Question 2: In which dynasty did the ancient literary style "Fu" originally originate? Han Fu was an earlier style, which began at the weekend and was particularly developed in the Han Dynasty. It is a special style, which seems neither poetic nor literary, but its connotation is poetic and literary, and it is a mixture of poetry and literature. Predecessors used to explain Mao's handed down order. Han Fu accepted various styles and formed a new system. On the basis of Xunzi's Fu, it is a new style developed by widely absorbing some stylistic features and creative methods of The Book of Songs, Songs of the South and pre-Qin prose. It's a comprehensive style of writing ~
Question 3: In which dynasty did Fu develop? In history, besides poems, words and songs, there is also a poetic style, which is Fu. The original poems and songs can be sung, but Fu can't, so he can only recite them. It looks like prose with poetic rhythm, which is a style between poetry and prose.
Fu originated in the Warring States and formed in the Han Dynasty. It originated from Chu Ci and inherited the satirical tradition of The Book of Songs. Regarding the difference between poetry and Fu, Lu Ji, a writer in Jin Dynasty, once said:
Poetry is beautiful because of emotion, clear because of body and things, and clear because of things.
In other words, poetry is used to express subjective feelings and should be written beautifully and delicately; Fu is used to describe objective things, and it should be written clearly and smoothly. Lu Ji was from the Jin Dynasty. His ci shows the main characteristics of poetry and fu before Jin Dynasty, but it cannot be copied mechanically. Poetry should also write things, and fu also has lyrical elements. Especially with the development of lyric fu in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, fu has changed from content to form.
In addition to the initial stage of Chu Ci, Fu has gone through several stages: Han Fu, Parallel Fu, Law Fu and Wen Fu.
1 Han Dynasty Fu
Typical Han Fu is court literature, mostly praising the emperor, describing the prosperity of the country, the splendor of the court, the richness of land and water products, the luxury of imperial life and so on. Let's take a look at a passage in Sima Xiangru's "Shang Lin Fu":
Out of the palace and out of the pavilion, the mountains pass through the valley; Four-tone high gallery, and sit in Quge; Hua Tuo [[〔cuī and urged] to finish, Tundao {belongs to; Liu Zhou, Jun Yan, long-distance overnight walk. When all the buildings were destroyed, halls were built and tired platforms were added. The caves were made of rocks. Look down and see, climb up and down within reach. Ben Xing is more like a boudoir [tà couch], and Wan Hong L [tu Bu Tuo] is in J[ Shun Xi] Xuan. ...
This is a description of the palace. The parting hall built for the Emperor of Heaven is full of valleys, surrounded by tall cloisters, all two-story buildings, winding halls, gorgeous rafters, tile walls embedded with jade, and endless cloisters leading everywhere. If you can't walk all day, you have to stop over. Flatten the top of the mountain to build houses, build high platforms layer by layer, and build new houses under rocks. Bend down to look deep and see nothing; Climb up the rafters and you can touch the blue sky. Meteor crosses the palace gate, Changhong crosses the railing ... From this passage, we can get a glimpse of a feature of Han Fu. Han Fu is long, broad-minded, gorgeous, meticulous and extremely exaggerated. Although magnificent, but the form is dull, there is not much literary charm, plus the piled words, it is difficult to understand, and it is not easy to arouse readers' interest. This style prevailed in the Han Dynasty for 400 years, among which famous writers were Sima Xiangru, Yang Xiong, Ban Gu and Zhang Heng.
2 Parallel Prose in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
After Wei and Jin Dynasties, Han Fu gradually evolved into a relatively small parallel prose fu (also known as Nuo Fu), which emphasized antithesis, used colorful words, had more lyrical elements and had a strong literary flavor. For example, Jiang Yan's "Biefu" in the Qi and Liang Dynasties begins with a passage:
Those who are ecstatic just don't want it! Besides, Qin and Wu have never been abroad, while Yan and Song are thousands of miles away. Or the spring moss begins to grow, and the autumn wind rises temporarily. I was heartbroken by the lines, and I felt sad, too. The wind is rustling and the clouds are strange. The boat was stuck by the water, and the car was behind the mountain. Tolerance and tolerance? Ma Hanming never stops. ...
This is a situation of writing farewell. The main idea is that the most frustrating thing is "parting" Besides, Qin and Wu are isolated, and Yan and Song are separated by thousands of miles (it is rare to see them after parting). Parting, or in the season when spring grass is sprouting, or at the moment when autumn wind blows (it is the easiest to get rid of sorrow and hatred). In this way, people who travel far away are heartbroken and have mixed feelings At this time, the whistling wind is different from usual, and the clouds change color. The ship ran aground at the water's edge, and the car lingered on the side of the mountain. If the paddle can't paddle, how can it move forward? The horse bleated ... this passage rendered the sad atmosphere of relatives and friends leaving to the extreme. Many people wrote Fu in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, among which Cao Zhi, Wang Shen, Lu Ji, Zuo Si, Xie Lingyun, Bao Zhao, Yu Xin, Jiang Yan and Xu Ling were famous.
3 Tang and Song Lyrics
In the Tang and Song Dynasties, imperial examinations required fu, so parallel prose fu evolved into legal fu. There are strict rules in the law: the antithesis should be neat, the melody should be rigorous, the rhyme should be specific, the space should be limited, and the author's creation should be strictly restricted, similar to the "eight-part essay" in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Law Fu has lost its literariness and is no longer a literary work. Here are no more examples.
4 Tang and Song Prose
The movement of "ancient prose" appeared in the Tang and Song Dynasties, that is, the movement of opposing rigid parallel prose and advocating vigorous, simple, fresh and lively prose ...
Question 4: Which dynasty did Fu come from? It originated in the Warring States, flourished in the Han and Tang Dynasties, and declined in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. During the Han and Tang Dynasties, there were literati who only wrote poems without writing them, but there were almost no talented people who only wrote poems without writing them. After Jian 'an and even the whole Six Dynasties, Fu was even praised as a poem. Qu Yuan's works are called Fu in historical records, and Qu Yuan's works are also called Fu in Hanshu. Later generations praised history and Han, so they called the works of Qu Yuan and others Fu.
Question 5: When did Fu originate and form?
It is a style that emphasizes literary talent and rhythm and has the nature of poetry and prose. Its main characteristics are: "scenery-oriented, scenery to convey feelings." The one that first appeared in hundred schools of thought's essays is called "short fu"; The "Sao Style" represented by Qu Yuan is the transition from poetry to fu, and the fu at this time is called "Sao Fu"; The style of Fu was formally established in the Han Dynasty, which is called "Ci Fu". After Wei and Jin Dynasties, it developed in the direction of parallel prose, which was called "parallel prose". In the Tang dynasty, another parallel body was transferred to the legal body, which was called "fa fu"; Prose Fu from Tang Dynasty to Song Dynasty is called "Wen Fu". Such as Tu Mu's Epang Palace Fu.
It originated from The Book of Songs. In the history of China literature, Fu, as a unique style, has always been valued by scholars, especially Han Fu, which greatly expanded the expression space of China literature in terms of subject matter, genre, expression techniques and aesthetic forms. Therefore, since the Selected Works, Fu's creation has often been placed in the first place in the collection of literati. However, what is Fu, that is, which style can be called Fu, which style can't be called Fu, and what is Fu, that is, whether Fu belongs to poetry or prose or another style, is still a question that needs to be considered.
Question 6: The composition originated from the Fu of that dynasty and first appeared in hundred schools of thought's essays, called "short Fu"; Qu Yuan's Sao Fu originated from Chu Ci. It is not only influenced by the style of the Book of Songs, but also inherits the satirical tradition of the Book of Songs.
Composition is a former fu, which originated in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
Question 7: On the Origin of Fu Keywords: The Origin of Fu and Its Literary Tradition | Two Styles of Fu | Han Shu? Literary annals | Sanyifu | Oral reading | Mandarin? Zhou Yu | Reading Mode | Fan Wenlan's Notes on Wen Xin Diao Long | A Tone | A Work Without Songs | One of the Six Meanings | Paving | Prose in Xun Qing | Forms of argot | Prose of strategists in the Warring States Period | Lobbying | Prose of Song Yu | Paving and Rendering | Argumentation | Fables of Zhuangzi || Song Yu and Xun Qing have famous works. Prose poems of Han Dynasty and others are called Fu, and Qu Yuan's Li Sao and other works are also called Fu. Why do Han people call two works that look completely different today Fu? How did the name Fu come from? Hanshu? "Literature and Art Annals" explains this when it comes to Fu, which says: "It is said that Fu can be a doctor without singing." "Fu, this is the place where poetry is talked about in the pre-Qin classics. The so-called reading without singing is a form of oral reading without music. Memorized poems can be improvised works or ready-made poems in The Book of Songs. There are many examples in this respect, which can be found in the pre-Qin ancient books such as Zuo Zhuan. Zuo Zhuan recorded that Zheng Zhuanggong and his mother met in a big tunnel in A.D., and the two sides wrote poems separately, that is, they recited extemporaneously. The same is true of the "ascending empowerment" mentioned above. A large number of poems recorded in Zuo Zhuan all use the ready-made chapters in the Book of Songs, or read them directly or let musicians sing them to express their feelings. " Mandarin? There is also a record about Fu in Zhou Yu: Therefore, the emperor listened to politics, made his ministers offer poems, songs, books, teacher's words, Fu, recitation and admonition, and passed on messages, and his relatives made up their observations, taught him history, taught him Ai Xiuzhi, and then Wang. Fu mentioned here, as well as reciting, is also a way of reading aloud. As for the specific situation of this way of reading aloud, it is difficult to verify it today, but at least it is different from singing. Fan Wenlan's Notes on Wen Xin Diao Long concluded: "During the Spring and Autumn Period, many countries invited their guests and hosts to write poems and express their aspirations, so they should recite them at any time without waiting for music." Zhou Yu, because of its analysis of words, is called A Wandering Man's Dream. Liu Xiangtong bluntly said, therefore, the cloud "recites Fu without chanting" [1] ... Stealing suspected Fu has its own tone, which is different from chanting. The fu created by Xun Qu is written in the tone of fu, so although it is miscellaneous, it is just as well as fu. "As a recitation, you can have a cadence tone. However, Xun, Qu and even Song Yu may not all adopt the tone of parallel prose, but just recite without singing. From this point of view, people in the Han dynasty called those works that didn't need to be recited by songs Fu. For example, Li Sao is called Li Sao Fu. At the same time, Sima Qian said: "Qu Yuan's exile is a tribute to Li Sao" (Historical Records? It is not difficult to see that these works are called fu and fu poetry. From the perspective of language form, there is no difference between Li Sao and Chu songs, but Chu songs are sung, so they are called songs; And works such as Li Sao are for reading, so they are called ci or fu, never songs. Three-body fu can't be sung, but can only be called fu, not poetry, not song. It is recorded in the history books of the Han Dynasty that the emperor asked ministers to read Chu Ci or prose Fu, which can prove that both works were used for reading at that time, so it can be concluded that it is correct for Han people to explain the stylistic name of Fu by "reciting Fu without singing". In addition to the above statement, some people think that the naming comes from Fu, one of the six meanings in The Book of Songs, whose meaning is elaboration. This statement is groundless. In fact, when Fu was used as a stylistic name, the interpretation of the six meanings of The Book of Songs had not yet appeared, and Fu, especially Sao Fu, generally adopted the method of metaphor. Fu got its name by no means because of its exquisite technique. At the beginning of Fu, there were two basic styles, prose and Sao, with different styles and different sources. Let's talk about Santi Fu first. The earliest prose poems can be traced back to the works of Song Yu and Xun Qing. Xun Qing's fu is a form of argot, and Song Yu's fu is very similar to the prose of the Warring States Period, especially the words of the wanderer at that time. The argot and prose in the Warring States period occupy a very important position in the creation of prose fu. The argot originated from the folk, and then entered the court. It was mainly told to the king by Xi You, sometimes with a little irony. Xun Qing's prose directly adopts the form of argot. However, argot is generally very short, so it is difficult to directly develop into a long prose fu that is being circulated and circulated in the future. Those who played a decisive role in the formation of prose poetry, > >
Question 8: In which dynasty did tribute begin? In the long history of feudal autocracy in China, the latest and best local products of any party have to be turned over to the imperial court for royal use, which is called tribute. According to Yu Gong Shu, "A tribute is a tribute, and a foreign body born in the land is given by the valley, which is called a tribute. "The following is a tribute, and the above is a tribute. It can be seen that tribute is a "foreign body" born in a place and a specialty. This system began in the Xia Dynasty, and Hanzhong was famous for its rich products and hatred of the rich, and paid a lot of tribute in previous dynasties.