16 16 years (forty-four years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty), Nurhachi established a dynasty called Khan, whose name was Daikin and its capital was Hetuala (later renamed Xingjing, in Xinbin County, Liaoning Province, China).
1636 (the ninth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty), Huang Taiji changed his title to Qing, changed his yuan to worship Germany and proclaimed himself emperor.
1644, the peasant army led by Li Zicheng captured Beijing, Emperor Chongzhen committed suicide in the Ming Dynasty, and Li Zicheng established Dashun in Beijing.
The Qing army surrendered to Wu Sangui and defeated the peasant army in Li Zicheng under his leadership. Then Dourgen welcomed the emperor shunzhi into the customs and moved the capital to Beijing.
19 1 1 (Xuantong three years) After the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, various provinces successively declared independence.
The Qing Emperor Puyi abdicated in 19 12, and the Qing Dynasty officially perished.
After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, * * * experienced ten emperors for 268 years.
The territory of Qing dynasty
In the early Qing Dynasty, China, the largest country in Asia, crossed the Green Ridge in the west, Lake Dabakash in the northwest, Siberia in the north, the Outer Xing 'an Mountains and Sakhalin Island in the northeast, the Pacific Ocean in the east, Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated islands such as Diaoyu Island and chiwei yu in the southeast, and the South China Sea Islands in the south.
The history of Qing dynasty
The establishment of post-Jin regime
The Nuzhen nationality, the predecessor of Manchu, has been living in Manchuria, which is the northeast of China today.
During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty wanted to suppress the remnants of the Northern Yuan Dynasty, so the Ming Dynasty set up the Far East command post in Manchuria and began to control the tribes of the Jurchen Department.
Jurchen Meng Gomel (the sixth ancestor of Nurhachi) was the commander-in-chief of statehood in the Ming Dynasty. The northern tribes are powerful and oppress the south to establish a state.
Timur Mungo was killed, and the Ministry of Jianzhou was forced to move south, and finally settled in Hetuala.
After Jianzhou moved to the south, it kept close contact with the Central Plains, the social productivity was significantly improved, the economy was prosperous, and the Eight Banners system was established immediately. At this time, it was Nurhachi who was the leader of the state-building department of the Ming Dynasty.
1583 (in the 11th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty), Nuerhachi took attacking the seal as the commander-in-chief, and with thirteen ancestral and paternal legacies, he merged four departments of Haixi successively, conquered the Nuzhen in the East China Sea and unified the Nuzhen departments scattered in Manchuria.
16 16 years (forty-four years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty), Nurhachi called Khan in Hetuala, established Daikin (known as Houjin in history), and changed his destiny.
16 18 (three years of destiny, forty-six years of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty), Nurhachi published an essay entitled "Seven Great Hatreds" and began to openly fight against the Ming Dynasty.
The Qing dynasty was established and entered the customs.
1636, Huang taiji proclaimed himself emperor in Shenyang, changed his country name to Daqing and his country name to Yuan Chongde, and the Qing Dynasty was formally established.
1643, Huang taiji died of illness, and the ninth son Fu Lin succeeded to the emperor shunzhi.
1644, Li Zicheng peasant army overthrew the rule of Ming dynasty, and Emperor Chongzhen committed suicide.
Wu Sangui led the Qing army into the customs to defeat the peasant army.
In the same year (the first year of Shunzhi), Dourgen welcomed the emperor shunzhi into Shanhaiguan and reigned in Beijing, with its capital in Beijing.
In the early Qing Dynasty, in order to alleviate class contradictions and implement the policy of encouraging land reclamation and tax reduction, the social economy of the mainland and border areas recovered somewhat compared with the war in the late Ming Dynasty.
By the middle of18th century, the feudal economy had reached a new peak, which was called "the prosperous time of Kang Yong".
In this way, the centralized autocratic system is more rigorous, with strong national strength and stable order. By the end of the 18th century, the population of Qing Dynasty had reached about 300 million.
During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Taiwan Province Province was unified, and the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty was signed with Russia, which demarcated the eastern border between China and Russia. In the middle of Qianlong period, Junggar and Uighur were pacified and Xinjiang was unified.
This not only solved the long-standing contradiction between nomadic people and agricultural people in the history of China, but also adopted a series of policies to develop the economy, culture and transportation in the border areas, consolidated the unity of China's multi-ethnic countries, laid the territory of modern China, and enhanced the unity and cohesion of the Chinese nation.
The territory of the Qing Dynasty was as high as 654.38+0.2 million square kilometers, starting from Balkhash Lake and Qinling Mountains in the west, reaching the Sea of Okhotsk and Sakhalin Island in the northeast, the sea area including Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated islands in the east, the South China Sea Islands in the south, Guangxi, Yunnan and Tibet including Dalac in the southwest, and Mobei and Waixing 'an Mountains in the north.
Culturally, several famous books such as Sikuquanshu and Ancient and Modern Books Integration were compiled during Kanggan period, which not only cleaned up and summarized the ancient cultural heritage of China, but also burned a large number of precious books.
Because there is a strong sense of "debate between China and foreign countries" in a large number of ancient books in China, after the Manchu entered the customs, in order to consolidate the rule as an alien and eliminate the subjective consciousness of the Han nationality, the ancient books in China were centralized, inspected, revised and destroyed, which is the so-called collation of Sikuquanshu.
Among them, those that were considered unfavorable to the Qing Dynasty were modified or destroyed.
Among them, the famous Heavenly Creations was destroyed because of the idea of "anti-Manchu".
Fortunately, the original version of the Ming Dynasty hidden in Heavenly Creations was republished in China.
However, a large number of precious books that have not been kept abroad have been lost forever, which is a catastrophe in the cultural history of China.
Because Daxing Literary Prison in Qing Dynasty burned books and buried Confucianism, behind closed doors and was blind and arrogant.
Therefore, compared with the prosperous times of western capitalism in the same period, these achievements made in the late feudal society of China are dwarfed. China has fallen behind the advanced trend of world development and is pulling away.
After the mid-Qing Dynasty, due to the long history, various social contradictions became increasingly exposed, and anti-Qing struggles broke out one after another. The Anbaili Uprising, which lasted for nine years, ended the heyday of the Qing Dynasty.
1840 After the Opium War and the imperialist invasion, the Qing court and the invaders respectively concluded a series of unequal treaties, ceded land for compensation and opened trading ports, and China gradually became a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society.
China's sovereignty was seriously damaged, and the Manchu lost its early enterprising spirit, political corruption, rigid thinking, cowardice and inferiority, and stumbled into a period of decline.
The people's burden is heavier and they are in dire straits, so a series of anti-imperialist and anti-feudal movements such as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and the Nian Army Uprising broke out.
In order to save their own destiny, the ruling class also carried out some reform activities, such as the Westernization Movement and the Reform Movement of 1898, trying to make China embark on the road of prosperity and independence through top-down changes, but all ended in failure.
Countless people with lofty ideals fought bloody battles to save the nation from peril.
The wave of patriotism is surging in the modern history of China.
19 1 1 year, the Revolution of 1911 broke out and the Qing Dynasty was overthrown, thus ending the feudal monarchy in China for more than two thousand years, and the history of China entered a new chapter.
After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, * * * experienced ten emperors for 268 years.
Debate about Qing Dynasty
There is controversy about the position of Qing Dynasty in the history of China.
Many people think that it is because Confucianism has been actively promoted since the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, so it was named Qing Dynasty and its capital was Beijing in the Central Plains. At the same time, the Qing Dynasty basically retained the original ruling institutions of the Ming Dynasty to rule the people, and regarded itself as the inheritor of the Confucian tradition and the orthodoxy of the Central Plains, so the Qing Dynasty was the orthodox dynasty of China.
In the diplomatic documents and official documents between the Qing Dynasty and western countries in modern times, "China" is often used to refer to the Qing Dynasty and is the international representative of China.
However, some people disagree with this view. According to this view, the Qing Dynasty (or Manchu Dynasty) was an alien or foreign regime established on the land of China after the demise of the Ming Dynasty, representing China orthodoxy, so China was in the period of national subjugation at this time.
Note that people who hold this view think that "China" is China representing the Han nationality, while "foreigner" refers to Manchu based on the Han nationality.
People who support this view usually hold a negative view of the Qing Dynasty, and often point out events such as shaving their heads and changing clothes in the early years of the Qing Dynasty to support this view.