In addition to paying attention to the vital role of doctors in promoting the development of the plot, people also compare doctors in the Qing Dynasty with doctors now, hoping to get a glimpse of the historical development of doctors. Then people found that for hundreds of years, even if the dynasties changed, the fate of medical students remained the same. Rough? The road to study for medical students has been so bumpy since ancient times!
From talent selection, to teaching, to examination promotion, every step is full of thorns and bumps. How difficult was it to train a doctor in Qing Dynasty?
First of all, talent selection has just started.
The imperial medical department in Qing Dynasty was the Imperial Hospital, which was subordinate to the Ministry of Rites. Qing Hui Dian says:? At the beginning of the country, Tai Hospital belonged to the Ministry of Rites, and the vocational college cherished medicine bait. ? Because Tai Hospital belongs to the Ministry of Rites, the selection of doctors is somewhat similar to or even better than that of ordinary officials.
Prepare for the entrance exam
The selection of doctors naturally has an exam, but not everyone can sign up before the exam. Take any current examination system for example, it is not completely open to the society.
To take the entrance examination, you must meet the following conditions:
First of all, candidates can find officials in their hometown and need to provide a letter of responsibility. In addition, there are Han and Manchu, each with its own other needs. The flag bearer needs to find the deputy leader of his own flag to make a knot, and the Han people must have the sponsorship of six or more fellow officials.
Secondly, candidates must have a hospital medical officer as a guarantor, which is a bit like studying abroad and needs a letter of recommendation from foreign experts.
Furthermore, the person in charge of Thai hospital should check the medical level of the candidates one by one, whether they are really proficient in medical skills, and not only that, but also be familiar with Beijing dialect. Not only have to pass the professional threshold, but also the language threshold, mainly to make a preliminary investigation on the basic abilities and qualifications of candidates.
These are just the preparations that need to be made before the exam, which shows that the road to becoming a doctor is really bumpy! Through the above measures, a certain guarantee has been provided for the school. First of all, it is sponsored by officials with certain status, audited by internal medical officers, and face-to-face communication. It can be said that all aspects ensure the purity of candidates and increase the difficulty of cultivating doctors.
Strict examination room order
As a country that created the examination system, China has developed and improved the examination system since the Sui and Tang Dynasties. By the Qing Dynasty, the examination system had reached a very strict level. In addition to the strict examination room layout, examiner layout and marking restrictions, it is really watertight and cheating is completely eliminated.
Ta Kung Pao recorded the strictness of the entrance examination in Guangxu thirty-one years. The search on this day is very strict, so that candidates don't know the source of the question, and they can announce it within three days after hearing it. Successful candidates can retake the exam regularly? .
This paper describes the strictness of exam search, and the questions are so weird and thorny that candidates don't know the source of exam questions. It can be seen that since ancient times, the questioner has been thinking about examining candidates in various ways to screen out truly available talents.
Successful admission? government post
Don't be too happy when candidates learn that they have been admitted to Thai hospital! This is far from being happy. After passing the exam, the first level is to go to Thai hospital for a second interview.
This requires an interview with Tang, a police officer in the hospital. Only candidates who pass the interview can be called alternate doctors and are eligible to be admitted to the hospital at any time.
Everyone should be familiar with it. In the ancient official selection system, candidates entered the top three. If there are no formal job vacancies, they need to wait until there are formal job vacancies before they can enter formal positions. The same is true of hospitals. If there are no vacancies, new employees cannot enter. That's it? Serving? It is a phenomenon that some officials can hold a position until their death.
For those young people, I don't know when their day will be!
Second, how to train a qualified doctor by teaching in the hospital?
Medical students selected from the primary level have only basic and rough medical knowledge. If they want to be qualified substitute doctors, they need to enter Imperial Hospital for further in-depth study, so as to master medical knowledge more comprehensively and serve the royal family better.
At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Tai Hospital had an education department called Teaching Hall. Under normal circumstances, medical officers who are proficient in medicine, excellent in character and knowledge will be selected to teach in hospitals and undertake the task of educating young medical students. There are two kinds of teaching practice. One is a person who teaches eunuch medicine in the east pharmacy, which is called internal teaching practice; In addition, those who teach the children of medical officers and other dropouts in the yamen of Thai hospitals are called foreign teachers.
Later, the teaching hall was cancelled. More than forty years later, the Medical Museum was re-established. Its TCM officials taught classic medical works such as Huangdi Neijing, Pulse Diagnosis and Compendium of Materia Medica, which continued until Guangxu period.
During Guangxu period, there was yiguang in Taiji Hospital, with only three teachers to educate students. Among them, the content of teaching has also been expanded. Mainly teaching Chinese medicine (western medicine had spread at that time), and the courses were: Neijing, Difficult Classics, Materia Medica, Classic Books, Chinese Characters, Annotations, and * * *. Later, the teaching content was constantly improved and developed.
The teaching department set up in Thai Hospital not only wants to train a doctor who is proficient in medical skills, but also wants to train a doctor with both ability and political integrity, excellent character and learning, and high moral character, so the education of both ability and political integrity is indispensable. This puts a lot of pressure on the seed players who want to become doctors. They not only need to recite a thick stack of medical books, but also need to learn moral principles and set high standards for themselves.
In addition, the learning content of medical students, that is, the learning difficulty of medical knowledge, has always been heard. This is especially true in the Qing Dynasty. It's just that any book listed above has a huge content, and many incurable diseases and anecdotes need to be understood and remembered.
The knowledge points that medical students need to remember now are supported by scientific basis, and there are traces and rules to follow in some places. In ancient times, many medical knowledge recorded in ancient books was an unexpected gain of predecessors once or twice, and many of them had no rules to follow at all, which was undoubtedly a great challenge for ancient medical students.
After the admitted students enter the hospital, they still have to take the exam at last. Qualification examination is an examination that undergraduates take during their study in the hospital. According to the records of Thai hospital, the assessment of internal medicine staff in Thai hospital is customized every four seasons. What is the main content of the exam? The important prescriptions such as Neijing, Difficult Classic, Pulse Classic and Materia Medica Classic were discussed and graded respectively. Every three years, officials from the Ministry of Ritual will come to the hospital to take the exam. Those who pass the exam are called doctors, and those who fail will leave school as usual and wait to take the exam again. .
Third, slowly evaluate the road to promotion.
Although it is so hard to become a doctor, it is not very comfortable after officially becoming a doctor. Over the years, the actual number of employees in Thai hospitals has ranged from 67 to 84, which shows that the number of on-the-job officials is very limited, most of the official positions will not change, and there is less room for adjustment.
According to the official rank in The Complete Collection of the Gentry in Qing Dynasty, the official rank of Tai Hospital remained basically unchanged from the early Qing Dynasty to the early Guangxu period. From the first year of Guangxu to the twenty-first year of Guangxu, there were five awards from the imperial court, eight awards from the court, seven awards from the physician and nine awards from the official position.
After that, several adjustments were made, but no matter how they were adjusted, the overall ranking of Thai hospitals was not too high. This is undoubtedly worse. And there are regular and irregular assessments after taking office, and unqualified medical officers will face the risk of demotion.
Rank promotion examination
The promotion examination of Thai Hospital (HKCEE) is held every six years. Thai hospital, together with the doctors and students in the examination department of the Ministry of Ritual, grades them according to the examination results and decides whether to stay or not.
According to the records of Thai hospital:? In addition to doctors, all staff and students below the rank of official should be examined. The preparation and acceptance of papers are reviewed by the collection officials and evaluated by the teaching practice. Those who pass the first and second grades, if there is no accident, will be added by name; Third-class merit, still in service, suspended promotion; Fourth-class students stop taking the exam once; Those who are not ranked will be dismissed and kept in hospital for observation. Will they be admitted to the exam next time? .
In other words, only those who have obtained first-class and second-class medical officers are eligible to be promoted or retained in their original posts, and the rest are at risk of demotion and dismissal. The promotion of officials with Grade Eight or below in Tai Hospital is also measured according to the results of the rank promotion examination.
Appraisal examination
In addition to the rank promotion exam, there is also an assessment method in Thai hospitals, that is, Beijing inspection.
An inspection tour to Beijing is held once a year. During each inspection, Tang Guan of Thai Hospital will screen the doctors and officials in the department, and then walk four first-class medical officers to the gift-giving department. Beijing inspection belongs to the imperial doctor evaluation exam, similar to the current selection? Advanced employees? Beijing inspection is too many evaluation grades for doctors. Generally, the results of Beijing inspection will not be used to appoint doctors.
Other exams
In Guangxu Chaotai Hospital, besides the qualification examination twice a year in spring and autumn, the rank promotion examination and evaluation examination once every six years, there are also irregular proposition examinations and consultation and selection.
Among them, there is a proposition test. For example, in the 18th year of Guangxu, Empress Dowager Cixi secretly ordered the Second Hall of the Imperial Palace to hold a proposition examination, and selected eight elders, including Nie, who was fluent in arts and sciences and excellent in medical skills, to enter the Imperial Palace and take turns to take different classes.
It can be seen that even if you become a doctor, the examination of doctors in hospitals is irregular and regular now. Even if you are an official, the pressure is not small. You need to study and review medical knowledge from time to time, not only to seek a better position, but also to better serve the royal family and patients. This is consistent with the original intention of doctors to keep learning, that is, to better serve patients.
References:
Qinghuidian
Thai hospital archives
A complete collection of gentlemen in Qing dynasty