First, hemp paper:
Ramie is made of bast fiber of hemp plant, which is the earliest and most widely used, followed by hemp and flax. Hemp paper is one of the papers used in ancient Chinese books. It is a tough paper, mainly made of jute, cloth head and worn-out shoes. Hemp paper is characterized by long fibers, thick pulp (with small protrusions on the paper) and tough paper, which is not easy to become brittle and discolored after more than 1000 years. The appearance can be divided into "white hemp paper" and "jute paper". The spacing of papermaking curtains varies from two to three centimeters, three to four centimeters, and five to six centimeters; Some horizontal curtains intersect with vertical curtains at a distance of about one and a half fingers; Jute, grass, and cloth that have not been smashed on the back are clearly identifiable; It can be used as a reliable basis for the identification of ancient books. Books in Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties mostly used hemp paper, which was not dominant in Song and Yuan Dynasties, and was even rarer in Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is difficult for future generations to forge hemp paper.
Second, leather paper:
Paper is made from bast fibers of trees. Generally speaking, paper includes tissue paper, mulberry paper, wild goose paper, mulberry paper, willow paper, Dongba paper of Naxi nationality, Daphne paper of Tibet, etc ... There are two main raw materials, one is mulberry paper, the other is mulberry paper.
Tissue paper is the most common tissue paper. Because Broussonetia papyrifera and Broussonetia papyrifera belong to Moraceae, it is not easy to distinguish them, and it is customary to think that they are the same tree. Therefore, the paper copied from these two kinds of tissue paper is generally called tissue paper, which originated in the Han and Cai Lun periods. The famous honesty paper in later generations is tissue paper, which is often called cotton paper in literature. Mulberry paper is followed by cotton paper. Because the surface of mulberry fiber is covered with a transparent gel coat, mulberry paper often has silky luster. It was once called cocoon paper, and the famous dry Korean paper is also mulberry paper.
Third, rattan paper:
Made from the bast of rattan plants, there are mainly kudzu vine, wisteria, rattan and so on. Also known as "brush rattan", "brush paper" and "west rattan". During the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was brilliant in Tunxi area, but it disappeared because of excessive felling of local vines. Viet Nam and China use Gu Teng to make paper, hence the name "rattan paper". Sun Nengchuan's "Brush Creek": "Brush the old place, Fenghua and Sheng are also bounded by Brush Creek, which is the upstream. Most of the land is Gu Teng, and the natives use it as paper. The so-called Tunxi Tengye. " Therefore, this paper is named "Jiteng".
Fourth, bamboo paper:
As the name implies, bamboo paper is paper made of bamboo. The main raw material is Phyllostachys pubescens, in addition to bitter bamboo, green bamboo, good bamboo, yellow bamboo and so on. Jiajiang County, Sichuan Province and Fuyang City, Zhejiang Province are important producing areas of bamboo paper. There are many kinds of bamboo paper, and the common ones are fringed paper, wool paper, yuan book paper, jade buckle paper and Shi Lian paper. Traditional Fuyang Xuan paper and Jiajiang Xuan paper also belong to bamboo paper, and now many of them are made of Chinese alpine rush.
Jiajiang handmade calligraphy and painting paper, with tender bamboo as raw material, has the characteristics of whiteness, softness, ink retention, fine fiber, softness and smoothness. Known as "light painting is not gray, light splash is thick, thick splash is light, poetry is ethereal, and books are both dragon and tiger". As well as Anhui Xuan paper, Zhang Daqian, a master of Chinese painting, once praised it as "the second treasure of the country".
Fuchun bamboo paper is mainly produced in mountainous areas on the south bank of Fuchun River and Qingyun, Longyang and Deng Xin. Fuyang is known as the "Hometown of Homemade Paper". Historically, Fuchun bamboo paper is a famous brand, which is well-known at home and abroad because of its soft paper, durable curl and no moth. Historically, Fuchun famous bamboo paper products have been sold well in China and exported to Japan, South Korea, Singapore, the Philippines and other countries. Among them, Changshan Paper 19 15 won the title of the highest special product of the Ministry of Agriculture, 1926 won the second prize of Panama International Commodities Fair, 19 15 won the third prize of Beijing International Commodities Fair, 1926, RMB. Due to various reasons, the production is in trouble, most of the paper makers are old, and Fuchun bamboo paper is on the verge of extinction, which needs urgent rescue and protection. The state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20th, 2006, this production technique was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. On June 5, 2007, the Ministry of Culture confirmed Yang Zhanyao of Jiajiang County, Sichuan Province and Zhuang Fuquan of Fuyang City, Zhejiang Province as the representative inheritors of this cultural heritage project, and included them in the list of 226 representative inheritors of the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage projects.
Five, rice paper:
Originated in Jingxian County, Anhui Province (formerly belonging to Ningguofu, paper was produced in the name of Xuancheng, so it was called "Xuan Paper"), and now it is mainly produced in Jingxian County, Anhui Province. This paper was used for writing and painting in ancient China. Xuan paper originated in the Tang Dynasty, which lasted for generations. The origin of rice paper is Jingxian County, Anhui Province. In addition, this kind of paper is also produced in Xuancheng and Taiping (now huangshan district, Huangshan City) near Jingxian County. In the Song Dynasty, the paper industry in Huizhou, Chizhou and Xuancheng gradually moved to Jingxian. At that time, Jingxian county was under the jurisdiction of Ningguo government, which ruled Xuancheng today. Xuancheng is the distribution center of Xuan paper, so the paper produced here is called "Xuan paper", and some people call it Jingxian paper. Because Xuan paper has the characteristics of easy storage, durability and colorfastness, it has the reputation of "paper lives for thousands of years".
Strictly speaking, Xuan paper should belong to leather paper. Early rice paper was made of pure sandalwood skin, which was a veritable leather paper. Later, straw was added, and the characteristics of paper were very different from that of leather paper, so it was separated as a special kind. At present, there are different opinions about the origin of Xuan paper, but it appeared on a large scale in the Ming Dynasty.
Xuan paper has the characteristics of "tough and moist, smooth but not slippery, white and dense, pure texture, lossless rubbing and strong ink wetting", and has unique permeability and lubricity. Writing about bones and gods, painting about qi, has become a calligraphy and painting paper that can best reflect China's artistic style. The so-called "ink is divided into five colors", that is, it is completed in one stroke, the depth is dark, the texture is visible, and the Mo Yun is clear and distinct. This is the artist's artistic effect of controlling the proportion of ink by using the moistening property of rice paper, and the pen is slow and smooth. Coupled with aging resistance, no discoloration, less moth-eaten, long life, it has the reputation of "the king of paper and the paper with a thousand years of life". /kloc-won the gold medal in Panama International Paper Competition in the 20th century. Besides painting poems, Xuan paper is also the best paper for writing diplomatic notes and preserving high-level archives and historical materials. China handed down a large number of rare ancient books and the ink of famous painters and calligraphers, most of which are preserved on Xuan paper, and still remain the same today.
Due to modern people's love for Xuan paper and excessive propaganda and myth, Xuan paper has been put on many inexplicable auras, and many honors of leather paper have also been dragged to Xuan paper. In fact, Xuan paper is just a kind of traditional handmade paper in China. Although admired by many painters and painters in modern times, there are many good handmade papers besides Xuan paper, which are incomparable in some characteristics. These papers have been brilliant and made important contributions to the inheritance of our traditional culture, and cannot be ignored and forgotten because of the dominance of one family. After all, it is a blessing for painters and painters to have all kinds of things.