1, the mystery of birds
Birds are not characterized by wings and flying, but by feathers. Only birds have feathers in nature. There were no transitional fossils of birds at that time, and birds evolved from other species.
186 1 year (the third year of Darwin's theory of evolution), German biologist von Meyer discovered archaeopteryx fossils in Sorenhofen, Germany, 654.38+45 million years ago.
He put forward the hypothesis that Archaeopteryx had wings and feathers, but developed claws at the end of wings, long tailbone and neat teeth, which proved that it was a transitional bird with reptilian characteristics.
1868, British naturalist Huxley put forward the hypothesis of the origin of birds and dinosaurs. He analyzed that Archaeopteryx and theropod dinosaurs had 35 common features in their hind legs, but other scientists believed that this was the result of convergent evolution.
2. The wind sings in the desert
About 1/5 of the land on the earth is desert; 1895, Sven Hedin, a Swede, entered the Taklimakan Desert eastward from Kashgar, Xinjiang, looking for Karadun, Loulan, Milan, Qiemo, Niya, Dandan Uhrik and Karadun, which disappeared after the 7th century.
Baotou-Lanzhou Railway is planned to be built in the first five-year plan, with Tengger Desert in the middle to control the quicksand in Shapotou. Zhu Kezhen, vice president of China Academy of Sciences, wrote "March into the desert".
From 65438 to 0959, 29-year-old Zhu Zhenda was entrusted by Zhu Kezhen to lead the first desert expedition in China.
There are eight deserts and four sands in northwest China: Taklimakan Desert (the largest mobile desert in the world), Gurbantunggut Desert, Badain Jaran Desert, Tengger Desert, Qaidam Desert, Kumtag Desert, Kubuqi Desert, Wulanbuhe Desert, Mu Us Desert, Hunshandake Desert, Horqin Desert and Hulunbeier Desert.
The arid area is called desert, and the semi-arid area is called sandy land; Taking Helan Mountain as the boundary, the desert to the west of Helan Mountain is vast, but because the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau blocked the moist, warm and humid airflow in the Indian Ocean, it formed for millions of years. In the east of Helan Mountain, a large grassland turned into sand in hundreds of years.
Soviet experts came to the grass fence sand barrier, and China improved it from 5 meters square to 1 meter square, and the wheat straw was 20 cm long; There is a thin shell on the sand surface in the grass grid, and the biological soil crust of wheat straw rot and cyanobacteria crust will develop into more stable moss crust and lichen crust in the future.
3. Ask if the weather is warm and cold
At the end of 19, Austrian meteorologist Hann in the Alps put forward the theory of climate stability. In a certain time scale, climate is a stable and unchangeable normal state.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Hopkins, an American, put forward Hawkhorn's biological phenology law by using phenology. In the temperate zone of North America, the phenology in spring and early summer will be delayed by 4 days every time the dimension moves northward by 1 degree, the longitude moves eastward by 5 degrees, or the altitude rises by 122 meters, while the phenology in autumn is the opposite.
North America is a relatively standard continent, which is not blocked by mountains and valleys, and obeys Hawke Park Jung Su's biological phenology law. China was changed by the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which occupied 1/4 of the territory.
Zhu Kezhen, who has a profound knowledge of Chinese studies, studied the phenology recorded in China's ancient books, sorted out the laws of historical climate evolution, mainly Sikuquanshu, and collected the main ancient books from pre-Qin to Qing Dynasty, which were divided into four parts: classic subset and historical subset. Zhu Kezhen, then president of Zhejiang University, was responsible for the handover of Si Ku Quan Shu in wartime.
Asian elephant, 5000 years ago at the foot of Yanshan Mountain (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei generation), 3000 years ago in Qinling Mountains, 1, 500 years ago in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, 500 to 1, 000 years ago in Guangdong and Guangxi, is now only found on the border of Yunnan.
4. Loess gobbledygook
1870, Richthofen, a German scholar who wrote about China, encountered a sandstorm on the Loess Plateau and put forward the "wind hypothesis". Around 1950, Pavlin Novo, a Soviet scholar, put forward the "water hypothesis" on the Loess Plateau based on his research experience on the flood in his hometown Volga River.
In the first five-year plan, Liu Dongsheng came to study in the Loess Plateau to develop and build the Loess Plateau and control soil erosion. Loess and red soil appear alternately, and the cause of red soil is: CaCO3 in the soil dissolves with rain, and deposits into calcium nodules under the red soil layer, commonly known as ginger soil, which is relatively hard, while Fe in the soil is oxidized, which makes the soil turn red gradually and forms the red soil layer.
The lower part of the red soil layer is hard and solid due to the deposition of calcium nodules, which becomes an important supporting layer and can withstand pressure. It is used at the top of the cave when building caves, so the top of the cave is mostly red soil.
The thickness of loess is the same everywhere, and there is no obvious difference in particle size between the upper and lower layers. There is no characteristic of flood impact deposition with different thickness and large particles in the lower layer, and Taihang Mountain also has loess, so the "water hypothesis" is wrong.
Liu Dongsheng inspected the 10 section in four east-west directions and six north-south directions on the Loess Plateau, and obtained the difference of loess grain size. According to the trend of loess belt, he inferred that the wind direction was northwest, and put forward the theory of "fresh air formation".
The formation of red soil needs sufficient rain, so it is inferred that the alternation of red soil and yellow soil may be due to the different humidity of climate when the sedimentary layer is formed. Snail shells in loess layer are dry and cold, while snail shells in red soil layer are warm. At that time, it was generally believed that there were four glacial periods in the Quaternary, but there were 32 layers of red soil in the loess layer, so there were 32 cold and warm alternations in the Quaternary.
The paleomagnetic susceptibility of cores in the Loess Plateau is analyzed. Marine scientists extracted foraminifera fossils from seabed sediments by deep-sea drilling technology, and studied oxygen isotopes, and drew a curve corresponding to the climate change in paleogeological period, which was consistent with the paleomagnetic curve of the loess plateau core and overturned the classical theory of the four major ice ages in Quaternary.
The loess plateau, polar ice cores and deep-sea sediments have become the three pillars for studying global climate change. Liu Dongsheng won the Nobel Prize "Taylor Prize" in international environmental science in 2002, and is the only winner from Chinese mainland so far.
5. Ancient exotic flowers
So far, there is no transition species from no flowers to flowers, from gymnosperms to angiosperms. Fossils of flowering plants should have appeared in the tropics at the earliest, but no earlier fossils can be found, only 1 100 million years old. Sun Ge discovered angiosperm fossils and astrological inflorescences 65.438+0.25 billion years ago in Heilongjiang. It is the same as the "ancient Israeli flower" fossil discovered by an American scholar in Israel.
65438+25 million years ago, there were the same plants in the Middle East and the Far East, and it took time for plants to spread, so there must be earlier angiosperms. Krasilov, a Russian paleontologist, discovered in Mongolia that the "Goulven Fruit" fossil, which predates the astrological inflorescence by millions of years, may be an angiosperm.
Wolf fin fish is also found in the bottom of Gur Kingdom, and it is the earliest true bone fish discovered so far, definitely earlier than the bottom of astrological inflorescence. Wolf fin fish is also produced in western Liaoning, and Sun Ge went to western Liaoning. 1996 found the angiosperm fossil Liaoning Guguo 65438+300 million years ago. In addition, the ancient kingdom was found to be a gymnosperm in the stratum.
The stems and branches of Liaoning ancient fruit are too thin to support the heavy upper part, so it is speculated that angiosperms originated from water. In 2000, China ancient fruit fossils were found in western Liaoning, and angiosperms, with thin stems and branches, thin and deeply split leaves and underdeveloped roots, proved that deep water absorption was not needed, and proved that the earliest angiosperms in the world originated from water.
6, geocentric flame
There are four continental fault zones in the world: East Africa Rift Valley, East Asia Rift Valley (Anhui, Shandong, Bohai, Heilongjiang and Siberia), Rhine Rift Valley, basins and mountainous provinces. There are few active volcanoes in China, and only Kunlun Mountain has erupted once in the past century. Liu Jiaqi studied under the famous geologist Liu Dongsheng and wrote the book Volcano in China.
During 1997, Liu Jiaqi came to Huguangyan and Leizhou Peninsula in Zhanjiang, Guangdong. Huguangyan is a horse lake. The eruption of Mount Mar refers to the explosion in the process of magma upwelling when it meets groundwater, and huge water vapor ejects the surface, which makes the ground collapse to form a low-level crater, and then gradually accumulates water to form a volcanic lake called Lake Mar.
Lake Mar in Huguangyan and Lake Mar in the Eiffel Plateau in western Germany became sister lakes. The Rift Valley in East Africa is the largest and longest continental fault zone in the world. It starts from central Mozambique in the south, divides into two branches at the mouth of Schiller River, and journey to the south crosses the Red Sea to reach Eurasia. Nearly one-sixth of the equatorial circumference, it has one of the four major volcanic belts in the world, the East African Rift Valley volcanic belt.
The world's four major volcanic belts: the Pacific Rim volcanic belt, the mid-ocean ridge volcanic belt, the East African Rift Valley volcanic belt, and the Alps-Himalayan volcanic belt (Mediterranean-Indonesia volcanic belt); Two major seismic belts in the world: the Pacific Rim seismic belt and the Alps-Himalayan seismic belt; Liu Jiaqi believes that the Rift Valley will eventually become calm and will not continue to crack.