Sleeping ancient books

1in April, 960, a group of large mosaic brick-printed murals were excavated in a tomb of a noble in the Southern Dynasty at the northern foot of Gongshan Mountain in Xishan Bridge, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. The whole painting is made up of 648 rectangular blue bricks, divided into two pieces, left and right, symmetrically distributed on the north and south walls of the main room, each piece is 244 cm long and 88 cm high. There are eight people in the painting, and their names are all engraved on the side. From the outside to the inside, the south wall is Ji Kang, Ruan Ji and He, and the north wall is Xiang Xiu, (Ling), Ruan Xian and Rong Qi. The characters are separated by the same tree with two branches, and there are ten trees. Among them, except for the famous hermits in the Spring and Autumn Period, seven people were the so-called "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest" in ancient times. Therefore, this painting was later named "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest and (and) Glorious Period". This brick painting is the earliest existing picture of seven sages of bamboo forest in China, and it is also one of the most exquisite brick paintings, and is known as the treasure of Nanjing Museum. "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest and the Brilliant Period" painted the south wall, the north wall 1 and the bamboo forest "without bamboo"? In the painting, the seven sages of the bamboo forest sit on the floor, or indulge in drinking, or play the piano and recite poems, all of which show the romantic style of the literati. This is also consistent with the historical facts recorded in Shi Shuo Xin Yu, such as "there are often seven people gathered under the bamboo forest, and they are happy". Surprisingly, however, bamboo was not found in this brick painting and other brick paintings with the theme of "Seven Sages and Prosperity" unearthed in subsequent tombs. It's either willow or broad-leaved trees. Even Sun Wei, a painter in the Tang Dynasty, didn't see bamboo in his novel Gao, which featured seven sages of bamboo forest. This mystery has aroused widespread concern in academic circles. 1983, Mr. Song published "Essays on Brick Paintings of Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", arguing that it doesn't matter whether there is bamboo: I don't think it matters whether there are seven sages of bamboo forest. Dr. Gao (local) made a systematic study on this group of brick paintings (reference 1). She thinks that Xu Shen interprets "bamboo" as "winter grass" in Shuo Wen Jie Zi. The word "bamboo forest" in Han Dynasty can be seen in ancient books. The fifty-seven volumes of Hanshu contain the records that "the audience enjoys the trees and the bamboo forest enjoys the hazel" and "the jade cup is full of dew, and the bamboo forest is clear". In this period, the meaning of "bamboo forest" is a forest composed of "winter grass". The statement of "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest" was earlier seen in the Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Wang Shen. Pei Songzhi's Note: Wei's Spring and Autumn Annals said that Kang lived in Shanyang County, Hanoi, but his companions did not enjoy it. With Ruan Ji, Hanoi, Henan Xiangxiu, Zixian, Lang Xie and Pei Lingxiang, he swam among bamboo forests and was known as the Seven Sages. "Tao Yuanming's collection also mentioned that" * * * is a bamboo forest, and the world number is seven sages of bamboo forest ". It can be seen that the "bamboo forest" expressed in the Western Jin Dynasty is only a kind of forest, and it has no deep meaning. According to scholars' research, a large area of economic bamboo forest was planted in the southern foot of Taihang Mountain in Shanyang County (now Jiaozuo City), where the Seven Sages lived and lived. Records of the Historian and Biography of Huo Zhi also recorded "a thousand acres of bamboo in Weichuan". "Bamboo grove" may be another name for this area. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, with the extensive attention and admiration of scholars, "bamboo forest" began to refer to "seven sages" in general. For example, "Wen Xin Diao Long" said that "the bamboo forest is not dusty, and the name is envied and degraded". Second, the evolution of the image of "bamboo forest" In the early years, Mr. Chen put forward the saying that "there were seven sages first, and then there were bamboo forests". He believed that the word "bamboo forest" originated in the late Western Jin Dynasty and was another name for Buddhism to live in seclusion. "* * * made a bamboo forest tour" was coined by a busybody in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. However, in the search for Buddhist translations, from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Western Jin Dynasty, most of the places where Sakyamuni gave lectures were translated into "bamboo gardens". After the spread of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest" in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the proportion of Buddhist scriptures translated into "bamboo forest" increased greatly, and the translation of Buddhist scriptures was mainly based on "bamboo forest" in the future. Judging from this, the bamboo forest here should have nothing to do with Buddhism. After the fame of the seven sages of bamboo forest was broadcast, the relationship between the seven sages of bamboo forest and the seven sages of bamboo forest became closer and closer, even referring to each other. "Xia Lu" once said, "The Seven Sages Bamboo Forest is now Xiuwu County, Huaizhou. When you first want to avoid the world, you name it. " The title of "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest" has been passed down to this day. In Chou Ying's Seven Sages in the Bamboo Forest in the Ming Dynasty, the sages were drinking and writing poems in the bamboo forest. During the period of "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest" (Chou Ying in Ming Dynasty), the image of "Bamboo" also changed greatly. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there appeared a poem of "chanting bamboo" represented by Xie Tiao. Since then, bamboo has gradually broken away from the early image of being obedient to a concubine and worrying about a woman, and has become a symbol of arrogance, extravagance and uprightness, representing the loyal and noble gentleman character of China literati and becoming one of the "four gentlemen in flowers". Blue Bamboo Map (Zheng Banqiao, Qing Dynasty) 3. What's interesting about Scholars under the Forest is that there is also a record in Shi Shuo Xin Yu, which puts forward the saying of "Scholars under the Forest": Scholars under the Forest have their own talents, and their books are vast and generous. Kang Zishao, Qingyuan Yazheng. Tao Zijian digs Gao Su. Xian Zizhan, who is vain and ambitious, looks forward to his brother's wealth and leaves a lot of things behind. Xiuzi is pure and caring, which gives Shu a clean stream. Zi Rong Bay, a wind of great success, no show seedlings. Only children are ignorant. All these philosophers only expect the crown. Shao and Jane also saw the importance of the present age. It is not difficult to find that the "wise men under the forest" and the "seven sages of bamboo forest" here refer to exactly the same objects: Ruan Ji, Ji Kang, Dan Tao, Ruan Xian, Xiang Xiu, Wang Rong and Liu Ling. In other words, at that time, the world also called the "seven sages in the bamboo forest" the "sages under the forest". The image of "under the forest" is also mentioned in Answer to Liu's adherents in the Eastern Jin Dynasty: once the ambition of fleeing is realized, it marks more vulgar beauty, independence and happiness. The collection of every sentence is not far from the elegant chanting in the forest, high and leisurely, clear and unfinished, thick and self-protective. The adherents of Liu (part of the Atlas of Bailian School in the American Metropolitan Museum of Fine Arts) associate "elegant singing under the forest", and its connotation is not only elegant under the forest, but also the pursuit of seclusion, vulgarity, independence and carefree beauty, which is in line with the temperament of the seven sages of the bamboo forest, quite similar to Shi Shuo Xin Yu. In Zhao Lun Shu written by Shi Yuankang in the Tang Dynasty, it was interpreted as "Yu Lin's elegant leisure. In the Jin Dynasty, there were Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Ruan Xian, Wang Rong, Xiang Embroidery and Liu Ling. It is located in hidden mountains and bamboo forests. Don't serve the prince, be noble. This is called Gong Liu. " Obviously, the meaning of forest is equivalent to bamboo forest. The implication of the coincidence of "under the forest" and "bamboo forest" has become one of the common images of literati. For example, the last four sentences in Bao Zhao's Mid-Autumn Festival in the Garden say, "If you don't know the tune when you sing, who will be happy with?". It is obvious that the inner temperament of Under the Forest and Bamboo Forest is the same or similar. The argument about why there is no bamboo in the brick painting of Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest and Rongqi Period is essentially to sort out the relationship between Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest and Bamboo Forest. Whether bamboo forest is used as an alias for the place name at that time or called "the wise men under the forest", we can find that the internal characteristics and connotation of "the seven wise men of bamboo forest" have not changed because of this, and their focus is not on "bamboo", but on the literati temperament of "teaching is more important than sex". It was the seven sages who gave bamboo a new soul, not putting the cart before the horse. References: 1, Wang Kexin: Why there is no bamboo without eight sages —— A restricted view of brick paintings in the period of seven sages and Rong Qi, China Fine Arts, 20 12. 2. Wang Han: "Why there is no bamboo in the portrait brick of the Seven Sages under the bamboo forest in the Southern Dynasties", Image History, 2017,02. 3. Lu Hongping: On the dynamic generation process of the title of "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", Journal of Fudan University (Social Science Edition), 2012,04. (Author: Zheng Da Songyang National Society of Haoran Literature and History) This article is an original work of Haoran Literature and History Science from the media, and it is forbidden to reprint it without authorization! The pictures used in this article are all from the Internet unless otherwise specified. If there is any infringement, please contact the author to delete it. Thank you!