The Warring States Policy is a famous historical work in ancient China. This is a national history book. The book is written in the order of Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin State, Qi State, Chu State, Zhao State, Wei State, South Korea, Yan State, Song State, Wei State and Zhongshan State, with a total of 33 volumes and about 654.38+0.2 million words. It is one of the most accomplished and influential historical prose works in the pre-Qin period.
The Warring States Policy mainly describes the political opinions and strategies of strategists during the Warring States period, and shows the historical characteristics and social features of the Warring States period. This is an important book for studying the history of the Warring States.
"The Warring States Policy" is the most complete book that records the political struggle in ancient China during the Warring States Period. In fact, it was a compilation of speeches made by lobbyists at that time. At that time, the changes in the situation of the seven countries, the reunification of Lian Heng, the protracted war and the change of political power were all related to the advice of counselors and the debate of wise men, so they had important historical value. This book has beautiful words, vivid language, witty eloquence and vivid characters, and also occupies an important position in the history of China classical literature.
[Edit this paragraph] Solution
Up to now, the author of the Warring States Policy has not been determined. Its original names are National Policy, State Affairs, Length, Story, Long Book and Revised Book. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang found six kinds of manuscripts of military strategists in the Royal Library when sorting out books, but the contents were confusing and the words were incomplete. So Liu Xiang compiled the Warring States Policy according to the country. Therefore, it is obvious that the Warring States Policy was not written by one person at a time, and Liu Xiang was only the reviser and editor of the Warring States Policy. Because most of his books recorded the political opinions and diplomatic strategies of strategists assisting other countries during the Warring States period, Liu Xiang named this book "Warring States Policy".
During the Northern Song Dynasty, the Warring States policy was quite lost, and Ceng Gong revised it. During the period of 1973, a number of silk books were unearthed from the No.3 Han Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, one of which was similar to the current edition of the Warring States Policy and was named after sorting. There are ***27 articles in this book, of which 1 1 is basically consistent with the current edition of Historical Records of Warring States Policy.
Stylistic rules and layout
This * * * Volume 33:
Warring States Policy Volume I Eastern Zhou Dynasty
Warring States Policy Volume II Western Zhou Dynasty
Warring States Policy Volume Sanqinyi
Warring States Policy Volume IV Qin II
Warring States Policy Volume Five Qin Three
Warring States Policy Volume Six Qin Four
Warring States Policy Volume Seven Qin Five
"The Warring States Policy" Volume Eight Qi One.
Warring States Policy Volume 9.7.2
Warring States Policy Volume 173
Warring States Policy Volume XI Si Qi
Warring States Policy Volume 12-7-5
Warring States Policy Volume XIII Liu Qi
Warring States Policy Volume 14 Chu 1
Warring States Policy Volume 15 Chu 2
Warring States Policy Volume 16 Chu 3
Warring States Policy Volume 17 Chu 4
Warring States Policy Volume 18 Zhao Yi
Warring States Policy Volume 19 Zhao 2
Warring States Policy Volume 20 Zhao San
Warring States Policy Volume 2 1 Zhao Si
Warring States Policy Volume 22 Wei Yi
Warring States Policy Volume XXIII Weir
Warring States Policy Volume 24 Wei San
Warring States Policy Volume 25 Wei Si
"Warring States Policy" Volume 26 "Han Yi"
Warring States Policy Volume 27 Korea 2
Warring States Policy Volume 28 Korea 3
Warring States Policy Volume XXIX Ihiko
Warring States Policy Volume 30 Yaner
Warring States Policy Volume 3 1 Yansan
Warring States Policy Volume 32 Wei Song
Warring States Policy Volume 33 Zhongshan
***497 articles. In recorded history, from 490 to 22 1 year, Gao was established to attack Qin Shihuang.
[Edit this paragraph] Evaluation
The book Warring States Policy reflects the social outlook of the Warring States Period. At that time, The Scholars was not only a historical work, but also a very good historical prose. As a historical material reflecting the history of the Warring States, it objectively recorded some major historical events at that time and was a vivid portrayal of the history of the Warring States. It recorded in detail the speeches and deeds of strategists at that time, showed their mental outlook and ideological talents, and also recorded the lifestyles of some brave people.
The literary achievements of Warring States Policy are also outstanding. In the history of China literature, it marks a new period in the development of China's ancient prose, with outstanding literariness, especially in the depiction of characters, the use of language, fables and so on.
The ideological content of Warring States Policy is complex, which mainly reflects the ideological tendency of military strategists, but also reflects the historical characteristics of active thinking and cultural diversity during the Warring States period. The political view of the Warring States Policy is relatively progressive, and the most prominent thing is to attach importance to the political thought of talents.
The book Warring States Policy has a great influence on the formation of Sima Qian's biographical style of Historical Records. The Warring States Policy has always been praised by researchers for its literary value, but there are different opinions on its thoughts. This is because the book is inconsistent with later Confucianism and pursues fame and fortune too much. Moreover, it exaggerates the historical role of strategists and reduces their historical value.
Bibliography of research
Xiong Xianguang, Research and Selected Translation of the Warring States Policy, Chongqing Publishing House, 1988 ISBN 753660020.
Meng Qingxiang, Notes on the Translation of the Warring States Policy, Heilongjiang People's Publishing House, 1986 Uniform Book Number: 1093? 70 1
Wang Shouqian, Complete Translation of Warring States Policy, Guizhou People's Publishing House,1992 ISBN 722102444.
Zhu, Selected Translation of Warring States Policy, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1987.
Zhao, Selected Translation of Warring States Policy, People's Literature Publishing House, 1994.
Lan Kaixiang, Appreciation of The Warring States Policy, Beijing October Literature and Art Publishing House, 199 1 year.
He, Notes on the Warring States Policy, Zhonghua Book Company,1990 ISBN 710100622.
He Jin, Research on the Warring States Policy, Peking University Publishing House, ISBN 730105101.
The Warring States Policy is a historical work with unknown author. The information contained in it, mainly from the Warring States period, including the works of counselors and Mitchell's records, was compiled into a book, which later unified the State of Qin. The original title of the book is unknown, and it was named Warring States Policy after being collated by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty. A total of 33 articles are described by country, including one in Eastern Zhou, one in Western Zhou, five in Qin, six in Qi, four in Chu, four in Wei, three in Han, three in Yan, one in Song and Wei and one in Zhongshan. Chronicle from the Spring and Autumn Period to the unification of Qin Dynasty. Focusing on the lobbying activities of counselors, it reflects the political and diplomatic situation of various countries in this period. The whole book has no systematic and complete style, and it is all independent articles.
Warring States policy figures
1, Su Qin: a famous strategist in the Warring States Period, a native of Luoyang in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. These contracts are
"Su Qin began to speak Qin in Lian Heng". Su Qin was born in poverty, studied hard, yearned for a prosperous life, had a strong desire for fame and wealth, was rich in knowledge, was eloquent, and was good at making plans and suggestions for others, but did not have his own fixed political opinions and ideals. He was a typical politician in the Warring States period.
2. Gan Mao: A famous Qin native in the middle of the Warring States Period. Cai Xia (now Fengtai, Anhui) was born. The story of "Su Dai advised the king of Qin to stay in Gan Mao". After Gan Mao escaped from Qin, he planned to go to Qi. Out of Hanguguan, I met Su Dai (Su Qin's brother) and said, "Have you heard the story of the woman on the river?" Su Dai said, "I haven't heard of it." Gan Mao said, "Among many women on the river, there is a poor woman without candles. The women discussed together to get rid of poverty without candles. The poor woman without candles is ready to leave. She said to the women, "I am often the first to arrive because I have no candles." When I arrived, I cleaned the room and laid the mat. Why should we cherish the little light that shines on the wall? If you give me a small corner, what will it do to you? I think it's still useful for you. "Why did you kick me out?" After discussion, the women thought she was right and kept her. Now, because I have no talent and virtue, I am driven away by Qin. I am willing to clean the house and lay the mat for you, hoping not to drive me away. " Said, "well, I'll try to make Qi reuse you.
3. Zhou Gongdan, a politician in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Duke Zhou's surname is Ji, his younger brother, also known as Shu Dan. Zhou Wenwang's fourth son, Zhou Wuwang's half brother. Because the fief is in Zhou, it is called Duke Zhou. After the death of King Wu, his son became a young king. He was the regent of this country. After the death of King Wu, putting down the rebellion of the "Three Supervisors", promoting feudalism, establishing the East Capital and the system of rites and music, and returning the government to become a king played a key role in consolidating and developing the rule of the Zhou Dynasty and had a far-reaching impact on the development of China's history. Duke Zhou was not only an outstanding politician and strategist at that time, but also a versatile poet and scholar. His brothers, Cai Shu and Huo Shu colluded with Shang Zhou's sons, such as Wu Geng, Xu and Yan, to rebel. He was ordered to start his career, suppressed the rebellion three years later and extended his power to the sea. After the completion of Zhouluoyi, it became the eastern capital. According to legend, the system of rites and music has established a set of laws and regulations. His remarks can be found in various articles in Shangshu.
The Warring States Policy is a historical document in the pre-Qin period, which is famous for being good at telling things. It is a book on national history, which contains miscellaneous notes of the Eastern and Western Zhou Dynasties and the affairs of Qin, Qi, Chu, Zhao, Wei, North Korea, Yan, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. A total of 33 volumes, about 6.5438+200,000 words. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qin and Six Kingdoms, it was about 240 years (460-220 BC).
The Warring States Policy also has the names of state affairs, national policies, stories, short stories, long volumes and revised editions. The original author's name cannot be verified.
At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang found six kinds of manuscripts of military strategists in the Royal Library when sorting out books, but the contents were confusing and the words were incomplete. So Liu Xiang compiled the Warring States Policy according to the country. Therefore, it is obvious that the Warring States Policy was not written by one person at a time, and Liu Xiang was only the reviser and editor of the Warring States Policy. Because most of his books recorded the political opinions and diplomatic strategies of strategists assisting other countries during the Warring States period, Liu Xiang named this book "The Warring States Policy", which is still in use today. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the Warring States policy was quite lost, and Ceng Gong revised it.
The Warring States Policy mainly describes the political opinions and strategies of strategists during the Warring States period, and shows the historical characteristics and social features of the Warring States period. This is an important book for studying the history of the Warring States.
The characters recorded in the Warring States Policy are very complicated, including Su Qin and other strategists. There are just people, such as Lu Zhonglian, Tang Ju and Yan; Some brave people are not afraid of death, such as Jing Ke and Nie Zheng. These characters are vivid and vividly portrayed.
The article "Warring States Policy" is good at saying things. No matter the personal statement or the debate between the two sides, they all like to exaggerate, play incisively and vividly, speak freely and be very convincing. In addition, they vividly describe the characters, are good at using clever and vivid metaphors, and enhance the appeal of the article through interesting fables.
During the period of 1973, a number of silk books were unearthed from the No.3 Han Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, one of which was similar to the current edition of the Warring States Policy and was named after sorting. There are ***27 articles in this book, of which 1 1 is basically consistent with the current edition of Historical Records of Warring States Policy.
Volume 33 of this edition * * *: Eastern Zhou Policy 1, Western Zhou Policy 1, Qin Policy 5, Qi Policy 6, Chu Policy 4, Wei Policy 4, Han Policy 3, Yan Policy 3, Policy 1 * * 497.
The book Warring States Policy has a great influence on the formation of Sima Qian's biographical style of Historical Records. The Warring States Policy has always been praised by researchers for its literary value, but there are different opinions on its thoughts. This is because the book is inconsistent with later Confucianism and pursues fame and fortune too much. Moreover, it exaggerates the historical role of strategists and reduces their historical value.
Idioms of Warring States Policy
Spotless-a saint has three virtues, and there is no dust.
In public.-in public.
Both sides lose-today, two tigers fight, the small one dies, and the big one hurts.
Do the opposite-go to Chu and go north.
It is never too late to mend.
The snipe and the clam compete, and the fisherman gains-the snipe says: if it doesn't rain today, it won't rain tomorrow, that is, there are dead mussels. The clam said: Don't come out today, tomorrow.
If you don't go out, you will die. If they refuse to give up, the fisherman gains and takes it.
Feathers are not full-I heard that people with incomplete feathers can't fly high.
Pulling a cone to stab the thigh-if you want to sleep after reading it, you will stab the thigh with a cone and blood will flow to your feet.
If the market is crowded-at the beginning of the order, ministers will give advice and the market will be crowded.
Return to the truth-Yan Yi knows enough. If you return to purity, you will never be humiliated.
The three caves of the cunning rabbit-the three caves of the cunning rabbit, just to avoid its dead ear. Today you have a cave, and you lie without a high pillow. Please dig two more for you.
Cave.
The fox is a fake tiger's power-the tiger gets the fox, and the fox says, Dare to eat me, and God will make me grow a hundred beasts. If you don't believe me, I'll be the son first.
Ok, son, come with me. Do all animals dare to stay when they see me? The tiger thought so, too, and took it away. When the beasts saw it, they all walked away. Tigers don't know the fear of wild animals.
I think I'm afraid of foxes.
A bird frightened by a bow-a bird frightened by the sound of a bowstring.
Go without going "The Warring States Policy Qi Ce IV"
"Zhao Ce, the Warring States Policy" spared no effort.
The Missing Warring States Policy Qin Ce
Looking at the Warring States Policy and Qin Ce
Returning to Nature: The Warring States Policy and Chess Strategy
Sit back and relax "Warring States Policy Wei Ceyi"
Great achievements "Warring States Policy Chu Ce"
Smith's Warring States Policy Chu Ce I
Gild the lily "The Warring States Policy Qi Ce II"
Sweat into rain "The Warring States Policy, Qice I"
Three Caves of Cunning Rabbit "The Warring States Policy Qi Ce IV"
A bustling city "Seven Strategies of Warring States Policy One"
Better late than never "The Warring States Policy Chu Ce IV"
Brief introduction of warring States policy
The Warring States Policy is a historical work compiled by Liu Xiang. The information contained in it, mainly from the Warring States period, including the works of counselors and Mitchell's records, was compiled into a book, which later unified the State of Qin. The original title of the book is unknown, and it was named Warring States Policy after being collated by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty. A total of 33 articles are described by country, including one in Eastern Zhou, one in Western Zhou, five in Qin, six in Qi, four in Chu, four in Wei, three in Han, three in Yan, one in Song and Wei and one in Zhongshan. Chronicle from the Spring and Autumn Period to the unification of Qin Dynasty. Focusing on the lobbying activities of counselors, it reflects the political and diplomatic situation of various countries in this period. The whole book has no systematic and complete style, and it is all independent articles.
Although it is customary to classify Warring States Policy as a historical work, its situation is very different from Zuo Zhuan and Guoyu. There are many records that are not credible as historical facts. For example, the famous "Tang robbed the king of Qin" in Wei Ce, it is impossible to write that Tang was forcing Wang Zheng (that is, Qin Shihuang). This kind of content is not so much history as stories. The ideological concept of the Warring States policy, as far as its mainstream is concerned, is also very different from Zuo Zhuan and other historical books. Liu Yue said, "During the Warring States Period, the monarch's morality was shallow, and those who worked for it had to draw according to the time and resources. Therefore, asking for help and anxiety is the right of all things. Although it cannot be enlightened, it is also an emergency. " The Warring States period is an era of more intense merger after the Spring and Autumn Period. The theory of benevolence, righteousness, propriety and faith, which used to be a cosmetic reluctantly, has been completely broken at this time. Between countries, what we are talking about now is the struggle for power and profit, and the extortion. It is not surprising that strategists who are active in the political arena only exchange their talents for fame and fortune from the right buyers. For example, Su Qin first advised the king of Qin to annex the world with Lian Heng's strategy, and then advised the king of Zhao to unite the six countries to resist the Soviet Union with the theory of union. When he came back from a failed trip to Qin, he was despised by the whole family. My parents, wife and sister-in-law all respected me very much after I returned home with a lot of money. So he regrets way:
Husband, you are poor, your parents have no children, and your rich relatives are afraid. In the world of life, the potential is rich, and the cover can be embarrassing!
The author described Su Qin's smug expression in an appreciative style. These may not be appreciated today, but under the historical conditions at that time, the psychology of ordinary people who were originally suppressed by nobles was like this, which was more real than false preaching.
On the other hand, because the counselor played a very important role in politics and diplomacy at that time as a relative freedom, and the Warring States policy was mainly based on the counselor's works, the counselor's personal dignity and personal role were strongly affirmed in the book. In Qice, Yan Yi met Qi Xuanwang, and Wang Hu shouted: "Qian Qian!" I also called: "Wang Qian!" He also plausibly demonstrated that the country would perish without scholars, so "scholars are expensive, but kings are not." In Qin Ce, Su Qin is known as "the man who digs the door in a poor lane", but he has achieved that "the world is big, the people of all countries, the power of governors and the power of counselors are all based on Su Qin's policy". Of course, this is exaggerated, but it shows the confidence of military strategists and outstanding people among civilians.
The Warring States Policy also enthusiastically eulogized the heroic feats of many chivalrous men.
"Xia" is also a figure who is outside the ruling group and is not restricted by power. They decide their actions by their own standards and personal grievances, value righteousness over suicide, and have strong feelings, showing a moral concept with civilian significance. Therefore, "Xia" is always loved by unrestrained people.
In a word, the Warring States policy not only reflects the change of the ideological concept of the times, but also reflects the ideological characteristics of special and relatively free social figures such as wandering and chivalrous people in the Warring States period, who are between the ruling group and the common people. It is not entirely to maintain the ruling order. Because "The Warring States Policy" breaks through the shackles of old ideas and concepts, and does not completely stick to the truth of history (of course, this is a defect from a historical point of view), it is more vivid and full of vitality than previous historical works. From a literary point of view, the characteristics of the Warring States policy are as follows:
The first is rich literary talent. Zuozhuan is also famous for its literary talent, but comparing the two, we can see that the language of Warring States Policy is more lively and fluent, changeable and full of twists and turns. The Warring States Policy, whether narrative or reasoning, often uses parallelism and exaggeration, with colorful rhetoric, showing a hearty momentum. Here, language is not only a tool to act on reason, explain facts and truth, but also a means to directly act on feelings to impress people. Such as "Su Qin Begins in Lian Heng" and "Zhuang Xin talks about King Xiang of Chu" are all noteworthy examples.
Second, the description of characters' personalities and activities in the Warring States Policy is more detailed and vivid. The description of characters in Zuo Zhuan is generally a sketch of stick figures.
For example, the example of taking a crime with your arms in front of you can be very vivid, but it is too simple after all. In "The Warring States Policy" such as "Qi Ce", Feng Xuan first described his strange behavior of singing three songs and deliberately demanding higher material treatment, and initially portrayed his extraordinary and mysterious character. Then, a series of ups and downs such as "Official History of Feng Xuan", "Remembering Life and Burning Volume", "Revival of City Righteousness", "Re-seeking the Phase" and "Please Establish a Ancestral Temple" are unfolded, which shows that this "strange man" is courageous, resourceful, resourceful, arrogant and eloquent. The famous article "Jing Ke Stabbed the King of Qin" is even more gripping. Xiao described the farewell festival like this:
Both the prince and the guests who knew about it received white gifts. On the top of Xiao, the ancestors took the road, struck the floor with lofty ideas, and Jing Ke chimed. All scholars shed tears at the sound of changing the emblem. He sang in front of him: "The wind is rustling and the water is cold, and the strong man is gone forever." After that, the feathers were generous, and the people were dumbfounded and crowned. So Jing Ke got out of the car and finally ignored it.
This description is very powerful. Sima Qian, the master of the article, wrote Historical Records and Biography of Assassins, and copied the original text of Warring States Policy in a lot of parts about Jing Ke. The reputation of "Zhao Yan is a generous and sad person" has also spread all over the world.
Thirdly, vivid fables are often quoted by military strategists recorded in the Warring States Policy, which is also helped by literary means. These fables are vivid, profound, easy to understand and unique, and they are also bright pearls in the treasure house of Chinese literature. For example, it has always been well known that "the snipe and the clam compete, and the fisherman gains", "painting the snake to add feet", "trying to create an illusion", "mending after the sheep is dead" and "doing the opposite". Because the Warring States policy deviated from China's ancient orthodoxy to a certain extent, it was often severely criticized. But from a historical point of view, it just reflects the active ideological atmosphere in the Warring States period. Its emphasis on language art and its achievements in this field occupy a more important position in the history of literature. The political essays in the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Ci and Fu in the Han Dynasty were all influenced by the gorgeous and exaggerated style of Ci in Warring States Policy. Sima Qian's Historical Records depicts characters, which is also based on the Warring States policy.
Miscellaneous Notes of Eastern and Western Zhou Dynasties and the Affairs of Qin, Qi, Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han, Yan, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. Its era is connected with the Spring and Autumn Period, down to Qin and Six Kingdoms, about 240 years (460- 220 BC). The title of the book is either a national policy, a state affair, a long story, or a long book. Its author can't be verified, and some people suspect that it is from Kuaitong. Probably compiled by people from different countries during the Qin and Han Dynasties. Later, Liu Xiang rearranged it and named it "Warring States Policy", which has been in use ever since (1973, a large number of silk books were unearthed from the No.3 Han Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, and some of them were sorted out and studied by cultural relics and archaeologists, with a total of 27 chapters, 3.25 million lines, 1 1000 words, and it was named "Letters of the Warring States Period". Among them, The Warring States Policy and Historical Records consist of eleven chapters, and the texts are basically the same. Other chapters 16 are all lost books. This book was compiled in the Qin and Han Dynasties, which is similar to a buried version of many military speeches that were later edited by Liu Xiang as the basis of the Warring States Policy. Among them, Sima Qian and Liu Xiang did not see any lost books, which provided important materials for studying the history of the Warring States. )
The basic content of the Warring States Policy is the struggle of strategists and strategists in the Warring States period and their related discourses or remarks. It preserves the works and speeches of many strategists. Since the Spring and Autumn Period, after a long period of division and war, the people are eager to disarm and rest their soldiers and restore a peaceful and unified life. The powerful princes all want to "unify the whole country and take advantage of it." So at the end of the Warring States period, Qin and Qi both proclaimed themselves emperors. Due to the influence of social changes, the Qin State, with convenient terrain, later reformed and became prosperous, breaking the balance of power among the six countries. From then on, the Qin dynasty expanded outward with new forces in an attempt to nibble at the princes and unify the sea, which triggered complex contradictions and struggles among countries. In this case, although the victory or defeat between governors depends largely on force, it also depends on the winning rate of counselors and strategists and the rise and fall of vertical and horizontal forces. The so-called "success is the emperor of Qin, success is the king of Chu", that is to say, the key to the final victory or defeat is not entirely determined by the military, but more importantly, the clever use of politics. At this time, the etiquette of the Spring and Autumn Period was honest, so it had to be changed to blackmail. A pedestrian who speaks calmly should be an eloquent speaker. Therefore, all the offensive and defensive strategies and intrigues contained in the Warring States Policy reflect the political struggle of this era. At that time, the lobbying and discussion of many counselors and military strategists was also the further development of pedestrian rhetoric in the Spring and Autumn Period.
The characters written in the Warring States Policy are extremely complicated, and many of them are egoists who pursue personal fame and fortune. Su Qin, for example, originally said that the king of Qin was "Lian Heng" and "the book was not good", but he turned to "He" for Zhao Yan. Chen Ke was an official in the State of Qin, and then in the State of Chu. He is an official in Chu and Qin, and his position is uncertain. However, there are also "people in the world" who overcome difficulties without taking anything, such as Lu Zhonglian's Yidi Qin. Feng Xuan (Qi Ce IV), who was also keen on buying people's hearts and burning coupons to show righteousness, did a good thing for the people, although he served the ruling class. There are also chivalrous nobles who dare to resist violence and despise princes. For example, Tang Qi's Wrath of Cloth (Wei Zesi) and Yan Gang's Wang Qian (Qi Zesi). The latter embodies the improvement of scholars' status and the rise of democratic thought. In addition, the book also reveals the struggle for favor among ruling class women and Gong Ying's ugly acts, such as the assassination of Wei (Chu Ce IV) and Qin's later attempt to be buried with Qin Ce II, which shows that it is insidious and shameless. Although these are only objective descriptions, they also reflect the mental outlook of various historical figures in the Warring States period.
The chapter "Warring States Policy" is characterized by the longest story. No matter the personal statement or the debate between the two sides, they all like to exaggerate, play incisively and vividly, speak freely and be persuasive. For example, Su Qin said the prince of Zhao (II), Yi Cheung said the king of Qin, Sima Cuo talked about cutting Shu (and Qin Ce I), and Yu Qing reprimanded Qi (III). It has reached an unprecedented height in understanding and fluency of historical prose. Moreover, strategists' estimation of the situation and analysis of interests are often meticulous and accurate. For example, Su Qin advised Gong Xue to leave the king of Chu and analyzed it with ten possible results (Qi Ce III); Suo Qi's land is in Chu, and Shenzi told Wang Xiang to use three strategies (Chu Ce II). Although the consequences of the events described in the Warring States Policy are not reliable, the argument itself as a strategist is reasonable.
Secondly, the images depicting the characters are extremely vivid. For example, Su Qin said that Qin couldn't go home with Zhao, and he was depressed and proud before and after, as well as the cruel way of the world (Qin Ce I), Lv Zhonglian's arrogance and generosity, and the spirit of "not being trapped by princes" were vivid and vivid. Especially the assassin Jing Ke in Yance is a chivalrous story. For example, Num's farewell speech:
Then. The prince and the guests who knew about it were sent to Yishui for nothing. Since the ancestors took the road, the high-minded ceremony struck the floor, and Jing Ke chimed, and all the scholars wept for it and rebelled against it. He walked in front and sang: "The wind is rustling and the water is cold, and the strong man is gone forever!" Return to generous feathers. The scholars looked at each other, and their hair was crowned with their fingers. So Jing Ke got out of the car and finally ignored it.
In the tragic atmosphere, the heroic image of an angry and resolute man is vividly displayed.
As for the things told in the book, clever and vivid metaphors are often used to enhance the persuasiveness of the arguer through many interesting fables, and sometimes even save words. For example, Jiang Yi took a blacksmith to (Chu Ce 1), Su Dai said that King Hui of Zhao (Chu Ce 2) was deadlocked, Su Qin remonstrated with (Qi Ce 3) with peach stalks and clay figurines, Zhuang Xin said King Xiang of Chu, and Han Ming said Chun (and Chu Ce 4) was reasonable. In particular, Zou Ji's satire is even more ingenious. He inspired the King of Qi with his own personal life trivia. Seeing the big from the small and advancing step by step, the king of Qi felt the danger of being surrounded by embattled ministers and had to order him to speak out. Zou Ji's life experience may be fact rather than fiction, but borrowing as a means to enhance persuasiveness still has allegorical meaning, which can be described as unique.