The Song Dynasty is a time when the stars converge. Kou Zhun, Bao Zheng, Ouyang Xiu, Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Su Dongpo, Shen Kuo, Yue Fei, Zhu Xi, Li Qingzhao, Xin Qiji, Wen Tianxiang and many other dazzling figures in China and even the world history. Because the Song Dynasty attached great importance to culture and education, its academic and cultural achievements were extremely high, and China's culture became more profound and mature, so more talents were constantly emerging. Song Lian, a Ming Dynasty, said, "Since Qin Dynasty, civilization flourished in Song Dynasty." There were eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and the Song Dynasty accounted for six. Besides Su Xun, Su Shi and Su Zhe, there were also Wang Anshi, Ceng Gong and Ouyang Xiu. Four Great Calligraphers in Song Dynasty: Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Neo-Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty: Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao. Three wise men in the southeast of Southern Song Dynasty: Zhu Xi, Zhang Wan and Lv Zuqian. Four Great Masters in Southern Song Dynasty: Lu You, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda and You Mao. What is important is that many famous people in Song Dynasty were born in poverty. Both Fan Zhongyan and Ouyang Xiu were born in single families and were poor since childhood. Fan Zhongyan's father died when he was one year old, and his mother Xie took Zhongyan, who was still in infancy, to remarry Zhu's family. Fan Zhongyan lived a very hard life since childhood, drinking porridge and studying hard. When Ouyang Xiu was young, his family couldn't afford a pen and paper, and his mother taught him to read with reed stalks. In the end, through their own efforts, both of them became cultural masters, important officials of the court and pillars of the country. Fan Zhongyan and Ouyang Xiu may have similar fates, and they became real friends. Wang Anshi, Su Xun, Su Shi and Ceng Gong are all cultural masters fostered by Ouyang Xiu. Su Shi also trained four famous Sumen bachelors: Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan, Chao Buzhi and Zhang Lei. Lu You is a student in Ceng Gong, and Lu You and Xin Qiji are good friends. Their gatherings together form a cultural salon and a literary club. Many literary societies emerged in the Song Dynasty. In short, the Song Dynasty was a paradise for intellectuals.
Four great calligraphers in Song Dynasty: Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Many famous painters emerged in Song Dynasty, including Fan Kuan, Guo Xi, Zhao Ji, Li Tang, Ma Yuan, Xia Gui and Zhang Zeduan. What best represents the highest artistic level of Chinese painting is the broadness and artistic conception of landscape painting in Song Dynasty! There are many talented landscape painters in the Song Dynasty, each with his own expertise and creation. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Selin is far away, mountains and snow scenes in Fan Kuan are high, trees and wild waters in Xu Daoning are wild, Guo Xi depicts the subtle changes of the four seasons, the lyrical scenes of Hui Chong and Zhao Lingxiang, the Yunshan ink plays of Mi Fei and Mi Youren, and the highly tailored and poetic landscapes of Li Tang, Ma Yuan and Xia Gui reflect the landscape art.
Song Dynasty is a country of poetry. Song poetry is a huge treasure house. There is a wealth of knowledge in all aspects. But this treasure house, we have little cognitive development. Poetry in Song Dynasty is the continuation, redevelopment and breakthrough of poetry in Tang Dynasty. Poets in the Song Dynasty are more extensive and have more poems. The types and forms of poetry were enriched in the Song Dynasty. The number of Song poetry creations is unprecedented. Peking University is compiling The Complete Poems of Song Dynasty. According to preliminary statistics, there are no fewer than 9, authors, four times as many as The Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty. The collection of "Song Ci" has received more than 1,3 ci writers and nearly 2, ci chapters. Kong Fanli's Supplement to the Poems of the Whole Song Dynasty added hundreds of poets and wrote more than 4 poems.
A prolific poet in Song Dynasty, Lu You called himself "ten thousand poems in sixty years". Lu You now has more than 9,3 poems. Yang Wanli wrote more than 2, songs. But now only a small part remains. You Mao, one of the four masters in the Southern Song Dynasty, left even fewer poems. So many great poets have written so many poems that more of us can only have the opportunity to read a few of their poems. It can be said that we have not even touched the fur, let alone experienced their fine bones. Song poetry reflects that the social vision has expanded and the intensity of cutting into life has deepened. The climate and atmosphere of the Song Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty are different, and poets are brave in innovation, thus forming a "Song tune" which is very different from "Tang Yin". Song Ci, as a new type of symphonic poetry, can not only be recited on the desk of the literati, but also spread to the voices of musicians, which strengthens its entertainment and communication power and has many receiving groups.
Song is the second wave of China civilization. It not only makes the verve civilization develop to absoluteness, but also makes the civilian culture develop. Opera, including burlesque, acrobatics, puppet show, shadow play, talking, zaju and so on. There are hundreds of acrobatics among them. The petty bourgeoisie in Song Dynasty is serious, and most of the feelings expressed in Song Ci are to express the leisure and interest of shallow drinking and low singing. Song Ci embodies the stable political situation, prosperous, rich and superior social life in Song Dynasty. The prosperity of prostitution originated from the high prosperity of urban economy in Song Dynasty. The entertainment industry in the Song Dynasty was more clearly divided into four categories: official prostitutes, vocal prostitutes, geisha and commercial prostitutes. The "prostitute" in the Song Dynasty is not a "prostitute" in the modern sense. Most people can buy art instead of body. Most of them are equivalent to modern literary and art workers. They are generally both talented and beautiful. Some people have deep attainments in piano, chess, songs, poems, books, paintings, etc., and some can be called artists in that field. "Official prostitute" is the most admired. They are not only outstanding in appearance, but also very talented. Their appearance, knowledge, intelligence and artistic taste are all outstanding. Nowadays, actresses and stars, or women who are engaged in literary and artistic work, are hard to compare with them, because the former women in the Red Chamber were cultivated from childhood and constantly edified, but now some women in the entertainment industry may become stars if they are beautiful and have only studied for two years ... It can be said that a famous prostitute in the Song Dynasty is much better than modern female stars.
tea culture only reached the artistic level in the Song Dynasty. Tea in the Song Dynasty is not tea in the present sense, but a tea beverage. Some should add sugar, some should add salt, and all kinds of tea should be added. This is a tea drink and tea culture with countless ways of drinking, but unfortunately, like most of the techniques and cultures of the Song Dynasty, it has not been left to the present. During the Song Dynasty, various petal teas were popular for sale. Song also has the wind of fighting tea. Cai Xiang introduced Jian 'an Doucha in "Tea Record", especially a semi-fermented white tea produced locally. Song people used all kinds of beautiful and exquisite porcelain bowls to drink tea, among which rabbit's millie lamp and Tianmu bowl were all famous tea sets at that time. According to the subtle differences in the color of rabbit's millie lamp, people also call it "golden rabbit millie" and "silver rabbit millie". Tea cups in Song Dynasty were divided into four types: black glaze, sauce glaze, blue glaze and blue-white glaze. "Light and beautiful horses, Chengdu flowers, ice and snow bowls, Jianxi tea." "The short paper is slanting to make grass, and the clear window is fine and the milk is divided into tea." "Chickens sing three times to make the sky bright, and arrange rice bowls and tea bottles." "There are two or three thatched cottages by the roadside, and you can see the guests beating horses and ordering tea." Tea culture was often permeated in the poems of Song Dynasty. "Seven things are sweet and mixed with pistil tea, and the floating flowers are green and disorderly in Yu Xia. At the beginning of the sip, I feel that your kindness is heavy, so don't make an ordinary compliment. " Mei Yaochen, a famous realist poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, also wrote such leisurely poems about tea tasting with petty bourgeoisie plot taste. Twenty articles in Song Huizong's Daguan Tea Theory introduce tea culture. Tea culture in Song Dynasty is a comprehensive embodiment of elite culture and popular culture, and it is a culture with elegance and vulgarity.
Jade culture began to flow to the people in the Song Dynasty. Because Song Huizong loves jade too much. The jade carving that led to the unprecedented development of jade in the Song Dynasty and the secularization tendency was unprecedentedly developed. Jade wares in the Song Dynasty were much more interesting and less ceremonial. Jade carving market and shops specializing in selling jade appeared in Song Dynasty. Citizens become the appreciators and owners of jade articles. Wearing jade is sought after and popular by the broad masses of citizens and literati. In addition to jade carving, wood carving, bamboo carving, lacquerware, bronze ware, gold and silver ware, tooth horn, tablet, seal, pen, ink, paper, inkstone, etc. in Song Dynasty all have high attainments. All these show that the culture and art of Song Dynasty are superb and profound. Although the Song Dynasty opened
the Song Dynasty, under the impetus of technological improvement and tenancy system, agricultural production achieved remarkable development; Handicraft industry has fine division of labor, advanced technology and famous products in history; The level of commodity economy surpassed the past, cities and towns prospered, currency circulation expanded, and the earliest paper money was born.
The culture of the Song Dynasty made unprecedented progress, with fruitful achievements in the fields of Neo-Confucianism, literature, history, art and science and technology, and outstanding figures such as Cheng Er, Zhu Xi, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Sima Guang and Shen Kuo were famous throughout the ages. The invention and application of movable type printing, compass and gunpowder have made outstanding contributions to mankind.
The Song Dynasty is the most prosperous national culture, the most scientific and technological innovation achievements, the healthiest population base growth, the highest crop output per unit area and the highest people's living standards in China's dynasties. If you don't believe me, I will introduce you to a dreamlike Song Dynasty, so let's dream back to the Song Dynasty together: 1. The economically developed Fu Song has long been a historical conclusion that other dynasties "suppressed commerce" but only Song Dynasty. Exceptionally, Zhao Kuang-yin, the great ancestor of the early Song Dynasty, said that the idea of attaching importance to the economy, which is a very important premise to ensure economic development, was always carried through in the Song Dynasty. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, officials studied the way of financial management and sought wealth, and Song Taizong also called it "the skill of making two systems discuss politics and make wealth known". The traditional practice of valuing law over civil law is to study and implement monopoly laws, such as salt law, wine law and tea law. The Song Dynasty became one of the most active periods of ancient economic legislation in China, and the economic laws and regulations of the Song Dynasty unified the distribution of interests between the state and economic activists, which was a very scientific law and regulation. These correct policy orientations made the commercial tide flourish, the commerce developed rapidly, and the handicraft industry developed rapidly. This was unique in the Song Dynasty. Even banks can borrow money to pay in different places. Even in modern times, it is a very advanced economic management system. Geographically speaking, the development of Song Dynasty is not limited to old-fashioned areas such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Sichuan, but even the social, economic and cultural development of mountainous areas and ethnic minority areas is greater than that of Tang Dynasty. This is also surprising. From the perspective of handicrafts, pits, mines, tea, salt, shipbuilding, sugar, textile and porcelain are all more advanced than those of Tang Dynasty. In addition to the increase in output, the technical improvement is also very obvious. For example, the production technology of "sugar ice" (rock sugar), the excellent excavation of Song porcelain and so on all reflect the maturity and innovation of technology, and the rise of commerce and handicrafts has liberated a large number of farmers who have been captured in the land and put them into commercial handicrafts. In the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of gold, silver, copper, iron and coal deposits have been mined, and the earliest manufacturing factories in the world have appeared all over the country Processing factories such as shipyards, paper mills, printing factories, weaving factories, firearms factories and official kilns all over the country can be seen that the prosperity of handicrafts at that time was unprecedented! As early as the Northern Song Dynasty, China had learned how to make steel by burning coal. The large handicraft industry employed hundreds of full-time industrial workers, while the two military industries of the government employed 8, workers-this is already the scale of heavy industry! In 178, for example, the annual output of the steel industry in North China reached 1.25 million tons, while in 1788, at the beginning of the industrial revolution, the annual output of Britain was only 76, tons. In addition, the mining, metallurgy, paper making, porcelain making, silk weaving and navigation industry was also highly developed, and the Song Dynasty was worthy of being the "high-tech" home before the modern world, and it was the overlord of handicrafts in the world at that time! From the commercial point of view, cities in the Tang Dynasty tend to be administrative centers, while towns in the Song Dynasty tend to be industrialized. The trade areas in the Tang Dynasty are strictly controlled by officials, and the Song Dynasty is more free. Due to the further development of commodity economy, the boundary between residential areas and commercial areas gradually disappears. Some of these "new" cities in the Song Dynasty have developed to a very large scale, such as Kaifeng and Hangzhou, with a population of one million. Even in the late Yuan Dynasty, the largest city outside China was "Baghdad", and its population was only between 3, and 5,. Hundreds of years later, Arabian traveler Ibn Betuta called Hangzhou "the largest city in the world"! The population engaged in industry and commerce has gradually increased, the output has increased, and the investment capital has expanded greatly. Therefore, it is not only agriculture that constitutes the main body of national fiscal revenue. The proportion of industry and commerce has surpassed that of agriculture, and there have been advertisements for copper plate printing in its commercial operation, which is more than 3 years earlier than that of western capitalism. For Su Dongpo, a bachelor, he once wrote an advertising poem for an old woman who cooked oil and made it prosperous. What is more interesting is that the Song Dynasty also. The emergence of "tabloids" similar to modern newspapers and the earliest trademarks in history are of great significance, which marks the gradual improvement of the commercialization system in the Song Dynasty. In addition, the famous scholar Shen Kuo wrote < On the velocity of money circulation >: It has also reached the level of modern monetary theory. The prosperous commercial wave in the Song Dynasty is also the mother of the earliest capitalist bud in the world, and the rapid economic development in the Song Dynasty has created unprecedented wealth and prosperity. 2. The pursuit of the rich spirit of cultural splendor and material life has become more and more urgent, so the Song Dynasty has a strong cultural need at the same time as economic development, and the aesthetic taste of national leisure life has contributed to the high cultural prosperity of the Song Dynasty. Acrobatics, operas, folk music, novels, calligraphy and architecture all developed at a high speed in the Song Dynasty. At the same time, a large number of famous literati and poets appeared in the Song Dynasty. Everyone is familiar with them, such as Su Shi, Ouyang Xiu, Kou Zhun Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Yue Fei, Wen Tianxiang, Shen Kuo, Xin Qiji, Zhu Xi and Li Qingzhao. Even now, these scholars are still in their prime, and their luster remains undiminished. Among the eight most famous Tang and Song families in ancient and modern times, China and abroad, the Song Dynasty accounted for as many as six, Calligraphers are even more numerous. The four most famous calligraphers are Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Their works are enough to amaze calligraphers. Even Qin Gui, the "great traitor", can learn a wonderful pen and dance well. If he is a decent man, he must be a calligrapher and writer, not to mention Yue Fei and other heroes who are bold and resourceful! Because of the blooming of culture, the two Song Dynasties were divided into the north and the south: there were four masters in the Southern Song Dynasty, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda, You Mao, Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao (Neo-Confucianism), and there were three sages in the southeast of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi and Zhang Wei, who wiped Lv Zuqian. It was precisely because of the vigorous development of Song Wenhua that the Song Dynasty completed the "Confucian revival" and produced new Confucianism (Neo-Confucianism) The traditional "Confucian Classics" entered a new stage of "Song Studies", which also promoted the in-depth development of the intersection of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. "Ci" rose in the late Tang Dynasty and reached its peak through the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty. Therefore, there are Tang poetry and Song poetry, and Yuan Qu, etc. It is said that visible ci is one of the representatives of the Song Dynasty culture. It is necessary to have an understanding of its ci before studying the Song Dynasty culture, and the most representative is Su Shi's "When is the Bright Moon", which is almost unknown. That is, ordinary children can sing two words, which make people feel elegant and floating, and make people feel like they are in a fairyland and lonely in the world, and those who are sad everywhere can be described as the pinnacle, which brings the advantages of Shuidiao's epigraph to the extreme! "Jiang Chengzi? Hunting in Mizhou is also written by him, and other poets have also made great achievements. Even female poets such as Li Qingzhao are indispensable. Women are good at writing and have reached such a level. Since ancient times, Li Qingzhao is the only one in the Song Dynasty. If I list the people of Song Ci one by one, I may not be able to say it all in one day, but I will just count the nine Niu Yi hairs of Song Ci culture. As far as Song Ci is concerned, the whole book is * * *.