Detail description plays an important role in portraying characters, enriching characters, connecting story clues and enriching the connotation of works. Vivid detail description is helpful to reflect the broad life picture and express profound social themes.
Environmental description plays an obvious role in setting off and creating the atmosphere, or paving the way for the later development.
The function of the sentence:
At the beginning, it played a leading role or a gatekeeper. In the middle is a transitional role. Finally, the full text is summarized.
Comment rhetoric
Rhetoric is to modify words and use various expressions to make language expression accurate, vivid and powerful.
There are seven kinds of figures of speech that need our analysis and application in junior high school: metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, repetition, rhetorical questions, and there are also duality, intertextuality, metonymy, quotation and irony in the textbooks.
Senior high school entrance examination
Textual research: "With the help of common grammar and rhetoric knowledge, we can understand the important sentences in the article and appreciate their expression effect in the article."
The test questions mainly include judging (multiple choices), distinguishing its expressive function (reference reading), imitating or continuing to write rhetorical sentences. It is a major trend to examine the understanding and application of rhetorical knowledge through imitation in the senior high school entrance examination in recent years.
The basic expressive effect of rhetoric
Metaphor can express content vividly and concretely.
Personification personifies concrete things and makes language vivid.
Exaggeration reveals the essence of things, sets off the atmosphere, strengthens the rendering power and causes the associative effect.
Parallelism enhances language momentum and expression effect.
Repeat a meaning, a feeling.
Asking questions reminds people to think or emphasize something.
Rhetorical questions are emphasized.
Narrative of summary
Narrative is a style with narrative and description as its main forms of expression and character notes and scenery as its main contents.
A detailed analysis of the main points of the syllabus;
1, overall perception, distinguishing elements, person, clue, order.
2, understand the role of description, discussion, lyricism and other expressions.
3. Analyze the hierarchy, understand the content, sort out the details and summarize the center.
4. Appreciate words and sentences and understand the meaning and function of keywords.
5. Appreciate the image, language and expression of literary works.
General principles for answering questions
First of all, browse the exam questions and feel it as a whole.
Second, carefully examine the questions and make clear the requirements
Third, local exploration and deep reading.
Fourth, conduct a comprehensive inspection to ensure accuracy.
Six elements of narrative:
The time, place, person, reason, course and result of the incident.
The person and function of narration;
1, first person: narrated in the tone or angle of "I" and "we".
Function: It is convenient to express your thoughts directly, and it is very intimate and realistic to read.
2. Second person address: Appears in the narrative of the first person or the third person, out of the need for direct lyric. However, the second person said that it is generally not used in the whole narrative.
Function: Close the distance with readers, facilitate emotional communication, and directly infect readers.
3. The third person: The author tells the story of the characters and events to the readers in a "third person" position.
Function: Not limited by time and space, it can be described freely in many ways, which is convenient for shaping characters and expressing the theme of the article.
Narrative clues:
Clue is a thread running through the whole paper, which reflects the internal relationship between materials and connects all materials into an organism.
Clues can be roughly divided into six categories:
1, taking the characteristics of specific things or things as clues. For example, Praise of Poplar takes that extraordinary poplar as a lyric clue throughout the whole text.
2. Take people or their characteristics as clues. For example, behind the father's back as a clue.
3. Take the central event as a clue. For example, "Saibi and Gourd" takes Saibi's love and collection of gourds as clues to start the story.
4. Take thoughts and feelings as clues, such as Sammy and Baihe, and organize materials with the change of Sammy's feelings for his grandfather as clues.
5. Take the passage of time or the change of space as a clue. For example, the little boy takes the passage of time and the change of place as clues, that is, his whereabouts.
6. Take what I have seen and heard as a clue. Kong Yiji, for example, took what my little buddy saw and heard as a clue and shaped the character Kong Yiji.
Clue-finding skills: pay attention to topics, words that appear many times in the text, lyric sentences, etc.
The order and function of narration;
1, chronological order (in the order of things)
Function: the narrative begins and ends, and it is clear and impressive to read.
2. Flashback (write the results first, and then explain what happened before. )
Function: arouse suspense, attract readers, avoid dull narration and enhance the vividness of the article.
3. insert (insert events related to the central idea in the narrative process. )
Function: to supplement, pave the way and set off the main plot and character description, enrich the image and highlight the center.
Understand the role of description, discussion and lyric expression.
Description: Describe people, events and environments in vivid language. Description can be divided into character description and environment description. Character description (portrait, action, language, psychology, etc. ) can reveal the ideological quality and personality characteristics of the characters. Environmental description can be divided into natural environment description and social environment description. The description of natural environment can render the atmosphere, contrast the emotions of characters, promote the development of plots and highlight the theme. The description of social environment can explain the background and reveal the characters' thoughts.
Discussion: The discussion in the narrative is the author's direct viewpoint, judgment and attitude, which points out or deepens the theme and plays the role of making the finishing point.
Lyricism: The author expresses his feelings directly on the basis of narration, arousing readers' feelings and giving readers a strong infection and shock.
The skills of summarizing the central idea of the article;
1, analyze the title of the article;
2. Analyze the end of the article;
3. Analyze the lyric sentences in the text;
4. Summarize the center on the basis of summarizing the general idea of each paragraph;
5. Some articles are complicated, so we must start from many aspects and make comprehensive analysis in order to fully and accurately grasp the center of the article.
Understanding of key sentences
Key sentences mainly include five aspects:
(1) indicates the theme of the sentence;
2 descriptive, argumentative and lyrical sentences;
③ Summarize the sentences of the full text;
4 quoted sentences;
⑤ A turning sentence from the beginning to the end
Functions of key sentences
Generally, it can be considered from two aspects:
Structurally,
Often play: a connects the preceding with the following, b leads down or c summarizes;
Second, in terms of content,
It is often: A opens the topic, B sets the stage, C paves the way, D deepens the center, and E points out the main idea (the finishing touch).
Open the reading test questions
This kind of test questions mainly include the following aspects:
(1), according to the selected materials to talk about views, feelings and enlightenment;
(2) Explain the understanding of the selected text content in combination with the actual situation;
(3) comment on the characters in the text;
(4), according to the life and study experience, talk about their own unique views on the selected materials;
(5) Put forward some reasonable suggestions and ideas about the phenomenon described in this paper.
(6) Mobilize knowledge accumulation, and investigate the extension of material selection and the connection between the inside and outside of teaching materials from the inside out;
(7) Use association and imagination to supplement relevant content;
(8) Appreciate the artistic technique or aesthetic feeling in the text.
Answer procedure:
(1) is best expressed in symbolic language. When answering questions, you can first express your views concisely with "I think ………………", and then use words like "for example" and "for example" to support your views with examples or arguments.
(2) The content of expression should keep pace with the times and be close to the reality of life.
(3) Have a correct outlook on life and values.
(4) Fluent language expression.
Explanatory text of comments
Explain that things should grasp the characteristics.
The so-called "feature" is the sign that this thing is different from other things. Only by grasping it can we explain the uniqueness of this thing or thing.
Three elements of expository writing:
The characteristics, explanation sequence and explanation method of the things to be explained.
There are three common sequences of explanatory texts:
Chronological order, spatial order, logical order.
Three methods commonly used in expository writing:
List figures, examples, comparisons.
The role of explanation methods in common answering modes;
1, example: illustrate the characteristics of ... with examples (what are the outstanding examples), so as to make the explanation more specific and convincing.
2. The characteristics of serial number: ... have been accurately and strictly explained, which makes the explanation more accurate and convincing. ...
Compare: compare ... with ... highlight the characteristics of ... ...
"Can you delete it?" Method induction
1, statement: cannot be deleted.
2, qualitative (what restrictions)+(alternative) explain words or sentences.
If deleted, the meaning of the sentence will become … unrealistic (too absolute).
4. The word 4.XX embodies the accuracy, rigor and scientificity of explaining language.
Analyze the purpose of quoting ancient books or famous sayings;
First of all, we should understand the meaning of quoted ancient books or famous sayings. Now, we should contact the content of the explanation and see what is the internal relationship between them, so as to understand the purpose of their quotation.
Function: Telling a story at the beginning of an article is often to arouse readers' interest in reading, or to draw out the object of explanation.
Stories are often told in the middle of articles or paragraphs to enhance the readability of explanatory texts, and also to explain the source or function of things.
Read all the materials involved in the article and the topic carefully, and draw your own opinions, paying attention to the language expression to meet the requirements of the topic.
Narrative style knowledge and reading methods
In recent years, Chinese test questions in senior high school entrance examinations all over the country have examined the reading ability of narrative, which shows the importance of narrative reading. From the perspective of material selection, these questions are rich in content, beautiful in language, close to life and easy to understand. The material pays more attention to people's emotional world, and most of them choose the content that reflects family friendship and gives inspiration to life. Judging from the setting of questions, subjective questions are generally dominant, and there are more and more open questions.
Examination content: Reading articles can explain, explain and summarize the contents and characteristics of reading materials, clarify the structural level of articles, summarize the central meaning, analyze writing methods, understand the author's intentions and feelings, and make a preliminary evaluation and appreciation.
Characteristics of question types: comprehensive questions with subjective questions as the mainstay, the answers to most questions should be expressed in words, and the answers do not pursue uniqueness and standardization, but require "right meaning"; At the same time, there are more and more open problems all over the country, which have become a novel problem and attracted more and more attention.
Propositional law: From the perspective of propositional law, we mainly examine the following aspects:
1. Analysis and understanding of narrative elements, order and details.
2. Summarize the article, meaning and paragraph.
3. Structural analysis of articles and paragraphs.
4. Distinguish and understand the expressions in the text.
5. Analysis of the meaning, meaning and expressive function of words.
6. Analysis of the meaning, meaning and expressive function of sentences.
7. Understand and analyze the expressive function of paragraphs.
8. Understand the expression skills and methods of paragraphs and paragraphs, and appreciate the artistic features.
Feel the characters, analyze the events, and grasp the main idea.
10, make a personalized expression related to the content of the article.
The above are the most common and basic perspectives of narrative reading proposition, and almost all the innovation of questions can not be separated from these perspectives, so this is also the basic content of narrative reading review. To review narrative reading, we must first make clear the relevant knowledge points, grasp its stylistic features, and then learn the ideas and skills of solving problems.
First, remember and understand the common sense of narrative style.
1. The author of the concept mainly uses narrative and descriptive methods to describe people and scenery, express the ideological character and moral fashion of characters, reveal the philosophy of life and social essence, and reflect the laws of nature.
2. The time, place, person, cause, process and result of the incident.
3, person first person, second person, third person.
4. There are direct (frontal) and indirect (lateral) angles.
5. Sequential narration, flashback and insertion.
6. Paragraph level.
7. Central idea.
8. Describe objects, people, environment, scenes and details.
9. Description method Appearance (portrait), language (dialogue, monologue), expression (expression), action (action) and psychology.
10, narrative clue, narrative clue, lyric clue.
1 1, with detailed tailoring.
Second, reading methods and skills
(A) to understand the concept
1. Narration, description, lyricism, explanation and discussion are the main ways of expression.
Narrative is embodied in the narrative of events, revealing things and reflecting the ideological character of characters.
Description is embodied in the description of characters or environment, which shows characters, renders atmosphere, sets off emotions and promotes plot development.
Lyricism is embodied in the narrative process. The author's feelings and experiences about nature, life and society are different from direct expression and indirect lyric.
Description is embodied in the narrative process, which makes the narrative content more detailed and substantial.
The discussion is embodied in the narrative process, which makes philosophical analysis and expression of the meaning contained in characters and events, and deepens the theme of the article.
2. The narrative scope mainly includes describing events, portraying characters, describing natural scenery and social features.
3. Narrative themes mainly include characters' ideological character, moral fashion, natural laws, life philosophy and social essential significance.
(2) Discriminate elements, person, angle, order and clues.
1, elements are usually found directly in the text or keywords are summarized from the text.
Words representing specific time and space.
Characters generally grasp the image characteristics of the protagonist and the foil role of the secondary characters.
On the basis of mastering the main events, answer the cause of the events with "Why?".
The course of an event is generally the concretization of the main event, with "what happened" as the answer.
The result of the event, the end of the event, is answered by the question "how did this matter end?" .
2. Distinguish from the author's point of view or the characters appearing in the content of the article.
Come straight to the point and talk about people or things as parties.
Describe a person or a thing indirectly (horizontally) as a third party.
3. The order should be determined according to the narrative order.
The sequence of events is described in the sequence of events, and the sequence of events is explained from beginning to end.
Flashback describes the time or the result of an event in the form of memories, and then describes what is happening.
The event or the cause of the event.
In the narrative process, the content closely related to the text events is inserted in the middle to make necessary supplements to the text content.
4. In clue writing, events or things or the author's emotions are connected in series.
Something mentioned or repeated many times in an article.
Sincere feelings expressed by emotional writers in the narrative process and their changes.
(3) Master methods and use them flexibly.
1, read the full text quickly and master the content of the article roughly.
2. Review the questions and make clear what you are asking.
3. Review what you have learned and answer correctly.
4. Find out the question and find the answer to the article.
The questions that can be answered are: time, place and characters in narrative elements; Reference content; Refers to the content. Just find the corresponding words from the text according to the topic.
Exodus: Lu Xun's social drama, Summer Night Theater.
Time: summer night.
Location: On the boat to Zhaozhuang.
People: me and my friends.
Concerned content: "I seem to hear singing" and "the sound is probably a flute, euphemistically melodious".
Reference: Because I'm not just giving preferential treatment here, I'm referring to Pingqiao Village in Luzhen.
5. Close to the center, in-depth understanding and summary.
(1) How to grasp the character's ideological character?
Analyze the personalized language, appearance, movement, expression and psychological characteristics of the characters.
Example: Lu Xun's Kong Yiji and Kong Yiji drink in a hotel for the first time.
Appearance-poor and poor, love leisure, hate work.
Language-pedantic and ridiculous, self-deception.
Look-save face and cover up anxiety.
Poor mobility shows that he is a disciplined person.
Understand specific events and people.
Example: Wei Wei's My Teacher eliminates minor disputes.
It reflects Cai's spirit of justice, kindness and love for students, and also shows my love and praise for teachers in my thoughts and feelings.
Understand the characters from a narrative perspective.
Example: Wei Wei's Who's the cutest man, the Battle of Pine Bone Peak.
It directly describes the scene of volunteer soldiers fighting fiercely with the enemy in SongGu Feng, and reflects the heroic and tenacious revolutionary heroism of volunteer soldiers. Through the account of the post-war scene by the battalion commander, the profound hatred of the volunteer soldiers against the enemy is indirectly shown.
② How to summarize the central idea of the article?
To grasp the center of narrative, we should pay special attention to the beginning, end and transition of the article. The words at the beginning and end can often point out the center of the article or the meaning of the characters to be created. In terms of expression, most of them are lyric and argumentative paragraphs. In addition, the transitional paragraphs in the narrative can not be ignored. Most of these transitional sections play the role of connecting the preceding with the following, making the transition of the article natural and seamless. At the same time, the transition period is often both a summary and a key point.
Different types of narratives have different inductive centers. Articles based on notes should pay attention to the grasp of events and analyze the connotation of events themselves by understanding their occurrence, development and changes. Focus on writing people's articles, through the analysis of characters, grasp the ideological quality and personality characteristics of characters. When writing about scenery, we should pay attention to understanding the characteristics of the scenery, and capture the thoughts and feelings contained in it by analyzing the characteristics of the scenery.
The main format of the central meaning of induction is: this paper narrates … (summarizing the content of the characters or events written), and shows (praising or revealing) … (referring to the meaning of the events, the ideological quality and personality characteristics of the characters, etc. ).
The induction center can start from the following aspects: (1) Pay attention to the tips of the topics. Generally speaking, a topic is a direct or indirect expression of the content, style and writing intention of an article. The themes of many articles are closely related to the central meaning, even the central meaning is highly concentrated. (2) Grasp the key paragraphs. Every paragraph of the article serves the expression center. Key paragraphs can often clearly reveal the center. Most of these paragraphs are at the beginning or end, and some are placed in the middle of the article. (3) Pay attention to revealing the central statements, such as discussion and lyric. Narration is mainly narrative and description. In the writer's narrative, the author often reveals emotional emotions, indicating his attitude and feelings of love and hate. Most of this attitude can be expressed in argumentative essays and lyric sentences. (4) Some articles should pay attention to clarifying the background of the times. For those articles with profound content and a distance from the times, it is necessary to properly contact the background of the times and understand the relationship between the times and people or things in order to correctly summarize the center.
My uncle Yule.
By describing the change of Philip's attitude towards music, this paper shows Philip's selfish, cold and mercenary ideological character, and exposes the naked money relationship between people in capitalist society.
③ How to determine the details of cutting?
Narrative center and detail: we should be able to perceive the center of the article as a whole, accurately grasp the center of the article, analyze the relationship between the materials and the center, and understand the detailed arrangement of the materials. The people, events, scenes and things involved in a clear narrative are called materials, and the author's understanding and feelings about life are called centers. Materials serve the expression center. The author should choose and tailor the materials according to the needs of the expression center. Write materials that are useful to the expression center, and don't write those that are useless. The key materials that play a major role in the expression center will be written in detail, and the rest will be omitted. When reading a narrative, we should carefully analyze the function of each material in the expression center, so as to accurately summarize the material (what is written) and the center (why is written) of the narrative.
Example: A Million Troops of the People's Liberation Army Crossing the Yangtze River
The situation of crossing the river by marked army can best show the center, so it is written in detail; The situation of the Central Committee and the East Route Army crossing the river has little to do with the Central Committee, so I will simply write about it.
(4) How to divide paragraphs and summarize their general idea?
Narrative paragraphs (levels) are divided into the following situations: 1, which are divided according to time sequence and plot development. In this case, suggestive words often appear. 2. Divided by the transformation of narrative space or place. 3. According to the material properties. 4. According to the author's cognitive process or changes in thoughts and feelings. 5. Divided by character activities. Write a few fragments of people's activities and write a few.
There are several ways to summarize the meaning of a paragraph: 1. Syntactic abstraction: that is, the sentence (layer meaning) that best expresses the center of this paragraph. (The first enclosed sentence, the last sentence and the central sentence) 2. Syntactic reduction: Long sentences that can express the meaning of a paragraph (hierarchical meaning) can be compressed into short sentences. 3. Combination method: When the meanings of each layer are indispensable,
Several points should be paid attention to when reading narrative: the writer's article mainly analyzes the portrait, language, action, psychology, expression and so on. To reflect the character characteristics and express the theme. Chronicle articles should make clear the time, place, person, cause, process and result of the event, and analyze the significance of the event and its central idea. The article mainly focuses on scenery writing. In the analysis, we should pay attention to: (1) the level, characteristics, order and blending of scenery; (2) Imagination, association and the use of various rhetorical devices. Lyrical articles mainly praise (and a few criticize) the inner spiritual characteristics of related characters by describing the appearance and inner characteristics of things, and often use symbolic techniques. (2) The epigram of this philosophical language is based on the image description of what kind of things in the text and what characteristics the image description of this kind of things has; (3) The application of imagination, association and symbol.