln mainly uses four-character or six-character regular script, of which four characters are the majority. Some are written in green materials, some are painted in red, and some are expressed by carving. Most of Zhengde's official kilns are placed at the bottom of the kiln, with slightly larger fonts and more generous layout than Hongzhi's official kilns. Its money occupies a larger foot area than Hongzhi's. There are two ways to arrange the six-character official kiln money placed on the feet: one is double-row vertical arrangement, the other is double-circle; One is double-row vertical arrangement, with frames on both sides of the outside. Folk kilns are also double-row vertical, generally with double circles on the periphery. The four-character official kiln styles are mostly arranged at the foot, a few are arranged horizontally outside or under the inner edge of the kiln, or directly on the kiln wall, and some are arranged in a semicircle under the inner edge of the circular foot. The official kiln money is horizontally arranged under the mouth of the vessel and displayed in the form of a row of two outer frames. The six-character official kiln model placed at the foot has a large font and a spacious layout, and the periphery is double-circle or double-sided frame. Many double-ring six-character official kilns have open foot walls.
(3) the color of the word. Zheng Deguan kiln blue and white writing style, the color is divided into two tones. Light and gloomy, consistent with the tone of blue and white decoration. The color of Zheng Deguan kiln is red, the deep one is black and red, and the shallow one is gorgeous.
2. Private kiln money. There are three ways to express the calendar year of Zheng Demin's kiln: one is the calendar year of Zheng Demin with double circles around it; One is the word "Daming Zhengde Year System", and there is no circle outside; One is made by Zheng De, and there is no fence outside.
(10) Ming Jiajing
1. official kiln money
(1) font function. Ming Jiajing official kiln, mostly regular script, no seal script. The pen is vigorous, vigorous, healthy and handsome, both rigid and flexible, and elegant in vigor. Judging from the structure of Chinese characters, the word "big" usually has a wide opening and obvious strokes. The word "Ming" has a curl next to the word "Moon", which is obviously curved. The word "Ji" in the middle of the word "A" has a wide and flat bottom. The word "Jing" is higher next to the word "Li" on the left, and often aligns with the upper half next to the word "Qing" on the right. Since Emperor Jiajing had ruled the country for 45 years, by the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Potter who wrote calligraphy in Jingdezhen Imperial Ware Factory was replaced by someone else. Although his department uses the fonts of its predecessors, the font style has changed after all. For example, the word "Li" on the left of the word "Jing" moves down and the word "home" in the middle becomes longer.
(2) layout. Jiajing official kiln models were mostly made during the Jiajing period of Daming, and it is difficult to see the four-character official kiln model. Most of the tips are arranged on the feet, a few are horizontally arranged in a row, under the outer or inner edge of the mouth, or on the wall of the mouth, and some are arranged in a semicircle under the edge of the inner mouth of the ring foot. The six-character official kiln model placed at the foot has a large font and a spacious layout, and the periphery is double-circle or double-sided frame. Many double-ring six-character official kilns have open foot walls.
2. Private kiln money
Jiajing folk kiln style, although regular script, is different from the official kiln style, and the brushwork is not vigorous. Jiajing folk kiln, in addition to "Daming Jiajing Year System", also has "Daming Jiajing Year System", but there is no "Jiajing Year System".
3. Qing Kangxi imitated Jiajing style.
In the early years of Kangxi, people's kilns were forbidden to affix the title of the present dynasty on porcelain, and many kiln property rights were entrusted with the knowledge of the previous dynasty. Their imitations are not copied from the original, but written according to the author's own skills, which are more rounded and less blunt, so they are far from the original of Jiajing Imperial Kiln.
(11) Qin Minglong.
1. official kiln money
(1) payment method change. Qin Long in the Ming Dynasty only existed for six years. Jingdezhen Imperial Ware Factory has almost the same porcelain-making technology and artistic style as Jiajing Dynasty, but the payment method has changed greatly. The models of Jiajing official kiln are mostly "Daming Jiajing Year System", but the word "made" (that is, "Daming Jiajing Year System") is only seen in a few cases. The official kiln in Qin Long will be changed to "made", that is, "made in the year of Daming and Qin Long".
(2) Font features. The official kilns in Qin Long are vigorous and powerful. The word "dragon" in Chinese characters is unique in writing, with the following three changes at the lower right.
(3) layout. Most of them are double rows of vertical rows, double circles around them, or double frames, and occasionally a row of vertical rows. Decorative double-round or double-sided frames often have different line thicknesses and irregular turns.
2. Private kiln money
There are three payment methods for folk kilns in Qin Long: made in Daming Qin Long, made in Daming Qin Long and made in Qin Long. No matter "the year of Daming Qin Long" or "the year of Daming Qin Long", the six-character pattern of folk kiln has no circle. "Made in Qin Long" is a four-character folk kiln, usually with a single ring or frame. Qin Long folk kiln has its own font, which is completely different from Qin Long official kiln.
I hope it will help you, and I hope it will be adopted. Thank you.