-From the wet nurse of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty
1. Who saved the wet nurse of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty?
Because Wukong steals peaches and ginseng fruit in the novel of Journey to the West, it can be traced back to the poem of learning from the scriptures, and then to the story and biography of Hanwu. Then, I searched the existing electronic and paper versions of ancient books and novels, trying to collect all the words related to Dong Fangshuo and see how big the relationship between the Monkey King and Dong Fangshuo is. Although the search and sorting process is rather bitter, I can occasionally find some interesting words, such as this article under the title of "Celebrities" in Taiping Guangji 164:
Dong Fangshuo (from "Unique Records")
Emperor Wu wanted to kill his wet nurse, but his mother was in a hurry in Dong Fangshuo. He said: "When the emperor is angry, he will talk to others, which is good for the ears of death. When you go, you care about me repeatedly, and you should set a surprise to stimulate it. " The wet nurse did as she said. On the emperor's side, the new moon said, "Go quickly. Now that the emperor is old, don't miss you when breastfeeding! " The emperor was sorrowful, so he was excused.
I've been listening to this story for a long time, but it doesn't seem to say so in "Unique Records". For the original text, see Duyizhi (Zhang et al., Zhonghua Book Company Edition), Volume 3 13 (P62):
The wet nurse of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty relied on her kindness and family background. The emperor was angry, and the wet nurse was on the side, resigning to the emperor. Mrs. Guo said, "My mother is not here today, but she has taken care of me again and again. I can't save my mother." As she said, mother cares about others. Scheeren cursed, "looking back, what is it? The emperor is strong, don't be fake! " The emperor was very happy that he didn't flow to his wet nurse.
The proofreader of the book said: "According to the" Funny Biography of Historians ",it was Mrs. Guo who saved the wet nurse; According to Xijing Miscellanies, the rescuer was Dong Fangshuo. "
Indeed, in historical records, this is the story of Mr. Guo Sheren. How did you become Dong Fangshuo in Tai Ping Guang Ji? Let's take a look at what Xijing Miscellanies says:
Emperor Wu wanted to kill the wet nurse who was in a hurry in Dong Fangshuo. The new moon said, "The emperor is patient, and what others say will be good for the ears of death. When you went, you repeatedly cared about me. I should set a surprise to arouse it. " The wet nurse said so. On the emperor's side, the new moon said, "Go quickly. Now that the emperor is old, don't you miss kindness and evil when you are breastfeeding! " The emperor was very sad and gave up. (The complete translation of Xijing Miscellanies, Volume II, Article 33, Guizhou People's Publishing House, First Edition 1993)
The translator said that the original name of this poem was Fang Shuo made outstanding achievements to save the wet nurse, but the word "East" was missing, but the plot was the same as that in Taiping Guangji, emphasizing that "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty wanted to kill the wet nurse", which was different from that in Duyizhi. If you want to see a more detailed and original statement, you can only go to the sixty-sixth "Historical Records and Funny Biography":
Fortunately, when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty advocated Guo Sheren, his remarks did not conform to the avenue, but they made people talk about it. When Emperor Wu was young, the mother of the Marquis of Wu Dong often raised the emperor. When the emperor was strong, he was nicknamed "big wet nurse" ..... The wet nurse said, never heard of it. There is a law for wet nurses to ride in the middle of the road. ..... Nanny's slave offspring are very violent in Chang 'an, robbing horses and chariots and people's clothes. Smell it in the middle, but I can't bear it.
A company invites you to move to the nanny's house, edge, and play. Before the wet nurse enters, she will say goodbye to her face. The wet nurse first saw Mr. Guo Sheren and wept for him. Mr. Xie said, "I will resign as soon as I see you, but I don't care about the pace." As she said, the wet nurse thanked her and took care of her for several steps. "Duh! Why doesn't that old woman run! Your majesty is already very strong. It is better to live an evil life with your milk. Why do you still care! " Therefore, democracy regrets it, and it is the person who ordered the wet nurse to stop moving and punish the wet nurse.
It turns out that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty never thought of "wanting to kill the wet nurse". He not only allows the old lady to take the official road, but also wants her to be "a slave of her children and grandchildren." Under the pressure of public opinion, I had to reluctantly agree to the proposal of banishing the "wet nurse family" Mr. Guo Sheren, who can "make people talk about peace", certainly understands the psychology of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The "Queen Mother of Soochow" came to him and immediately offered to help. "Wu Donghou's mother" is a rogue, and so is Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. As Mr. Guo was talking, he happened to be "ordered" down the slope. No one is allowed to talk about "migrating wet nurses" in the future. This is a slap and a punishment.
The meaning of "the person who punishes humiliation" in the original text is easy to understand, but the hermit added a note: "The person who punishes humiliation is also the person who punishes the wet nurse by Emperor Wu." Is he afraid that readers will not appreciate how rogue this "imperial edict" under Emperor Wu is? Maybe I want to remind the old lady of the importance? Who on earth is she, who can make Emperor Wu of Han defend his faults so much?
"Historical Records" Suoyin said: "Wu Dong, county name; Hou, the nurse's surname. " "Historical Records" justice as a cloud: "Gaozu hero, representing the Hou Guo family in Dongwu, Gaozu was sealed for six years. His son, Xiao Jing, abandoned the city for six years to kill pests for the country. Gaimu often raised Emperor Wu. "
Therefore, she is either an ordinary old lady surnamed Hou in the county or the mother of Guo He in the county. I guess it's the latter: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty can kill Wei Zifu, so why should he be patient with an ordinary wet nurse?
Second, how did Dong Fangshuo save people in Miscellanies of Xijing?
Let's talk about the variation of this story later. This story cannot be found in Han Dong Fang Shuo's biography; In Miscellanies of Xijing, it is probably the first report. However, just as the narrative of the Western Regions in the Tang Dynasty changed in The biography of Master Sanzang, the story in Historical Records also changed slightly. The wet nurse's "slave-follower violence" incident was erased, only starting with a sentence that made people not know the truth. "Liang Wudi wanted to kill the wet nurse." Mr. Guo was replaced, and he was asked to say something that was not mentioned in the history books: "The emperor is patient, and what others say will benefit the ears of death." This is obviously exposing the shortcomings of the emperor. When I scolded the wet nurse, I also made some changes. The meaning became more direct, and there was almost no implicit taste. It was so boring.
Here, why do you want to change Xijing Zaji? In particular, why change Dong Fangshuo? This needs to find the reason from Ge Hong first, because the "pure originality" of the book, even if it is not Ge Hong, he has at least done it, which is never denied by ordinary scholars.
Ge Hong's postscript to Xijing Miscellanies ends with Duan Yun:
"Hong Jiafu has a volume of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's Forbidden Palace and a volume of Hanwu Story, which is rare in the world. Today's five volumes are combined into one volume, which can avoid ignorance. "
It can be seen that Xijing Miscellanies should adopt the story in Hanwu Story. However, judging from the Hanwu Story compiled by Mr. Lu Xun, it seems that the paragraphs in Xijing Miscellanies were not introduced, which is very strange. I think there are only two explanations for this: 1. Miscellanies of Xijing contains many original Hanwu stories that he has never quoted in other books. Ge Hong is talking about another book.
Judging from the style of Miscellanies of Xijing, the book rarely deals with Machamp's disorderly gods or unofficial history-like content, while the existing Hanwu stories are mainly "wild" and "strange". Although there are many places involving Dong Fangshuo, they all involve ghosts and gods. "Miscellanies of Xijing" is naturally reluctant to adopt-a general fairy story.
Judging from the story of Miscellanies of Xijing, the writing is not good, the narrative is not as vivid as Historical Records, and it is suspected of tampering with Historical Records. Since Ge Hong wants Xijing Zaji to "benefit from the deficiency of Hanshu" (see the postscript of Xijing Zaji), how can he evaluate Shiji in such a book?
Therefore, I think that even if "Fang Shuo made a miracle to save the wet nurse" is the "original" of "Hanwu Story" written by Ban Gu, Ge Hong will not adopt it. Then, this story must have been made up or written by others to promote Dong Fangshuo.
Why promote Dong Fangshuo? As we know, since Hanshu was published as an independent biography, its stories began to be loved by the public, while Mr. Guo Sheren was gradually forgotten by people. Later, Liu Xiang made a short biography for Dong Fangshuo in The Legend of Immortals, and deified it. Later, the story of Hanwu and the later published Biography of Emperor Wudi contributed to the story of Dong Fangshuo's immortality.
Gradually, Dong Fangshuo became an omniscient living immortal, and later generations were willing to transfer the copyrights of the two books, The Wonderful Book and The Tale of Ten Kingdoms, to him. At the same time, Dong Fangshuo's stories recorded in Historical Records and Hanshu snowballed, and Dong Fangshuo himself became a master of comedy, just like two generations of love or Balagencang.
On this basis, Dong Fangshuo's image has become more and more perfect, almost becoming the embodiment of justice and the savior of the people. The story of "Fang Shuo made a miracle to save the wet nurse" in Miscellanies of Xijing just embodies this point. Comparing the original version of Historical Records, we can know that every revision made by the adapter is to highlight the positive image of Dong Fangshuo:
If we save the arrogant nanny family, Dong Fangshuo's sense of justice will not be reflected, and all the "violent" things will be erased; Adding the phrase "the emperor has patience" shows that Dong Fangshuo knows people very well; Changing "resign at first sight and act quickly" to "you are going, but you care about me repeatedly, and I will set a surprise to shock you", which can better explain the problem and show his enthusiasm. Changing "Your Majesty is powerful" to "The emperor is now big" and "How can people pity him" to "The emperor is sad" sacrifices the implicit beauty of language, but makes the story popular, emotional and folk.
Based on this, I'm afraid this story was later jumped out of Xijing Miscellanies.
Third, "buried with him" and "throwing Guo Sheren"
Let's take a look at the story of "saving the wet nurse" in "Unique Records". In comparison, it is really rewritten directly from historical records, and the language is refined, but the plot and thought have not changed. For example, in the original historical records, it was said that Emperor Wu's behavior towards the nurse's family was "drawing on the experience of China people, but he couldn't bear it", and at the end of the story of Duyizhi, he said that "the emperor was happy". The word "yue" corresponds to "unbearable", so the author of "Unique Records" must have read the original Historical Records.
However, the article "Dong Fangshuo" in Tai Ping Guang Ji is marked as "Duji", and from the text alone, this article comes from Xijing Miscellanies. Then, at least in the Song Dynasty, the story of Dong Fangshuo saving the wet nurse was compiled into Miscellanies of Xijing.
In a word, it is unfair to describe Mr. Guo's deeds as true deeds. However, it reveals the fact that people really prefer to listen to Dong Fangshuo's stories, just as people prefer to listen to the Monkey King's stories rather than Tang Priest's stories.
In fact, according to Biography of Historical Records, Sima Qian wrote Guo Sheren first, and then wrote. Even though he had no preference for the former, he didn't write a biography for Dong Fangshuo alone, which shows that the limelight of these two people is similar.
Judging from historical biographies and other books, these two people do have something in common. "Biography of Historical Records and Funny Stories" said that Mr. Guo Sheren's speech did not conform to the avenue, but it made people say peace. The Biography of Hanshu Dong Fangshuo also says that Scheeren Guo is "funny but never pitiful, always waiting around", and that "the new moon ... is around Scheeren Guo, and this is just a joke", coupled with the story of Scheeren Guo saving the wet nurse analyzed earlier, it can be seen that "funny" is not entirely exclusive.
Comparatively speaking, if Mr. Guo's strength is erudition and eloquence, his strength is "hands-on". Although brain games such as "shooting" and "sophistry" are no match for Dong Fangshuo, he is the best helper of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty when playing sports games, especially when throwing pots. Xijing MiscellaniesNo. 120 "Guo Sheren Throwing Pots" cloud:
During the period of Liang Wudi, Mr. Guo Sheren was good at throwing pots, aiming at bamboo without thorns. In ancient times, throwing a pot, taking the middle and not asking for it, so the adzuki bean is in the middle and the evil arrow jumps out. Mr. Guo Sheren whipped an arrow and returned to his life more than a hundred times, which was called Xiao. Words like Bo are in the palm of your hand. It's Xiao Jie. Every time you throw a pot for Emperor Wu, you need to give gold and silk.
This itself, Dong Fangshuo must be inferior. Interestingly, in the "Nerve" written by Dong Fangshuo, there is also a description of the pot:
"Nerve" said: Dong and Yu Nv throw pots, and they don't miss each other, laughing and talking. The same is true of electricity today. ("Taiping Yu Lan", Volume 13, Supplement 13)
"Nerve" says: Dong lives in a barren mountain with large stone chambers. Throw a pot with the jade girl, no one can enter, no one can leave, and the sky laughs. (Zhang: Laughter is in the sky, and speech is in time. ) ("Taiping Yu Lan" Volume 753, Technology Department X, throwing pots)
These two articles were found in the electronic version of Magnolia Taiping. It is estimated that the original text was input incorrectly, and I don't know what "no mistake" means; "No one who can't get in" seems to be "people who can't get in".
Anyway, the plot of Tian Xiao is really interesting. If only the immortals in China's ancient mythology were so interesting.
Strangely, I couldn't find such a funny story in the series of a hundred schools of thought contending. It was photocopied by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House. 1990. Is there a page missing from this book? Or is it not in the book? In the summary of the total content of Sikuquanshu, it is especially mentioned that:
"Nerve" Volume 1 (Collection of Neifu): "Among them, the jade girl throws a pot, and Xu Ling is quoted in the preface to the new poems of Yutai. It has been circulating for a long time, so it is better to live and spread it widely. "
When it comes to the Song Dynasty's Collection of Lu Zhai's Legacies, the Catalogue of Sikuquanshu says again:
"There are still many people who have lost their lives. Another example is the poem "The Wuyi Garden in Jinling is full of red flowers": "When the sky smiles, the garden is full of air, and the city is full of flutes and flutes", which comes from Du Fu's sentence "When you smile every day, everything seems to be spring again". Fu used "Nerve" to throw a pot at the jade girl and laugh at it. This is not a rare book. "
The poems of Du Fu mentioned here can be found in Volume 230 of All Tang Poems, entitled "Can Draw":
But Mao Yanshou took the lead and threw the pot at Mr. Guo. Every time I laugh, it seems that everything is spring.
Political integrity and harmony, the emperor's grace is broken. I have been playing with it, and there is no dust at all.
Look, the topic is back to Miss Guo. Interestingly, two poems, I Can Draw Mao Yanshou and Throw Pots at Mr. Guo Scheeren, both use the allusions in Miscellanies of Xijing. The former comes from the article "The Painter Abandons the City", and the latter need not be mentioned.
Fourth, Guo Sheren's throwing technique
Because Mr. Guo's throwing skills are commendable, he became interested in throwing cans. In the Miscellanies of Xijing, Mr. Guo Sheren threw a pot and said, "Take bamboo as the target and don't stab it." . In ancient times, throwing a pot, taking the middle and not asking for it, so the adzuki bean is in the middle and the evil arrow jumps out. Mr. Guo Sheren lashed the arrow and ordered people to return it, which was called Xiao. "What's going on?
After investigation, I found that these statements have a great history. The 40th cloud in the Book of Rites Throwing Pots:
When throwing a pot, the host gives an arrow, and the minister shoots it, which makes people hold the pot.
The teacher shoots the pot of progress, with two and a half arrows in the middle, reversed, set in the middle and east, and holds the bagua palm, which is prosperous. The inviter said, "It's better to follow, it's better to win, it's better to drink. ..... "Master, please. ……
Depends on how many you sit. ..... The weight is two inches long. The neck of the pot is repaired by seven inches, the ampulla is repaired by five inches, the caliber is two and a half inches, and the barrel capacity is five liters. The pot was full of adzuki beans, and it jumped out to look for its arrow. The pot is served on the table. Two and a half arrows. If the arrow is a thorn, don't skin it.
..... Division shooting, President, Guan Xiucai, all belong to the guest party; Musicians, messengers and boys all belong to the main party.
Look, "bamboo", "thorn" and "adzuki bean" all come from here. My ancient book The Book of Rites is called Interpretation of the Book of Rites (by Yang Tianyu), which explains these contents in detail. It can be seen that throwing pots is very particular. The rules of the game are: "It's better to put the arrow in the pot than not to put it", that is, you win by inserting the arrow into the pot, "The pot is full of adzuki beans to prevent the arrow from jumping out after putting it in"; The guests and the host take turns to vote for the project, and no one is allowed to vote continuously. Gui is used for counting. It is inserted in the "clock" and is in charge of the shooter. When throwing the pot, the shooter will put a "ring" on the field representing which side, and finally decide whether to win or lose according to the number of "rings", and the loser will be fined. Every time you throw a pot, you need to pay attention to how many scorpions there are. The specific rule is "how many scorpions to sit on", that is, distribution according to people. The number of "Gui" and "Ya" is equal. "The pitcher has four arrows, and the man has four guis". For example, if there are four guests and four contestants, you should use 32 Gui. The purpose of cutting the arrow into sticks or thorns "without peeling" is probably to increase the weight and be more accurate.
From this point of view, when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and others threw pots, there were probably many participants. At this time, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty should "belong to the main party", and Mr. Guo Sheren may be the most powerful "messenger" in the main party, so "every time you throw a pot for Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, you need to give gold and silk". However, how did Mr. Guo Sheren "sow discord and return"? Stick a piece of rubber on the sagittal head? This kind of play is really interesting.
Judging from the sentence "kill one arrow with one hundred shots", it may take a long time for Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to dump the pot with others. "More than 100 counterattacks" means "More than 100 counterattacks", that is, Mr. Guo voted more than 100 times. If "the pot-thrower has four arrows", at least 25 rounds are needed in a game.
"Peaceful Magnolia" quoted Yijing as saying: "Throwing the pot method, 12 pieces, like the number of December." According to this calculation, the throwing pot of later generations will be 12 arrows per person per round. If so, it only takes eight or nine rounds to throw more than one hundred times, but I don't know how long the interval between each round is. The Summary of the General Contents of Sikuquanshu (Volume 114) is a volume of Li Zhuan's "Hupu" in the Ming Dynasty. "The book is based on the throwing pot method, and the picture is the spectrum. Where there are eighteen orders, there are more than one hundred and thirty formulas. Although indecent assault is ancient, it is also one of the techniques. " If you can finish reading this book, everything will be clear. Han Wei and Dan Chun once wrote Fu on Throwing Pots and Selected Works, but the electronic versions are hard to read.