I. Introduction of Li Bai:
Li Bai (70 1 year-76,265,438+February), whose word is white, is also known as "violet laity" and "fallen fairy". He was a great romantic poet in Tang Dynasty, and was called "Poet Fairy" by later generations. He was also called "Du Li" with Du Fu. In order to become "Little Du Li" with two other poets, Li Shangyin and Du Mu. Old Tang Book records that Li Bai is from Shandong? [2]; According to the New Tang Book, Li Bai is the grandson of King Li Gui IX of Li Tang. He is cheerful and generous, loves to drink and write poems, and likes to make friends.
Li Baiyou's Collection of Li Taibai has been handed down from generation to generation, and most of his poems were written when he was drunk. His representative works include Looking at Lushan Waterfall, Difficult to Walk, Difficult to Pass the Road, Entering the Wine, Early Making Baidicheng and many others. There were biographies of Li Bai's Ci and Fu in the Song Dynasty (such as Wen Ying's Xiang Ji). As far as its pioneering significance and artistic achievements are concerned, Li Bai's Ci Fu enjoys a high status.
Second, the life of the characters.
1, early genius
In the first year of Chang 'an (70 1), Li Bai's words were too white. Its birthplace is generally believed to be Qinglian Township in Changlong, Mianzhou (Brazil County) in the south of the Tang Dynasty. My ancestral home is Tianshui, Gansu. His family background and family background are unknown.
In November of the first year of Shenlong (705), Wu Zetian died. Li Bai is five years old. Studying hard begins with. "Shang' an County Peichang History Book" says: "At the age of five, recite Liujia. "Liu Jia, a primary school literacy textbook in the Tang Dynasty, has a long history and is a national official.
In the third year of Kaiyuan (7 15), Li Bai was fifteen years old. He published many poems, won praises and awards from some celebrities, and began to engage in social activities. He is as good at fencing as Ren Xia. It's Cen Can's birthday.
In the sixth year of Kaiyuan (7 18), Li Bai was eighteen. Dai Tianda lived in seclusion in Kuangshan (now jiangyou city, Sichuan) to study. Traveling to and from neighboring counties, I have been to Jiangyou, Jiange and Zizhou (the state is now in Sichuan Province), and I have gained a lot of experience and knowledge. ?
2. Say goodbye to your loved ones and travel far away
In the 12th year of Kaiyuan (724), Li Bai was twenty-four years old. Leave home and embark on a long journey. Then visit Chengdu and Mount Emei, and then sail eastward to Yuzhou (now Chongqing).
In the 13th year of Kaiyuan (725), Li Bai went out to Shu, "leaving his sword to the countryside and his relatives to travel far away".
In the 14th year of Kaiyuan (726), Li Bai was twenty-six. I went to Yangzhou (now Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province) in the spring. In autumn, I was ill in Yangzhou. From Yangzhou to Ruzhou (now Linru County, Henan Province) and Anlu (now Anlu County, Hubei Province) in winter. I met Li Yong when I passed through Chenzhou. Get to know Meng Haoran.
In the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan (727), it was the imperial edict that "those who have high talents in civil and military affairs can recommend themselves to the court". In autumn, there were floods in sixty-three states and frost and drought in seventeen states. Li Bai is twenty-seven years old. He lived in Shoushan, Anlu, married the granddaughter of the late Prime Minister Xu, and then settled in Anlu. Wang Changling Jinshi concurrently.
In the 16th year of Kaiyuan (728), Tufan invaded many times. Li Bai is twenty-eight years old. In early spring, I traveled to Jiangxia (now Wuhan City, Hubei Province) and met Meng Haoran in Sri Lanka.
In the 17th year of Kaiyuan (729), on August 5th, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty held a grand celebration for his 40th birthday, and August 5th was the Millennium Festival every year. The imperial edict gave a banquet for the States in the world and had a three-day holiday. Yuwen Rong manages the national property tax and implements the tax law, which is widely collected by the imperial court and used for luxury. Li Bai is twenty-nine years old. In Anlu.
Step 3 waste time
In the 18th year of Kaiyuan (730), Li Bai was thirty years old. Spring is in Anlu. I have met Pei Changshi of our state many times before, but because of being slandered, I recently wrote a confession, which was finally rejected. In early summer, I went to Chang 'an, met with Prime Minister Zhang, and met his son. Princess Yu Zhen (Xuanzong Otome) living in Zhong Nanshan. I also met other princes and ministers, but nothing came of it. Tour Taizhou (west of Chang 'an) in late autumn. Travel to Zhoufang in winter (north of Chang 'an). Du Fu was nineteen years old and traveled in Shanxi (now Shanxi).
In the 19th year of Kaiyuan (73 1), Xuanzong served as a eunuch for many times, especially Gao Lishi, and Gao Lishi decided to fight everywhere. In October, Xuanzong was lucky in Luoyang. Li Bai, thirty-one, was down and out in Chang 'an, giving up on himself and interacting with Chang 'an people. In early summer, I left Chang 'an, passed Kaifeng (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province) and came to Song Cheng (now Shangqiu County, Henan Province). In autumn, I went to Zhongyue (a famous mountain in Dengfeng County, Henan Province), one of the five mountains in Songshan Mountain, and fell in love with my old friend Yuan Danqiu's mountain residence, and lived in seclusion. In late autumn, I stayed in Luoyang.
In the 20th year of Kaiyuan (732), in October, Xuanzong made a patrol, and the imperial edict was sent to the governor. Local officials can directly recommend local talents to the court. In December, it was returned to Luoyang. At that time, the number of households in China was more than 7.86 million and the population was more than 45.43 million, which was the highest in history. From spring to summer, Li Bai met Yan Yuan and Cui Chengfu in Luoyang. In autumn, I returned to Anlu from Luoyang. Passing through Nanyang (now Nanyang City, Henan Province), I met Cui Zongzhi. In winter, Yan Yuan visited Anlu from Luoyang, and they traveled together to Suizhou (now Suixian County, Hubei Province). At the age of 30, I returned to my hometown and settled down.
In the 21st year of Kaiyuan (733), in the first month, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty personally wrote Laozi's Tao Te Ching. Let all the scholars (scholar-bureaucrats and ordinary people) keep a copy at home, and try the strategy of Laozi every year when paying tribute. Li Bai, 33, built a stone room in Taohuayan, Baizhaoshan, Anlu. Open up Shan Ye and earn a living by farming and reading every day.
Step 4 present a gift for an official
In the first month of the 22nd year of Kaiyuan (734), Li Bai presented the book "Tang Ming Fu" to Xuanzong, saying, "Chongming Hall is a dome, which opens from the sky." As another cloud said, "the four doors are open to all countries, and we will take an exam to stop recruiting talents." Living in the palace is impregnable, poor and leisurely! " According to Fu Zai, there are words such as Ode to a White Eyebrow Minister, which Yi Taibai dedicated to Xuanzong in Luoyang, the eastern capital. This poem praised the grandeur of Mingtang, and wrote out the grandeur of Kaiyuan and the author's political ideal.
The writing purpose of Li Bai's "Tang Ming Fu" is to seek official positions. The writing time was before Tang Ming was demolished in the 27th year of Kaiyuan. He endowed Tang Ming with the need to seek official position and "rule the monarch by Tao". Because of family reasons, Li Bai can't make a regular contribution to his career, so he can only take the road of offering fu, which is also the reason why he really offers fu to seek an official position.
In the 23rd year of Kaiyuan (735), Xuanzong hunted again, and it happened that Li Bai was also traveling westward, so he took the opportunity to present "Da Hunting Fu", hoping to win Xuanzong's appreciation. His "Great Levy" hopes to "show things widely", but "Sheng Chao gardens are remote and desolate, and the situation is very different from that of the previous generation", boasting that this dynasty is far superior to the Han Dynasty, and promoting the mysterious burial of Taoism at the end, in line with Xuanzong's state of mind of advocating Taoism at that time.
That year, after Li Bai entered Chang 'an, he met Zhang Qing, the general of Wei Dynasty, and dedicated a poem to Princess Yu Zhen through him. The last two sentences say, "When will the Queen Mother receive you?" They want her to be enlightened. So he approached the upper class of the ruling class step by step. Li Bai also met He in Chang 'an this time. Li Bai went to the Purple Pole Palace, where he met He. He immediately went to visit and presented a poem in his sleeve. He Zhangzhi likes Shu Dao Nan and Wu Qin Opera. He was shocked by Li Bai's magnificent poems and elegant demeanor, and even said, "People who are not human are not white stars?" He Zhangzhi called him a "fallen fairy". Three years later, Li Bai sighed, "It's hard to go, come back" and left Chang 'an.
5. Dedicated to Hanlin
In the first year of Tianbao (AD 742), Xuanzong read Li Bai's poems and admired them, so he called Li Bai into the palace. On the day when Li Bai entered the palace to appear before the court, Xuanzong came down to meet him and said, "Give the rice in front of the Qibao bed and scoop it yourself." Xuanzong asked some contemporary affairs, and Li Bai gave a thoughtful answer based on his half-life study and long-term observation of society. Xuanzong was greatly appreciated, and immediately made Li Bai worship the Hanlin, whose job was to write poems for the emperor and entertain him.
Every time Xuanzong gave a banquet or outing, he ordered Li Bai's attendants to use his agile poetic talent to write poems on the spot. Although it is not a record of merit, it also spreads its words to future generations and arrogantly boasts to future generations. Li Bai was so prized by Xuanzong that his colleagues envied him, but some people were jealous of him.
In the second year of Tianbao (743), Li Bai was forty-three years old. Imperial college. In the early spring, Xuanzong enjoyed himself in the palace. Li Bai wrote a letter entitled "Music Words in the Palace" and gave him a royal costume. In late spring, the peony in Xingqingchi was in full bloom, and Xuanzong and Yang Yuhuan enjoyed the same. Li Bai was ordered to write Qingpingdiao. He was tired of the life of imperial literati and began to drink heavily. With what people knot "Brewmaster" trip, Xuanzong call not toward. Drunkenness drafted the imperial edict, which led to Gao Lishi taking off his boots. Palace people hate it, slander Xuanzong, Xuanzong also.
6. Du Li met.
In the summer of Tianbao three years (744, note: Tianbao three years, the "year" was changed to "load" in the German period), Li Bai arrived in Luoyang, the eastern capital. Here, he met Du Fu. The two greatest poets in the history of China literature met. At this time, Li Bai was famous all over the country, while Du Fu was in his prime, but he stayed in Los Angeles. Li Bai is eleven years older than Du Fu, but he is not arrogant in front of Du Fu with his talent. Du Fu, a "high-sex and heavy-drinking" and "old friend", did not bow his head to praise Li Bai. The two men established a profound friendship on an equal footing. When they were in Luoyang, they made an appointment to meet each other in Liang and Song Dynasties (now Kaifeng and Shangqiu) to visit Taoism and seek immortality.
In the autumn of the same year, they arrived in Liang and Song Dynasties as promised. Here, two people express their feelings through the past and discuss the present. They also met the poet Gao Shi here, who has not yet taken office. However, each of them has the same ambition and ideal. The three of them had a good time swimming, commenting on literary criticism and poetry, and talking about the general trend of the world. They were all worried about the hidden dangers of the country. At this time, Du Li was in the prime of life, and this exchange of ideas in their creation had a positive impact on them in the future.
This autumn and winter, Du Li broke up again. Li Bai came to the palace (now Jinan, Shandong Province) and asked the Taoist priest to educate you. Since then, he has officially performed Taoist rituals and become a Taoist priest. Later, Li Bai went to Anling County, Dezhou, where he met Gaihuan, who was good at writing runes, and made a real rune for him. Li Bai got a satisfactory result in this fairy's visit.
In the autumn of the fourth year of Tianbao (745), Li Bai and Du Fu met for the third time at the east foot. In just over a year, the two met twice and three times, and their friendship deepened. They went to Jeju to visit Li Yong, a world-famous essayist and calligrapher at that time. Just this winter, Du Li broke up with her.
7. Anshi enters the curtain
In the 14th year of Tianbao (AD 755), the Anshi Rebellion broke out, and Li Bai and his wife, Master Nan, fled. Spring is in dangtu. I heard that Luoyang fell and the Central Plains collapsed, so I returned to Xuancheng from Dangtu and took refuge in Shengzhou, Zhejiang. In Liyang (now liyang city, Jiangsu Province), I met Zhang Xu. The midsummer solstice is over. I heard that Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi won a great victory in Hebei and returned to Jinling. In autumn, I heard that Xuanzong had gone to Shu, so he went to Lushan Mountain and lived in seclusion by the Yangtze River.
In the 15th year of Tianbao, during the reign of Daode Yuanzai (756), in the first month, An Lushan claimed to be the Great Yan Emperor in Luoyang. In May, Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi defeated Shi Siming and recovered more than ten counties in Hebei. In June, An Lushan came to Tongguan and captured Ge Shuhan alive.
In the second year of Zhide (757), Li Bai was 57 years old. In the first month, he wrote a group of poems "Dong Youge", expressing his feelings of serving the country. Wang Yong led troops to patrol the east without authorization, which led to the failure of suppression. Li Bai was imprisoned in Xunyang. Saved by Song Ruosi and Cui Huan. After becoming Song Ruosi's aide, he wrote some essays for Song and followed him to Wuchang. Li Bai was highly valued under Song Ruosi, and recommended to the court again in the name of Song Dynasty, hoping to be appointed by the court again. Eventually, he was convicted of participating in the patrol of Yongwang Cave (now Tongzi, Guizhou). Du Fu is forty-six. In April, he escaped from the thief camp and lived in Yu Fengxiang, where he was picked up by Zuo. ?
In the first year of Gan Yuan (758), Shi Siming rebelled in April. In May, Su Zong was appointed Prime Minister Zhang Gao and appointed as the secretariat of Jingzhou. In December, Shi Siming captured Weizhou (now southern Hebei Province). Li Bai is fifty-eight years old. From Xunyang, Li Bai began a long-term relationship, and his wife and brother were reluctant to send each other away. Late spring and early summer. Pass through Cisayi (now east of Wuchang County), go to Jiangxia, visit Li Yong's former residence, climb the Yellow Crane Tower and overlook Nautilus Island. Autumn to Jiangling, winter into the Three Gorges. Du Fu is 47 years old, and he joined the army as the Four Duke of Huazhou.
8. End with a song
In the second year of Gan Yuan (759), the court announced an amnesty for the drought in Guanzhong, stipulating that all the deceased were pardoned from Xixi and below. After a long wandering, Li Bai was finally free. He immediately descended from the Yangtze River, and the famous song "Send Baidicheng Early" best reflected his mood at that time. In Jiangxia, Li Bai stayed for a while because his old friend Liang Zai was a local satrap. In the second year of Gan Yuan, at the invitation of a friend, Li Bai once again went boating with the demoted Jia Zhi to enjoy the moon in Dongting Lake, thinking about ancient love and expressing his feelings with poetry. Soon, he returned to the old places of Xuancheng and Jinling. For almost two years, he shuttled between the two places and still lived on people.
In the second year of Shangyuan (76 1), Li Bai, who was in his early sixties, returned to Jinling due to illness. In Jinling, his life was rather embarrassing, so he had to go to his uncle Li, who was the county magistrate of dangtu county.
In the third year of Shangyuan (762), Li Bai was seriously ill. On his deathbed, he gave the manuscript to Li, wrote "The Last Song" and died.
There have always been different opinions about the death of Li Bai. Generally speaking, there are three ways to die: one is drunk, the other is sick, and the third is drowning. The first way to die is found in Old Tang Shu, which says that Li Bai "died of drunkenness in Xuancheng because of excessive drinking"; The second way to die is also found in other official history or textual research by experts and scholars. It is said that when Li Guangbi Dongzhen was near the Huaihe River, Li Bai, regardless of the age of 6 1, heard the news and went to kill the enemy. He hoped to try his best to save the nation and survive in his twilight years, and returned home due to illness. He died of illness in Dangtu county magistrate and the most famous seal writer Li in the Tang Dynasty. The third law of death often appears in folklore, which is very romantic. Li Bai was drinking on the Dangtu River and drowned because he jumped into the water drunk to catch the moon, which is very in line with the poet's character. But no matter which way you die, it is directly related to your participation in the rebellion and uprising in Lilin, Wang Yong. It is an indisputable fact that Li Bai exiled Yelang shortly after he was pardoned, ending his legendary and bumpy life.
Third, the achievement of characters.
1, poetry
Summary: Li Bai has the highest achievements in Yuefu, Gexing and Jueju. His songs completely broke all the inherent forms of poetry creation, with no one to rely on and many strokes, reaching the magical realm of vagaries and swaying. Li Bai's quatrains are natural and lively, elegant and chic, and can express endless feelings in concise and lively language. Among the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Wang Wei and Meng Haoran were good at the Five Wonders, while Wang Changling and others wrote the Seven Wonders well. Li Bai is the only one who is good at both the Five Odds and the Seven Odds.
Li Bai's poems are magnificent and elegant, and his artistic achievements are extremely high. He eulogized the mountains, rivers and beautiful natural scenery of the motherland, with bold and unrestrained style, elegant and fresh, full of romantic spirit, and achieved the unity of content and art, so he was called the "fallen fairy". His poems mainly described the mountains and rivers and expressed his inner feelings. Li Bai's poems have the artistic charm of "the pen is shaken by the wind and rain, and the poem makes the gods cry", which is also the most distinctive artistic feature in his poems. Li Bai's poems are full of self-expression and subjective lyricism, and the expression of feelings is overwhelming. He and Du Fu are called "Big Du Li" (Li Shangyin and Du Mu are called "Little Du Li").
In Li Bai's poems, imagination, exaggeration, metaphor and personification are often used comprehensively to produce magical brilliance and magnificent artistic conception, which is the reason why Li Bai's romantic poems give people heroic, unrestrained, elegant and immortal.
Li Bai's poems and songs had a far-reaching influence on later generations. Han Yu, Meng Jiao and Li He in the middle Tang Dynasty, Su Shi, Lu You and Xin Qiji in the Song Dynasty, Gao Qi, Yang Shen and Gong Zizhen in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were all greatly influenced by Li Bai's poems.
(1) style:
Bold and unrestrained, fresh and elegant, rich in imagination, wonderful in artistic conception, wonderful in language, romantic and clear in artistic conception.
Li Bai lived in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He has a heroic personality and loves the mountains and rivers of the motherland. He traveled all over the country and wrote many magnificent poems praising famous mountains and rivers. His poems are bold, fresh and elegant, with rich imagination, wonderful artistic conception and light language. People call him "Poet Fairy". Li Bai's poems and songs not only have typical romantic spirit, but also have typical romantic artistic characteristics from the aspects of image shaping, material intake, genre selection and the application of various artistic techniques.
Li Bai successfully shaped himself in his poems, expressed himself strongly, and highlighted the unique personality of the lyric hero, so his poems have distinct romantic characteristics. He likes to express himself in a magnificent image, expressing his feelings in his poems without disguise or restraint. For power, he "holds a chrysanthemum and stirs two thousand stones" (one of the two songs "Send Cui Shiyu after Drunk"); Seeing the hard work of the working people, he was "heartbroken like rain". When the country was destroyed and the people perished, he vowed to cross the river to clear the Central Plains. Draw a sword and hit the front column, and the sad song is hard to recover "("South Ben Shu Huai "), so impassioned; When drinking heartily with friends, "two people fall in love, one cup after another." I'm drunk and want to sleep. The Ming Dynasty intends to hold the piano ("Mountain Lovers"), which is so naive and straightforward. In a word, his poems vividly show his bold character and bold image.
Boldness is the main feature of Li Bai's poems. In addition to the factors of ideological character and talent, the artistic expression and genre structure used in Li Bai's poems are also important reasons for his bold and elegant style. Being good at relying on imagination and being subjective and objective are the important characteristics of romantic artistic techniques in Li Bai's poems. Almost every article has imagination, and some even use a variety of imagination throughout. Realistic things, natural landscapes, myths and legends, historical allusions and dreamland have all become the media of his imagination. With the help of imagination, we often transcend time and space, interweave reality with dreams and fairyland, and interweave nature with human society to reproduce objective reality. The images in his works are not the direct reflection of objective reality, but the externalization of his inner subjective world, which is the truth of art.
One of the artistic techniques of romanticism in Li Bai's poems is to skillfully combine personification with metaphor, empathize with things and compare things with people. Another romantic artistic technique in Li Bai's poems is to grasp a certain feature of things and boldly imagine and exaggerate on the basis of real life. His exaggeration is not only strange in imagination, but also always combined with concrete things, so natural and unobtrusive; So bold, true and credible, it has played a role in highlighting the image and strengthening feelings. Sometimes he combines bold exaggeration with sharp contrast to enhance the artistic effect by increasing artistic contrast.
Li Bai's best genre is seven-character poems and quatrains. Li Bai's seven-character song also adopts the structure of opening, closing, jumping and swinging. The beginning of a poem is often abrupt, such as a sudden surge, while the middle image of the poem is abrupt, often omitting the transitional care, as if there is no trace to follow, and the end of the poem comes to an abrupt end at the emotional climax.
Li Bai's quatrains of five or seven words can better represent the fresh and lively style of his poems. For example, the beauty of "Come to Baidicheng early", "Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou" and "Thinking of a Quiet Night" lies in "only looking at the prospect and oral language, but there are overtones and foreign flavors that keep people away." (On Talking about Poetry).
(2) Language:
The language of Li Bai's poetry, some fresh as spoken language, some bold, informal and close to prose, is unified in the natural beauty of "clear water produces hibiscus, natural carving" This is related to his conscious pursuit of natural beauty. He inherited Chen Ziang's literary thought and took it as his duty to restore the tradition of poetry and Sao. He once said, "Since Liang Chen, Yan Bo has been extremely thin, and Shen Xiuwen still pays attention to temperament and must go back to the ancients, not me but who?" (Bai Meng's "Gao Yi") He advocates "halal" and satirizes the ugly girl who is "naive" and learns from Handan. The natural beauty of his poetic language is the result of his careful study of folk songs and his understanding of popular characteristics, which is clear as words, popular and vivid.
(3) representative works:
When you enter the wine, it's difficult to get through the Shu Road. You dream of climbing Mount Tianmu, thinking at night, looking at Lushan Waterfall, chivalry, thinking in spring, and Qiu Ge at midnight.
2. Cifu
Most of Li Bai's poems handed down today come from Zungan Collection. However, the debate about the authenticity of Li Bai's Ci may continue because the date of completion and authenticity of Zungan Collection itself are questioned. According to the general view in the field of ci poetry, at least the first four poems of Bodhisattva Man Mo Mo Zhi Nv, E Yan and Qing Ping Le should be regarded as Li Bai's works, but the Song people have not found strong evidence for this view.
Whether Li Bai wrote ci or not, "Li Bai's ci" has become a synonym, representing an insurmountable peak. Whether these words were written by Li Bai or not is a secondary matter. In terms of pioneering significance and artistic achievements, "Li Bai's Ci" enjoys a high position in the history of Ci. This position is just like the position of ancient Greek mythology in western art. As an unattainable norm, "Ci of Li Bai" has become an eternal idol in people's hearts.
Li Bai is in a pioneering position in the study of Ci, which is the * * * knowledge of poets. Even if all the "Li Bai's Ci" handed down from generation to generation are indeed forgeries and do not belong to the ci style, Li Bai is still an indispensable link in the development chain of ci style. Without this link, it is impossible to fully explain the development history of ci style. Li Bai will never be forgotten from the collection of flowers in the late Tang and Five Dynasties. In all the anthologies and collections of Tang and Song Ci, at least one sentence should be mentioned in the preface and postscript. As the first great poet in the history of literature, although the copyright of only a few poems is often questioned, no one has ever expressed any dissatisfaction or criticism to him.
3. Calligraphy
Shangjietie is a cursive script with four words and four lines written by Li Bai, and it is also the only authentic calligraphy handed down from generation to generation. Paper, 28.5 cm long and 38. 1 cm wide. The cursive script has 5 lines and 25 words. The secretary uses the word "Taibai". Quoting the title of "Qinglian Han Yi" in the regular script of Emperor Li Hong, Emperor Gaozong of Qing Dynasty, the title of "Tang Li Taibai Shangjie" is engraved on the upper right of the text, and the title is Song Huizong Evonne Bojinshu. , Yan,, Du Ben, Ouyang Xuan,,, Qi Lu, Qing Ganlong and others wrote and watched. Before and after the volume, there are Zi Gu and Dong Zhai of Zhao in Song Dynasty, Chou He's book of Jia Sidao, Zhang Qian's private seal in Yuan Dynasty, Ouyang Xuan's seal in Ming Dynasty, and the collections and seals of Xiang, Heqing, Neifu and modern Zhang Boju in Qing Dynasty.
Step 4: fence
Li Bai is not only brilliant in literary talent, but also likes fencing. He is "fifteen good swordsmanship" and "swordsmanship self-study". Li Bai's poems, Pei Minzhi's swordsmanship and Zhang Xu's cursive script are collectively called the three wonders of the Tang Dynasty.
According to statistics, the word "sword" appeared 107 times in Li Bai's Poems of the Whole Tang Dynasty, except that "Jiange" appeared three times as a place name and "Sword Wall" appeared 1 time, the weapon "sword" still appeared 103 times. The spear of the sword appeared once, Wu Gou once, Wu Hong once, Zhan Lu once, Ganjiang once, Mo Xie once, Qingping twice, Qiulian twice, first frost twice and dagger three times. The word * * * appears 1 18 times in total (including Frost and Snow in Wu Gou, Sword in Idle Zhanlu, Sword Flower Hà Thu Out of the Box, My Wife's Evil Sword and My Family's Green Ping Sword once each), which is distributed in 106 poems, about.
Step 5 think
In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the national strength was strong, and most scholars were eager to make contributions. Li Bai prides himself on being an unrivaled talent, boasting of the achievement of "strengthening his wisdom, assisting his wishes, making the Atlas area big and the sea and county clear", and unswervingly pursuing the ideal of "laughing and laughing, enjoying Li Yuan" and "enjoying the country at last" all his life. He compared himself with Dapeng, Tianma and Xiong Jian: "Dapeng rises with the wind one day and soars in Wan Li. If the wind stops, it can still lift away the raging water. " ("Li Shangyong"). He hopes to be a wise monarch like Jiang Shang and restore the Han Dynasty like Zhuge Liang. Liang's Yin Fu, Reading Biographies of Zhuge Wuhou, Braving Wang Dong and Difficult to Go to Heaven (Part Two) all reflect his thoughts. At that time, Zhao Kun, a famous strategist, was Li Bai's teacher. In the fourth year of Kaiyuan (7 16), he wrote ten volumes of long and short classics. Li Bai was only fifteen years old. Zhao Kun's strategic works, which studied the similarities and differences of the Six Classics, analyzed the situation in the world, emphasized the way of rise and fall, and managed chaos, aroused Li Bai's great interest. He is bent on making contributions in the future and likes to talk about the way of Wang Ba, which is also influenced by this book.
Li Bai felt that relying on his own talents, he could "go out and make friends with the prince in peace, and flee to overlook the bird's nest" (Preface to Send Swallow Garden to Hide the Fairy City Mountain). He cast a strong contempt for those powerful people who enjoy high positions and high salaries by virtue of their family background, showing a proud and unyielding character. He despised the feudal hierarchy, was unwilling to flatter, and disdained to rise and fall with customs. The darkness of reality disillusioned his ideal, and he was suffocated by the shackles of feudal ethical hierarchy. He longed for the freedom and liberation of his personality, so he adopted a wild and uninhibited attitude towards life to get rid of the shackles and strive for freedom. Its manifestation is binge drinking and singing, seeking immortality and learning Taoism. But wine can't relieve worries, and the immortal is more ethereal, so he praised the beautiful nature as the ideal sustenance and the embodiment of freedom "according to the unchangeable habit of my life" (Lushan Ballad). Mount Emei, Huashan, Lushan, Taishan, Huangshan, etc. It is majestic in his works, full of clouds and streams; The rushing Yellow River and the surging Yangtze River swept away everything in the works, showing the poet's unruly character and strong desire to break through the fetters.
Li Bai has a proud and secular side, and his ideals and freedom can only be found in Shan Ye, Wonderland, and his hometown where he is drunk and dreaming. Therefore, in his poems such as Into the Wine, Songs on the River, and Songs of Xiangyang, he reveals the dream-like thoughts of living, eating and drinking, and escaping from reality, which is also representative among upright and upright literati in feudal society.
Fourth, anecdotes and allusions.
1, name source
Li's "Qinglian Jushi" is based on the "Qinglian" Buddhist scripture in Vimalakīrti Classic, which shows Li Bai's respect for Buddhism and longing for life style. Li Baiyuan's name of "violet" and the introduction of "violet" into poetry have their own origins, both of which were inherited from the Six Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties. "Qinglian layman" is Li Bai's external identity beyond his inner Buddhist feelings. In the genealogy of Mahayana Buddhism, Li Bai reveres Vimalakīrti the most and even compares himself with it. From the analysis of his works handed down from ancient times, Li Bai's belief in the late Wei Dynasty mainly highlights the spiritual connotation of "going to restaurants to make a career" in Convenient Goods in Beijing. ? Li Bai's frequent use of Buddhist vocabulary shows one of his Buddhist accomplishments. In fact, Li Bai did not have any knowledge of Buddhist scriptures, but read and studied them carefully. Among Li Bai, there is a monk, that is, his nephew and monk Zhongfu. The monk crouches in the middle, which is one of the most important monks to associate with Li Bai. In many of Li Bai's poems, the scene of getting along with him is mentioned, which is very clear, drinking tea. Li Bai described in the poem "To the Duke of Monk Cliff" that he had studied Zen in Langya East. By practicing meditation, Li Bai reduced the pressure on his body and mind, and achieved the effect of "being alone and thanking the foul gas". ?
2. Li Bai put pen to paper.
On the east side of the Yellow Crane Tower Park, there is a pavilion called "Stop Writing Pavilion", which is named after "Cui Hao writes poetry and Li Bai stops writing". Cui Hao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, boarded the Yellow Crane Tower to enjoy the scenery and wrote a masterpiece handed down from generation to generation: "In ancient times, yellow cranes carried saints to heaven, but today there is no Yellow Crane Tower. The yellow crane never revisited earth, there have been no long white clouds for thousands of years. Every tree in Hanyang has become clear due to sunlight, and Nautilus Island is covered with sweet grass. But I looked home, the twilight was getting thicker, and the river waves were filled with sad mist. "
Later, Li Bai also boarded the Yellow Crane Tower and looked at Chutian. He is open-minded and poetic. When he was about to start writing poems, he saw Cui Hao's poems. He felt ashamed and had to say, "I smashed the Yellow Crane Tower with one punch and kicked Nautilus Island with one foot. I can't see the scenery in front of me, and Cui Hao wrote a poem on it. " I stopped writing. Young Ding laughed at Li Bai: "The Yellow Crane Tower is still intact, but it can't be beaten." Li Bai also explained in a poem: "It's really a disaster. It was only because the yellow Crane Immortal cried to the Jade Emperor that the Yellow Crane Tower was rebuilt, and the yellow Crane Immortal returned upstairs. "
In fact, Li Bai's love for the Yellow Crane Tower is hard to find. He is passionate and even called it "one guest in Qingyun, three guests in Yellow Crane Tower". Mountains and rivers depend on humanity. Cui Hao wrote poetry, while Li Bai put pen to paper. Since then, the name of the Yellow Crane Tower has become more prominent. Later, when Li Bai boarded the Phoenix Terrace behind the Yellow Crane Tower in Nanjing, he also wrote: "The phoenixes who used to play here named this place after them, and now they have abandoned it on this desolate river. Martial arts flowers were laid on deserted paths, and the number of relatives and friends in the Jin Dynasty has become a famine. The mountains are shrouded in clouds, such as blue sky, and the river is divided into two. A cloud rises between the light of heaven and me, hiding his city from my melancholy heart. "
3. Write poems for Huai Su.
Cursive Song is a poem written by Li Bai, a poet in Tang Dynasty, praising Huai Su's cursive art and Huai Su's "cursive is the best in the world", calling it the best in the world. In his poems, Li Bai vividly reproduces the scene of Huai Su's wanton publicity and graffiti after drunkenness with his romantic style, strange imagination and extremely exaggerated artistic techniques, and shows Huai Su's extremely flamboyant personality in detail and vividly. Huai Su's wild and unrestrained passion is vivid in Li Bai's works, which all touches the readers' emotions. This poem has important reference value for future generations to study Huai Su's cursive art.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) Character works:
1, Jingyesi
The foot of my bed is shining so brightly. Is there frost already?
I looked up at the moon and looked down, feeling nostalgic.
2. Look at Lushan Waterfall
The purple mist is illuminated by sunlight, and the waterfall hangs in front of the mountain.
On the high cliff, it seems to be thousands of feet high, which makes people think that the Milky Way has fallen from heaven to earth.
3. Early Baidu City
Early in the morning, I bid farewell to Jiangling city, which is high into the sky, thousands of miles away, and the boat is only one day away.
The cries of apes on both sides of the strait are still unconsciously crowing in their ears, and the canoe has passed the heavy green hills.
4, "will enter the wine"
Have you ever noticed how the water of the Yellow River flows out of heaven and into the ocean, never to return?
Have you noticed that the lovely hair in the bright mirror in the high room, although it is silky black in the morning, has turned into snow at night.
Oh, let a man with spirit take risks where he wants to go, and never point his golden cup at the moon empty! .
Since God has given talents, let them be used! As for the money, although it is scattered, it will get together again.
Cook a sheep, kill a cow, sharpen your appetite, and let me, 300 bowls, take a big drink! .
Master Cen, Dan Qiusheng can drink and drink endlessly.
Let me sing you a song! Please listen to me.
What are bells and drums, delicacies and treasures? I hope I will never wake up.
Ancient sober people and sages were forgotten, and only great drinkers can be immortalized.
Chen bought a barrel of wine with 10 thousand gold coins at a banquet in the temple, and everyone laughed and said one-liners
Why do you say, my master, your money is gone? , to buy wine, we drink together! .
Five flower horses, Hsi Chin, give them to the boy in exchange for good wine. Whatever you want, sell eternal sorrow.
5. It's hard to go
The cost of pure wine is a gold cup, 10 thousand copper coins and a hip flask, and I am ashamed of 10 thousand yuan.
I threw the food bar and cup aside. I couldn't eat or drink. I pulled out my dagger. I peeped in four directions in vain.
I want to cross the Yellow River, but ice will block the ferry and Taihang Mountain will be covered with snow.
I will sit on a fishing rod and lean lazily by the stream, but I suddenly dream of sailing a boat towards the sun.
Travel is hard. Travel is hard. Don't go astray! Where to go today.
One day, I will ride the wind and waves, raise the Yun Fan and cross the sea.