First, take the totem worship of ancestors as the surname.
Some have evolved from totems, such as bears, horses, cows, sheep, dragons, phoenixes, mountains, water, flowers and leaves. Due to the age, there is no evidence to test in prehistoric times, and I don't know which surnames originated from totem worship. . The Yellow Emperor and Chiyou fought in the land of Zhuolu, and once cited "bear, black, raccoon, raccoon and tiger". These "bears, scorpions, raccoons and tigers" may be the names of totem clans. However, it is difficult to find out which of these clan names have been handed down and become the surnames of their descendants.
Second, take the words in ancestors' names as surnames.
For example, in the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhou Lingwang had a son named "Prince Nianfu", and the descendants of Nianfu took the word "Nian" in his name as their surname. Similarly, it also includes animal husbandry, end, Chang, Kong, Lian, Le, Ge and senior surnames.
Third, take the fief name and country name as surnames.
Song, for example, comes from the surname Zi. According to the Book of the Tang Dynasty: Descendants of Prime Ministers, after the Duke of Zhou put down the rebellion in Wu Kang in the tenth century BC, Wei was sealed in Song Dynasty, and his son and grandson took the original country name "Song" as their surname. Similar surnames include Zhao, Wu, Zheng, Chen, Wei, Jiang, Shen, Han, Qin, Xu, Lu, Qi, Xie, Zou, Bai, Zhang, Su, Pan, Ge, Fan, Peng, Lu, Wei, Miao, Ren and Liu.
Fourth, take occupation or official position as the surname.
For example, Stuart was an official name in ancient times. It is said that it was established during the Yao and Shun Dynasties and lasted until the Qin and Han Dynasties. The descendants of this official position take the official name as their surname. In addition, Sikong and Sima also belong to this situation.
Fifth, take the name of mountains and rivers as the surname.
Such as Joe's, bear's. After the death of the Yellow Emperor, he was buried in Qiao Shan. Among the descendants of the Yellow Emperor, the guardian of the mausoleum took Lingshan "Bridge" as his surname, and later generations took wood as "Joe". There is also a man named Jiang, who lives because of Shennong and Yandi, and some of his descendants take Jiang as their surname.
Sixth, take the residence as the surname.
For example, Dong Guo and Guo refer to a wall built outside the ancient city. Dongguo is near the east wall of the outer city. Some descendants of Qi Huangong lived in the east and west of Linzi City, and were called Doctor Dongguo. Later generations took Dong Guo as their surname. Similarly, there is the East Gate. Duke Zhuang of Lu had a son named Childe Sui and Xiang Zhong. He lives next to the East Gate of Qufu City, and his name is Xiang Zhong. Later, he took Dongmen as his surname. In addition, there is the West Gate. During the Spring and Autumn Period, there lived a public doctor near the west gate of the capital of Qi and Zheng, who called it the west gate, and later people took it as their surname.
Seventh, take the tribal name as the surname.
Such as the compound surnames Hu Yan, Murong, Yuwen, Wei Chi, etc. all belong to this situation.
Eighth. Take the eyesight at birth as the surname.
For example, Wu, Zhou's son was born with a palm print of "Wu", so he was given the surname Wu.
Ninth, take posthumous title as the surname.
The so-called "scholar" is the title given by emperors, nobles and ministers after their death according to their deeds before their death. Such as Mu surname and Wen surname. Sun Tianwen, Qi Weiwang, no, Meng Changjun. After that, he fled to Wei, and after his death, he entered posthumous title. In addition, the surname Kang also belongs to this situation.
Tenth, change the surname because of avoiding disaster, hatred, taboo and suspicion.
Such as Gui surname and Tian surname. Huang Zicheng's descendants changed their surnames to Tian for avoiding disaster.
Eleventh, the emperor gave the surname.
Such as Jin, Liu and Zheng. Ma, the eunuch of the Ming Dynasty, was given the surname Zheng by Emperor Yongle, so Ma changed his surname to "Zheng He".
Twelfth, take quantifiers, ranking order and heavenly stems and earthly branches as surnames.
Such as wan surname, c surname, etc.
Thirteenth, ethnic minorities change their surnames.
Such as Yuan. Among the ethnic minorities who use Han surnames, there are also famous Li Keyong and Li. Li Keyong, the son of the leader of Shatuo clan, led Shatuo to help Tang break Chang 'an in Huang Chao, appointed me as the ambassador to Hedong, and made him King of Jin. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, his surname was Li, and he set out to establish the post-Tang Dynasty.
Fourteenth, Han people changed their surnames to ethnic minorities.
During the Liao, Xia, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, many Han people changed their surnames to ethnic minorities.
Fifthly, the surnames of some ethnic minorities.
The Manchu has Mukun organization, which is the basic blood organization that constitutes Manchu society. Mukun is made up of one or several families. Tongmukun has only one surname; Several Mu Kun of the same clan were given several Han surnames. For example, Wu Mukun in Wu Yashi takes Wu, Mu, Bao, Huang and Shao as surnames respectively; Four Mukun of Ningguta family took Liu and Ning as their surnames; Tu is the surname of a branch of the Xitala family (now Yongling Town, Xinbin County), and Zhu is the surname of Mu Kun who lives in Shengjing.
Zhuang people are patrilineal, and their children take their father's surname. The daughter must add a double surname after taking the photo, that is, the husband's surname comes first and the father's surname comes last. For example, if the husband's surname is Mo and the father's surname is Luo, it is called "Mo Roche". This is the same as the old customs of Han nationality such as Zhang and Li.
Sixteenth, it is easy to pronounce the wrong surname.
Chinese characters have polyphonic characters and archaic sounds, which are easily misunderstood as surnames.
Wan Yi, pronounced "Mochi", is often misunderstood as "longevity".
Area, pronounced not u (ou), is often pronounced as "area" (q ū).
Black, pronounced hè (he), is often misunderstood as "hēi".
Gai, pronounced as gě (Ge), is often pronounced as "Gai".
Check, which means to check, means to read chá, but as a surname, read zhā, and the martial arts novelist Jin Yong's real name is Cha Liang Yong.
Teaching means pronouncing jiāo when teaching or teaching, and pronouncing Jiío when taking a surname.
Ren, the original meaning is trust, responsibility, any meaning, reading Ren. As a surname, pronounced as é n, the representative figure is Ren Bishi, a revolutionary of the older generation.
Zēng means to read Zeng without this meaning, and to read Zeng if you are a surname. In ancient times, there was Ceng Gong, one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties", and Zeng Guofan, a famous minister in Qing Dynasty.
Miao originally meant to be repaired. For example, when it was used for "preparing for a rainy day", it was pronounced as móu, but when it was used as a surname, it was pronounced as miào, and the representative figure was Miao, a famous court painter in the late Qing Dynasty.
Sound, originally meant as light, is pronounced as silence, but as a surname, it is pronounced as. The earliest known printed "Hundred Family Names" was published in Yuan Dynasty (A.D.14th century), based on the correspondence between Chinese characters and Mongolian characters in pronunciation and strokes. However, the Yuan version was not complete, and the long-standing hundred surnames were not completely included until the Ming Dynasty.
By the end of the Qing Dynasty, there was another book about hundred surnames-Augmenting Hundred Surnames. This version has both words and pictures. In addition to recording the names of historical celebrities and their families, there are images of people at the top of each page. The lower part of each page is a short sentence consisting of four words or surnames, which reads like four poems.