This historical novel, in chapters 36, 37 and 38, describes in detail the whole process of Liu Bei's invitation to Zhuge Liang to go out of the mountain, and clearly points out again and again that Zhuge Liang's farming is in the middle of the "twenty miles west of Xiangyang City", which can be said to represent the basic views of people on where Zhuge Liang's farming is before the Ming Dynasty. According to the plot of the novel, from Xu Shu's recommendation to Zhuge Liang's decision in Longzhong, this paper makes some rough analysis in five steps to see how Luo Guanzhong affirmed that Longzhong was Zhuge Liang's cultivated land.
When I first mentioned Longzhong, I recommended Zhuge Liang's Xu Shu to Liu Bei. After Xu Shu helped Liu Bei defeat Coss, he learned that his mother was imprisoned by Cao Cao because she received forged letters from Cao Cao. Before he arrived at Xuchang, he said to Liu Bei, "There is a strange man here, only two thousand miles from Xiangyang. Why don't you ask for it? " Xu Shu not only pointed out that Zhuge Liang's seclusion was "Longzhong", but also explained that "Longzhong" was located "twenty miles outside Xiangyang City".
How clear, how clear! Of course, Xu Shu and Liu Bei also mentioned "Nanyang" in this conversation, and Xu Shu put it this way: "Bright from uncle. Xuan has an old relationship with Jingzhou Liu Jingsheng and lives in Xiangyang because of his follow-up. After Xuan's death, Liang and his brother Zhuge Jun plowed in Nanyang. " The "Nanyang" mentioned here obviously does not refer to Zhuge Liang's seclusion, because it has been clearly pointed out that Zhuge Liang lives in Xiangyang and in Longzhong, 20 miles outside Xiangyang. How can you say that he worked in Nanyang? According to experts' research, Xiangyang was the capital of Jingzhou at that time, Nanyang was one of the seven counties under Jingzhou's jurisdiction, and Longzhong was Deng County of Nanyang County. Therefore, Zhuge Liang's "farming in Nanyang" mentioned by Xu Shu refers to the general orientation of the living area, not the specific place of residence. Just like someone lives in Jiujiang, everyone can talk about finding him in Jiangxi. After Xu Shu recommended the sages, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms also quoted a poem "Four-line Xu Shu" to praise. The last two sentences of the poem are: "A word like Lei Zhen in spring can make Nanyang rise from Wolong." Liu Bei bid farewell to Xu Shu, "led people back to Xinye" (the thirty-fourth chapter of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms said Xinye County was a Xiangyang city), "took thick coins" and prepared to "go to Wan with Tongguan and Zhang". The usage of "Nanyang" mentioned in these two places is the same as "plowing in Nanyang" mentioned above.
The second mention of Longzhong was when Liu Bei planned to invite Zhuge Liang out of the mountain. The novel writes: "Xuande is arranging gifts and wants to meet Zhuge Liang in Longzhong." Liu Bei didn't go because it happened that Si Mahui visited. This happened after Xu Shu recommended Zhuge Liang. Liu Bei naturally understood that to visit Zhuge Liang, he had to go to Longzhong. However, in this conversation with Si Mahui, Liu Bei once asked each other: "Yuan Zhi left and recommended Zhuge Liang. What about him? " What does Liu Bei mean by "Zhuge Liang in Nanyang"? The "Nanyang" here is about Zhuge Liang's birthplace. The ancients generally took the state, county or county as their birthplace, not the place of residence.
Although Zhuge Liang was born in Yang Du County, Yelang County, Xuzhou, he left his hometown at an early age. In the second year of Jian 'an, Zhuge Liang settled in Longzhong at the age of 17. In the twelfth year of Jian 'an, Zhuge Liang was 27 years old, and Liu Bei invited him out of the mountain and lived here for 10 years, which is the most important 10 years in a person's life. Naturally, his native place is "Nanyang".
In addition, Si Mahui once said this when he visited Liu Bei: "Yi Yiming is close friends with Cui Zhouping of Boling, Shi Guangyuan of Yingchuan, Gong Wei of Runan Meng and Xu Yuanzhi." This novel provides circumstantial evidence for Zhuge Liang's seclusion in Longzhong, west of Xiangyang city. At that time, there were wars in the Central Plains for years, but there were few wars in Jingzhou. Xiangyang was the political, economic and cultural center of Jingzhou. There are many intellectuals who fled from the Central Plains to Xiangyang, and there are also many celebrities and sages in the local area. Zhuge Liang, who lives in seclusion in Longzhong, can easily talk with them about the past and discuss world events, which has played a certain role in Zhuge Liang's success.
The third time I mentioned Longzhong was the day after I visited Liu Bei in Si Mahui, and Liu Bei visited Zhuge Liang for the first time.
The novel writes: "The next day, Xuande and Guan, Zhang and others came to Longzhong." Hardly had they reached the foot of the mountain when they heard farmers singing while farming. There are two lines in the lyrics: "Nanyang has a secluded place and there is not enough sleeping." I didn't know it was "Mr. Wolong" until I asked. This shows that Zhuge Liang was also born in Nanyang. Liu Bei failed to meet Zhuge Liang during this visit, but the author of the novel described the scenery in Longzhong twice. One is what Liu Bei saw when he came to Longzhong: "Twenty miles west of Xiangyang city, there is running water in Gorkon pillow", "Sure enough, the scenery is abnormal"; Second, Liu Bei returned to Xinye, "bridle the reins and watch the scenery in the middle of Gansu", only to see that "the mountains are not high and elegant, the water is not deep and clear, the land is not wide and flat, and the forest is not big and lush". These scenery descriptions basically reflected the characteristics of the scenery in Longzhong at that time. Today's Longzhong Cultural Relics Scenic Area consists of "Gorkon" such as Longzhong Mountain, Leshan Mountain, Daqi Mountain and Xiaoqi Mountain. The mountains are not high, and the main peak Longzhong Mountain is only 306 meters above sea level.
Maolin bamboo is planted on the mountain, and the stream pond below is a secluded resort. Luo Guanzhong inserted these scenery descriptions in the narrative, mainly to show the beautiful scenery in Longzhong, but inadvertently told people a fact: Liu Bei came to Longzhong to visit Zhuge Liang, and Zhuge Liang lived in seclusion in Longzhong.
The fourth reference to Zhuge Liang's seclusion, the author clearly stated that Wollongong actually refers to Longzhong. Liu Bei visited Zhuge Liang in Longzhong for the first time and didn't see him. "It took a few days to return to Xinye." He heard that "Mr. Wolong is back" and decided to visit him for the second time. This time, he and Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others braved the "chilly" north wind and the "intermittent" Xue Rui in the cold winter. Because Zhuge Liang went out and didn't return, he couldn't meet again. In this visit, Luo Guanzhong did not mention the word "Longzhong", but mentioned "Wollongong" three times: "Get on the horse and come to Wollongong, dismount and go to the front of the village", which is a visit; "When it snows heavily, look back at Wollongong, soon", which is a sad return; "Looking back at where the whip stopped, rotten silver piled up in Wollongong", these are two sentences in Luo Guanzhong's poem "Dao Xuande visited Kong Ming in the snow".
Is this Wollongong a vague concept deliberately left by Luo Guanzhong? Of course not. In Luo Guanzhong's works, Wollongong is another name of Longzhong. Why do you say that? First, when Xu Shu recommended Zhuge Liang to Liu Bei in his novel, he said that Zhuge Liang's "home is Xiangyang", and then he said: "There is a hill where he lives, named Wolong Mountain, because his name is Mr. Wolong.
When Liu Bei first came to Longzhong, he heard the farmer recite a poem written by Zhuge Liang and asked, "Where does Mr. Wolong live?" The farmer told him, "This Shan Zhinan, like Gorkon, is Wolong Ye Gang. The thatched cottage in the forest in front of the mountain, that is, Mr. Zhuge lies high. " Obviously, the "Wollongong" described in the novel is "Longzhong". The locals still use their old names, called "Longzhong" and "Wollongong". Secondly, Liu Bei didn't see Zhuge Liang when he went to Wollongong this time, but he met Zhuge Liang's father-in-law, Huang Chengyan, and asked him if he had seen your son-in-law. Huang said, "Even the old man came to see him." . Huang is a famous figure in Miannan. He "rode a donkey, followed by a child in Tsing Yi, and brought a bottle of wine". He braved the snow to see his son-in-law. It is conceivable that this "Wollongong" is not too far away from Huang's address, but in Longzhong near his hometown Xiangyang.
The fifth mention of Longzhong's right was Liu Bei's third visit to Zhuge Liang. Because Liu Bei "went to Kongming twice and wanted to see it again", he and Guan Yu and Zhang Fei "rode horses and led his entourage to Longzhong". Half a mile from the hut, Liu Bei dismounted and left. "
Luo Guanzhong once again pointed out that Longzhong was Zhuge Liang's seclusion. During this visit, "Nanyang" mentioned three times in the novel is still not the place where Zhuge Liang lived in seclusion. The first mention of "Nanyang" was made by Zhuge Liang when he saw Liu Bei expressing his modesty and gratitude. Zhuge Liang said, "Nanyang savages are lazy and are often left out by generals. This is a shame. " Zhuge Liang calls himself "Nanyang Savage", which shows that he once again regards "Nanyang" county as his native place. The second and third times are mentioned in two ancient poems quoted after the novel was written: one is "Yuzhou was lonely and poor that day, but fortunately there was Wolong in Nanyang", and the other is "Wolong in Nanyang was ambitious, and the soldiers in the belly were just strange", which is the recognition of future generations that "Nanyang" was Zhuge Liang's birthplace.
In addition, Zhuge Liang's novel The Couple in the Cottage dedicated to Liu Bei (also known as Long Zhong Dui, which is quite different from the words quoted in The Legend of the Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang) also illustrates his seclusion. Zhuge Liang suggested that Liu Bei occupy Jingzhou and Yizhou in Shanzhai, and said, "When the world changes, a general will be ordered to turn Jingzhou's soldiers into ten thousand and Luo, and the general will lead Yizhou's people out of Qinchuan." Here, Zhuge Liang's words of "turning Jingzhou to Wan, Luo and Luo" revealed an important fact, that is, the direction of military action was "to Nanyang and Luoyang", indicating that the place where they talked at that time was in Longzhong, west of Xiangyang City, not Nanyang today.
The novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms describes the process of Liu Bei's invitation to Zhuge Liang to come out of the mountain. Among them, Longzhong was mentioned five times, Wollongong was mentioned eight times and Nanyang was mentioned eight times. However, it is not difficult to see that, in Luo Guanzhong's view, "Longzhong" is actually Zhuge Liang's cultivated land, "Wollongong" is a mountain in Longzhong or another name in Longzhong, and the word "Nanyang" mainly appears as Zhuge Liang's native place. Literature and art are the reflection of real life.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a famous ancient historical novel, which is more different from the fiction of general art. Zhuge Liang's farming described in the novel originated from the records of ancient books. The historian of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Hanshu Chunqiu, said: "The Liang family is in Dengxian County, Nanyang, twenty miles west of Xiangyang City, nicknamed Longzhong." Li Daoyuan, a geographer in the Northern Wei Dynasty, said in the Notes on Water Classics: "Mianshui is in the middle of east longitude and crosses Kongming House in the north. Liu Chan said earnestly, "The first three emperors took care of their ministers in the thatched cottage and asked them about the affairs of the world today." Even this house. "Li Daoyuan said" Mianshui "is" Hanshui ",commonly known as Mianshui in ancient times.
These historical materials tell people that the Romance of the Three Kingdoms affirms that Zhuge Liang's land for farming is in the west and middle of Xiangyang City, which is completely justified and not invented by Luo Guanzhong.