Du Fu (7 12—770) is a beautiful poet, whose names are Shaoling Yelao, Du Shaoling and Du Gongbu. Great poets from the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the middle Tang Dynasty were called "poets". Originally from Xiangyang, Hubei Province, Gong County, Henan Province. Du Zhisun, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty. Tang Suzong, Official Left Addendum. After he entered Shu, he was recommended by his friends as a staff officer of Ren Jiannan Drug Rehabilitation Center, and Yuan Wailang was appointed as the school's engineering department. Therefore, later generations also called him Du Shiyi and Du Gongbu.
Du Fu is as famous as Li Bai and is known as the "Great Du Li" in the world. The core of his thought is the Confucian thought of benevolent government. He has a great ambition of "making the monarch Yao and Shun superior first, and then making the customs pure". He loves life, people and the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. He hated evil, criticized and exposed the corruption of the imperial court and the dark phenomenon in social life. He sympathized with the people and even fantasized that he was willing to make self-sacrifice to save their suffering.
Du Fu is a great realistic poet, who wrote 1400 poems in his life. His experience and poetry creation can be divided into four periods.
First, the roaming period of reading (before the age of 35)
During this period, he traveled to Wu, Yue (now Jiangsu and Zhejiang), Qi and Zhao (now northern Shandong and southern Hebei) and worked in Luoyang. After meeting Li Bai in Luoyang, they formed a profound friendship, then met Gao Shi and traveled with Liang and Song (now Kaifeng and Shangqiu). Later, Du Li went to Jizhou again, met at the east foot after breaking up, and separated again, so there was no chance to meet again.
Second, trapped in Chang' an period (35 to 44 years old)
During this period, Du Fu took the exam in Chang 'an for the first time and came last. Later, he presented gifts to the emperor and presented them to the nobles. He lived a life of "detaining the rich in the morning, following the fat horse dust at night, throwing a cup and baking it cold, hiding his worries everywhere". Finally, he got a small official who led the government to join the army. During this period, he wrote poems such as "Car Shop" and "Two Ways", criticizing current politics and satirizing dignitaries. The book "Singing 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian" is particularly famous, which indicates that his understanding of the political and social reality of the imperial court has reached a new height after ten years of hard life in Chang 'an.
3. Being trapped as a thief and being an official (45 to 48 years old).
When the Anshi Rebellion broke out and Tongguan fell, Du Fu settled in Zhangzhou and went to Suzong alone. He was captured by the Anshi Rebellion and taken to Chang 'an. In the face of chaos in Chang 'an, he heard the news that the loyalist troops were repeatedly defeated, and wrote poems such as Moonlit Night, Spring Hope, Ai Jiangtou and Sad Chen Tao. Later, he fled to Fengxiang to cheat and made a collection. Because of the suggestion, Shangshu was demoted to be the prime minister of joining the army. Later, he recorded his experiences in the form of poems and became his immortal works, namely "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells".
Three officials: Shi Haoguan, Xin 'an official and Tongguan official; "Three Farewells" means "Wedding Farewells", "Homelessness" and "Farewell the Old and Welcome the New".
Fourth, the wandering period in the southwest (48 to 58 years old).
With the collapse of Xiangzhou loyalist and the famine of Guanfu, Du Fu abandoned his official and fled with his family, passing through Qin Zhou and Tonggu, and lived a relatively stable life in Chengdu. When he entered the DPRK, the warlord in the middle of Shu rebelled and he went to Zizhou and Langzhou. Then go back to Chengdu. After Yanwu's death, he drifted again, lived in Kuizhou for two years, drifted to the same lake and died on the Xiangjiang River. The works of this period include Heart on the Water Threshold, Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Sick Orange, Climbing the Building, Book Reading, The Yellow River was recaptured by the imperial army, Showing Wu Lang again, Ascending the Mountain, Qiu Xing, Three Jueju and Sui Yanxing.
Throughout his life, Du Fu's thoughts were "worrying about Li Yuan in poor years" and "being the best monarch and being Yao Shun", so his poetry creation always runs through the main line of worrying about the country and the people, which shows Du Fu's greatness. His poems are rich in social content, rich in the color of the times and distinctive in political inclination, which truly and profoundly reflect the political current affairs and broad social life prospect of a historical era before and after the An Shi Rebellion, and are called the "history of poetry" of a generation. The style of Du Fu's poems is basically "gloomy and frustrated", and the language and text structure are full of changes, emphasizing the refinement of words and sentences. At the same time, his poems have many styles. Besides the five ancient poems, the seven ancient poems, the five laws and the seven laws, he also wrote many lines. There are also various artistic techniques, which are the epitome of the ideological art of Tang poetry. Du Fu also inherited the spirit of Yuefu in Han and Wei Dynasties, got rid of the shackles of the ancient Yuefu themes and created many new Yuefu themes, such as the famous Three Officials and Three Farewells. After his death, he was highly praised by Huang Fan, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi. Du Fu's poems had a far-reaching influence on Bai Yuan's literary thought of "New Yuefu Movement" and Li Shangyin's near-body allegorical current affairs poems. However, Du Fu's poems were widely valued after the Song Dynasty. Yu Wang, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You and others highly praised Du Fu, while Wen Tianxiang regarded Du Fu's poems as a spiritual force to adhere to national integrity. The influence of Du Fu's poems, from ancient times to the present, has long gone beyond the scope of literature and art. For details of his life, see Old Tang Book 190. This is Du Gongbu.
Li He (790 ~ 8 16) was born in Fuchang, Henan (now Yiyang, Henan). He calls himself "Longxi Changji" and "Ji Chengren". Two books in the Tang Dynasty said that he was the "Queen of the Imperial Clan Zheng Wang". In the Tang Dynasty, there was Prince Zheng Er, whose distant ancestor was Li Yuan's uncle, not Li Yuan's tenth son. Li He has been away from Li Liang for nearly 200 years, and his relationship with the royal family has been extremely alienated. Father Li Jinsu's official position is not high either. Li He was born in such an imperial family with a distant branch and a broken family.
Li He became famous when he was a teenager, and when he was about fifteen. People call him "Li Er", just like Li Yi, a famous poet of the older generation. He has his own eccentric habit of writing poems. He doesn't want to write poems behind closed doors. He likes to look for inspiration for poems in a wider life world outside his family. Li Shangyin wrote Biography of Li Changji? Quotheng was a slave since he was a child, riding a donkey and carrying an old tattered kit. When he got anything, he put the book in his bag. When I got home at dusk, Mrs. Tai took the maid out of her bag and saw a lot of books. She said,' It's my duty to express my heart!' I got on the lamp, ate my meal, took the book from the maid, ground ink and folded paper, and threw it into his bag. If it weren't for the drunken funeral, the rate would be hopeless. "
At the age of eighteen, Li He came to Luoyang, the eastern capital, from Changgu. At this time, Han Yu was appointed as Dr. Guo Zi, and his capital was enfeoffed. Li He paid a visit to him with the poem "Wild Goose Gate Taishouxing" and was appreciated. Two years later, Han Yu was appointed as a foreign minister, and Huangfu was appointed as the censor and toured the eastern capital. They went to visit Li He together.
In the fifth year of Yuanhe (8 10), Li He, 2 1 year-old, took the Henan Provincial Examination with excellent results and was recommended as a scholar. That winter, he went to Chang 'an to take the exam in February of the following year. At this time, he was attacked by "name competitors". They say that the word "Jin" of Jinshi is homophonic with the word "Jin" of his father Li Jinsu. According to the taboo law at that time, Li He should not take the Libu exam. For this reason, Han Yu specially wrote an article "Debate on Taboo", refuting that "the father's name is Jin Su, but the son cannot be a scholar. Father's name is benevolence, son can't be human! " However, Li He finally failed to pass the exam. He fell into extreme depression and resentment.
In the spring of the 6th year of Yuanhe (8 1 1), Li He returned to Chang 'an and became the Li Lang of Taichang Temple. This is a humble little official (from the Nine Grades) who carries out the ancestral temple ceremony. Li He, proud and self-respecting, regarded it as a concubine with a dustpan and broom, and felt very humiliated. Less than three years later, he resigned and left Chang 'an. During his stay in Beijing, Li He wrote poems such as Li Ping's Poems, Listening to a Wonderful Teacher Playing the Piano, Offering Shang Chen, and Song to Shen Ya. The song "Han Fu" by the Golden Bronze Immortal is probably his farewell to Chang 'an.
Li He lost his father as a minor and his family was poor. Forced by food and clothing, his brother had to go far away to make a living. In the autumn of the second year (August14), he returned to his hometown and went to Luzhou (now Changzhi County, Shanxi Province) to go to his good friend Zhang Che. Zhang Che is Han Yu's nephew. At that time, he had just worked in the Zhao Yi shogunate. Along the way, Li He wrote "The Arrow Song of Changping" and other works. He stayed in Luzhou for three years and got nothing. Soon, he died at home at the age of 27.
Li He compiled his 223 poems into four before his death, and entrusted his good friend Shen to preface them. Li Heji, which was circulated in the Northern Song Dynasty, is divided into four volumes and five volumes. The latter has more than one volume, but neither of them is the old appearance of Tang Ben. The five volumes of the Northern Song Dynasty were originally named Li Shi. The title of the Southern Song Dynasty is Collected Works of Li Changji. The "Four Series" photocopied the titles of Li's Poems when they were published. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was also called Long Valley Collection. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Li Heji made a note. In the Qing Dynasty, Wang Qi selected and recorded comments and notes from past dynasties and compiled Li Changji's Songs. Li Heshi has 24 1 poems today. 1958 Zhonghua Book Company published Three Notes on Li Changji's Songs and Poems, and Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House published Annotations on Li He's Poems 1977, all of which were annotated by Wang Qiben, Yao and Fang Shiju.
Li He is a romantic poet and a representative poet in the turning period of poetic style in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. He was born in an era when great poets such as Han, Liu, Yuan and Bai competed for glory. However, later poet Li He was able to create a unique family. The central content of his poems is to tell the grief and indignation of talented people, and there is a restrained and open atmosphere in his poems. With his unique experience and feelings, he painted his poems with a layer of melancholy color of Leng Yan. Wang Siren's Preface to the Interpretation of Long Valley Poems? Quot with his sad thoughts, it became an obscure tone. He likes to use ghost words, weeping words, dead words and blood words. He inherited the romantic spirit and artistic technique of The Songs of the South, and borrowed from Yuefu, Xiao's poems, Bao Zhao's poems and Li Bai's poems and songs in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. He created a mysterious and colorful artistic realm with his rich imagination and novel language. A Qing and Wang Qi thought that Li He's poems "originated from Chu Sao, and gradually tended to ancient Yuefu during the Han and Wei Dynasties". "It's a pity that he is unfortunate and short-lived, so the number of poems left is limited, and the content naturally appears thin. Moreover, he deliberately created many strange epigrams, but at the same time it was inevitable that they were obscure and over-polished.
There have always been different opinions about Li He's poems. Some people compared it with Du Fu and praised it as "Tang Chunqiu". Some people think that its "ideological core" is "fame and fortune" and "wealth and enjoyment". Some people call it the "ghost world". Some people say that his poems "have nothing but lust and pornography."
List of Li He's Works (790-8 16)
Li Ping recited two poems about the satrap of Yanmen.
Su Xiaoxiao's Tomb is a dream song.
Qiu Lai Qin Wang drank thirteen songs in Nanyuan.
(one, five, six, eight)
The Golden Copper Immortal Ci and the Preface of Ma Poetry in Han Dynasty (IV, V) The old lady picked jade songs.
Zhi wine shop changgu Beiyuan sixin bamboo shoots
(1) Go to Shang Chen.
Bitter days and short days, the fairy song of Jiangnan farmers
Invite for a drink