What idioms are there? What do you mean, separate?

Idioms are generally composed of more than two words, and their structures are fixed and tight. Many grammar works call it fixed phrases (or phrase). The so-called "fixed" means that its structure is stereotyped and cannot be changed at will. First, the word order is fixed and cannot be changed; Second, the word cannot be changed; Third, the number of words cannot be increased or decreased. The structure of idioms is complex and diverse, generally speaking, there are single structure and compound structure. Compound structures include structures in the form of phrases such as subject-predicate, verb-object, deviation, complement, concurrent language, conjunction and juxtaposition, as well as compact complex sentence structures such as undertaking, turning, choice, cause and effect, purpose, condition and hypothesis. The complex and diverse structure of idioms helps to express rich and profound meanings, and also helps to describe complex things and explain profound truths. First of all, the structure of idioms is closely related to their meanings. If we want to fully understand the meaning of an idiom, we must consider its structure. A clear understanding of the structure of idioms helps us to understand their meaning and master their usage. For example, if we understand the idiom "Know a little", we can regard it as a verb-object idiom. In fact, its structural form is a complementary relationship. Knowing this, it is easy to understand its meaning as "a little knowledge". "Invincible" is also a complement structure, which means "indestructible" and another example is "disaster to the country and the people". Literally, it is a verb-object structure, but if we know that it retains the structural characteristics of causative usage in ancient Chinese, we can understand that it means "disaster to the country and the people." Let the people suffer. "A similar phrase' Today is not ancient' retains the structural features of the usage of conation in ancient Chinese, meaning:' It is wrong to think that ancient times are right'. Because some people don't know its structural characteristics, it is written as "looking at the past and not looking at the present", which makes people confused. When I was engaged in Chinese teaching, I once saw such a sentence on students' exercises: "I hate wearing strange clothes." This is similar to the above rule, and both of them wrote a different word. This also reflects that the student does not understand that this idiom is a juxtaposition structure with repeated expressions in the front and back, and it is a "fancy dress". "Strange" and "different" are synonyms, and "clothing" and "clothing" are synonyms. Secondly, understanding the structure of idioms helps us to use idioms correctly and avoid grammatical mistakes as much as possible. Generally speaking, idioms with various structures have their unique grammatical functions. For example, verbs that drive the object structure in Chinese (except for a few temple owners such as "entrance" and "exit") cannot take objects. The same is true of idioms with verb-object structure, which cannot be used as verbs with objects. For example, "judging the head and feet" is a parallel idiom of verb-object and verb-object Some students don't understand its structure and say, "He likes to judge others." Ill sentence "Comment on the head and taste the foot" can be used as a verb and predicate, but it can't take an object. If this sentence is replaced by "he loves to judge others." It'll go well. In addition, by understanding the structure of idioms, we can distinguish between light and heavy sounds in reading and reciting, and convey the central idea of the works more accurately. In sentences that do not express special meaning, stress is related to the grammatical structure of the sentence or phrase. The general subject is the subject-predicate structure phrase (idiom) of the agent, and the predicate is stressed: "hype" and "energetic". The subject is the subject-predicate structure of the patient, and the subject is stressed: narcissism and ulterior motives. The attributives and adverbials in the biased structure emphasize: fragmented, rabble-like, running counter to each other and haggling over every ounce. It can be seen that it is of great significance to understand and use idioms well. In grammatical structure, some idioms are equivalent to words, like a single structure of "messy" and "chicken and dog parts"; Some are equivalent to phrases, which are the majority; Some of them are similar to contraction complex sentences: "Never give up after death" and "Never tire of reading" ... The compound structure consists of two parts. This structure is the main or basic grammatical structure of idioms. According to the relationship between the two parts, it can be divided into phrase complex sentences and contraction complex sentences. The front of this idiom means a person or thing, and it is the object of being stated. The latter part represents the behavior, action, nature, state and characteristics of people or things, and is a statement or explanation of the former part. The front part is equivalent to the subject and the back part is equivalent to the predicate. Some of these idioms have objects: Mount Tai is overwhelming, worrying about the sky, dogs barking at the sun, a blessing in disguise, dragons barking at the leaves ... Some have no objects: endless running water, sincere eye contact, loud shouting, hype ... According to the position of the subject in the two parts of idioms, they can be divided into agent-predicate structures: down-to-earth, every cloud has a silver lining, endless, flesh-and-blood connection. The second half is the object involved in the previous actions and behaviors, mainly nouns, which are equivalent to the object: weather-beaten, equally divided, and painful to correct the former ... There is an idiom that is a verb-object structure with a double object after the predicate: give me back my rivers and mountains, and I will be a piece of cake with him. Such idioms are rare. According to the predicate, the additional components of the object can be divided into: form-predicate-object: wasting efforts, making great efforts to build, and being weather-beaten ... Form refers to the determination of the object: sweeping the army, existing in name only, unique, and painstakingly correcting the former ... and retaining the grammatical features of ancient Chinese, such as: causative usage: being unique and unique. From the position, the modified restricted part is "partial" and the modified restricted part is "positive", before "partial" and after "positive". There are often structural auxiliary words such as "zhi" between the two parts. Responsibilities: downpour, ill-gotten gains, empty promises ... The central word is noun: small jasper, blowing off dust, uninvited guest, foothold as verb: Kan Kan speaks, goes on the rampage, goes against the wind, and goes to the news as adjective: the idiom of this relationship is nervous, eloquent, diligent and innocent. Such as: wonderful, unbridled, smooth, invincible, tired ... In this idiom, there is a noun that is both the object of the previous verb and the subject of the latter verb, so it is called bilingual mode: look at * * * with your eyes, invite the wolf into the room, set yourself on fire, invite you to the urn, wish your son success, and set the tiger back to the mountain ... Such idioms are rare. For example, the structure of "Self-deception" and "Two Mistresses Side by Side" is that the front and back parts are in the same position, regardless of priority. Since phrases have coordinate structures and complex sentences also have coordinate structures, do coordinate idioms belong to complex sentence structure or phrase structure? Based on the tight fixity of idiom structure and its function as a component of words and sentences, we classify four-character idioms as phrase structures. This idiom has the same structure and part of speech, forming a symmetrical format. For example, some idioms, such as brilliant, race against time, diligent and inquisitive, ambitious, benevolent, arduous and arduous journey, epic, etc., have the same or similar meanings, emphasizing the meaning: outstanding, beating around the bush, and some have opposite or relative meanings. Contrastive significance: from ancient times to now, there are two things in appearance, obedience to the sun is not subject to subject+subject: hard work, bright windows, earnest, hot water, chicken flying eggs hit animals+animals: climbing mountains and mountains, making faces, praying to God and worshiping Buddha, cronyism+eccentricity: passing by, superficial. The second and fourth words have the same sex and complementary or opposite meanings. "Xin" is a parallel idiom, and both parts have the same meaning. "Red" and "loyalty" are synonyms. In Xinhua dictionary, the word "red" turns to loyalty, which is empty. (3) Naked, etc. So what does the word "red" mean in "loyalty"? Knowing its structural features, we can easily choose the meaning of "loyalty". Then the word "red" in "unarmed" means "empty". Therefore, it is necessary for us to further explore the structural characteristics of coordinate idioms. Most paratactic words are composed of synonyms or antonyms. This feature forms a dual relationship between the two parts of the coordinate idiom. According to the collocation of coordinate idioms, we can roughly divide them into the following categories. Subject and predicate+subject and predicate: the weather is good, the mountains and rivers are exhausted, the sea is dry and the rocks are rotten, the eyes are smiling, and the righteousness is incomparable. Verb-object+verb-object: follow the rules, whitewash mistakes, gloat, concentrate, pretend to be correct+correct: subject and predicate are iron walls, understatement, foresight, storms and rhetoric. Getting rid of the false and keeping the true, leaning to the right+leaning to the right: Southern accent, courtesy following the soldiers, simple explanation, cause and effect, early departure and late return to the subject and predicate+subject-predicate inversion, intrigue, darkness, life and death, passive object yesterday+passive object: giving up life and forgetting death, helping the old and taking care of the young, being choosy and sharing happiness * Middle school students love to use idioms when talking and writing, but they are a little ignorant. For example, "My dad blames me for pursuing perfection and says I am partial." Obviously, in this sentence, middle school students regard the word "strange" as "strange". If it knew that "total blame" was a juxtaposed idiom with synonyms, it wouldn't make such a mistake. As we said before, the structure of idioms is tightly fixed, and the word order cannot be changed at will. However, due to the particularity of the structure, the paratactic language can be transposed without changing the meaning of idioms. Specifically, there are the following usages: ① transposition of the front and back; The contents of the two parts have been transposed respectively, such as sleeping in the wind, eating in the wind and staying in the dew, which are deeply rooted and ingrained. The word order of the first and last words is all reversed: nervous, bitter and painful. Ancient poetry pays attention to rhythm. The so-called melody refers to the level tone, rhyme and strict rules. Parallel prose idioms can adapt to the needs of poetry's rhyme by changing the word order and structure, and receive special rhetorical effects. For example, Mao Zedong's Seven Laws. The first alliance of the Long March "The Red Army is not afraid of the expedition, and Qianshan is only idle." Because the plan of "the Red Army is not afraid of expedition difficulties" is flat and flat, the plan of the next sentence must be "flat and flat". However, the meaning of "Qianshan is full of water" is "flat and flat", but the meaning of "Qianshan is full of water" has not changed, and the meter is just in tune with the above sentence. Another example is a lyric in Guan Hanqing's zaju "Dou Eyuan" in the Yuan Dynasty: "Invading the king's law for no reason, not being wary of being punished by the constitution, is shocking to cry. In a blink of an eye, wandering souls go to Yan Luotang first. How can they complain? " "Earth-shattering" is the transposition of "Earth-shattering", which rhymes with "Constitution", "Temple" and "resentment" in the context. Because two parts with the same or similar meanings are used successively, the juxtaposition idioms with repeated meanings are often the juxtaposition of two similar events, so they are particularly concise, concentrated, generalized and large in capacity. Use other things to make the image stand out; Used for narrative, can make the theme clear; Used to express emotions, it will make the tone worse; Used for reasoning, it can strengthen strength. Poetry requires vivid images and rich content in extremely refined language, and coordinate idioms meet this requirement, so they are often used in poetry. For example, there are two sentences in Lu You's poem "Traveling to Shanxi Village": "The mountains are heavy and the waters are suspicious, there is no way, and the willow is dark." The two idioms "The mountains are heavy and the waters are heavy, and there is no road to doubt, and the willow blossoms are bright and there is another village" have shaped two completely different images: a thick green hill. A green road, surrounded by mountains and waters, suddenly found a beautiful mountain village. These two idioms include emphasizing mountains, overlapping water, Liu Yin and countless flowers, which give people vivid images visually. The coordinate idiom has both the characteristics of the general idiom * * * and its own unique characteristics. It is flexible, elastic and expressive. Its unique rhetorical function can greatly improve our ability to use idioms. There are a few four-character idioms with coordinate structure, which can be divided into four parts and can be called simultaneous idioms. Such as: indifference, ancient and modern Chinese and foreign, cadence, life and death together, widowhood and loneliness, killing and seizing, quick and saving, defeat and dullness ... These idioms are equivalent to words in function and can serve as sentences; But from the structural point of view, complex sentences have various relationships: commitment, purpose, cause and effect, turning point, progression, conditions, assumptions, choices and so on. The idiom of this relationship is divided into two parts in meaning, followed by the front. Some even follow the front, which is coherent, so it is also called coherent relationship. For example, the structure of this relationship is similar to the "conjunction" structure in the phrase structure mentioned above. We limit the verb-linked predicate structure to the format of "there are two verb-linked predicates after the subject", so it is not easy to be confused with the coherent structure. The second half of this idiom does not follow the first part, but is opposite to the first part or turns in another direction. Such as: hard work in vain, although death is still alive, happen to coincide. In this kind of idioms, the conjunction "er" is often used to indicate a turning point. Such as "meeting unexpectedly" and "leaving without saying goodbye". Of course, not all idioms with "er" are turning idioms. For example, the difference lies in whether the word "er" plays the role of "connection" or "transmission" in idioms. The meaning of the second half of this idiom goes further than that of the first half. For example, if you push your luck, you will get long-term success, you will be honest, and there will be signs. Listen to what you say and see what you do. This idiom refers to contradictory or opposite things and attitudes in the first and second parts, indicating choosing one and giving up the other. For example, it is better to die than to die. In the above example, the trade-off relationship is represented by one, three or one and five words. In this structure of idioms, the front part and the back part represent the cause and the result respectively, and the causal relationship contained in the two parts of idioms is always that the cause comes first and the result comes last. Such as: as you sow, you reap, a rising tide lifts all boats, startle the snake, get to the bottom of it, learn from the old, lose your lips and teeth, be arrogant and widowed, and be fearless. This idiom says something at the front and indicates the purpose of doing something at the back. Such as: waiting for rabbits, painting cakes to satisfy hunger, killing people, besieging Wei to save Zhao, grandstanding, cutting feet and fitting shoes. The structure of purpose relation is similar to that of coherence relation, so we should distinguish them from meaning. The two parts of the coherent relation idiom only describe the time sequence and have no sense of adaptation. What is mentioned in the first part of this idiom is the foreshadowing of the latter part, and what is mentioned in the latter part is the goal to be achieved in the former part. For example, the "finishing touch" is a coherent relationship, and the "finishing touch" and "finishing touch" are only related in time, and there is no ideological agreement. Grandstanding is the foreshadowing and the goal of grandstanding. Belong to the purpose relationship. What I said before is a kind of everything, and what I said later is what will happen under this condition. Such as: mercenary, obedient, long-term cooperation, happy with everyone, nothing ventured, nothing gained. The first part is about a hypothesis, and the second part is about what will happen under this hypothesis. Such as: hard to escape, never bother to ask questions, never hesitate to die, never argue, if there is, change it, if not, encourage it. Hypothetical relations and conditional relations are also easily confused. For example, these idioms you hear and say must be recorded, and what you say must be combined for a long time. Is it conditional or hypothetical? If we understand the meaning of idioms. In addition, we have mastered the structural characteristics of conditional complex sentences and hypothetical complex sentences, so it is not difficult to distinguish the structures of these two idioms. The facts mentioned in the previous part of the conditional relationship are already facts, at least possible facts, which are in line with objective existence. Moreover, the facts mentioned later in the conditional relation idiom are not contradictory to the conditions mentioned above. And suppose that the conditions mentioned in the previous part of relational idioms are not existing facts, or even impossible facts. More importantly, the things mentioned in the previous two parts are opposite. For example, it is a possible fact that "smell must be recorded" and "smell must be recorded" is caused by "smell", so it is a conditional relationship. But "ten thousand deaths" is not a possible fact, and "ten thousand deaths" and "ten thousand deaths" are opposite. Imagine "ten thousand deaths", is it terrible? How can you not leave? 9. There are also a few idioms similar to antithesis sentences, such as: running water does not rot, the axis of the family does not rot, Qian Fan passed by the shipwreck, and the trees in front of the diseased trees were full of losses, benefiting modestly, only the trees could not see the forest. We still classify these idioms as coordinate complex sentence structures. In addition, a few idioms belong to a single structure, which can't be divided into two parts. Such as: at sixes and sevens, no three no four, nonsense, falling apart. If this idiom is divided into two parts, generally speaking, neither part can express the meaning clearly or even understand it. What do you mean by "top three"? What does "inverted four" mean? What do you mean by "70" and "80"? I don't know, some people can express their ideas, but other parts are confusing. For example, the meaning of "nonsense" is very clear; But what about the "eight roads"? I don't know how many numerals are used in a single structure, but those numerals have no real meaning and are only used to form idioms. This kind of idiom has the most compact and stable structure, which is closer to words. When we analyze the idiom structure, we should first look at whether it belongs to a compound structure or a single structure. If it belongs to a single structure, there is no need to divide it; If it is a composite structure, we should consider what kind of structural relationship it belongs to. Undertaking relationship, causal relationship, purpose relationship and so on are very similar to parallel relationship, but they are actually different and should be considered mainly from the aspect of meaning. Everyone knows that most idioms are composed of four words. Why are idioms mostly four words? Some idioms, such as: blind people blind horses, temporary wealth and good persuasion, all have their early forms: "blind people ride blind horses", "temporary wealth" and "good persuasion". It turned out to be five or six words. The form of four words was later formed. Why not develop it into seven or eight words? This at least shows that four characters are the basic form of Chinese idioms. Why do Chinese idioms take four words as the basic form? There are three reasons. First of all, this is due to cultural traditions and language habits. Chinese is mostly paired in syllables. The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in China. Almost all of the 305 poems in The Book of Songs are four words and one sentence. This four-character sentence has influenced poets and writers in a long historical stage. The works of poets and writers influence people's language, and idioms are basically derived from ancient books and people's spoken language, so idioms are mostly four words. Second, it is a rhetorical reason. The four-character structure is short, pithy and lively. Especially in language, it can form a cadence tone, which is helpful to strengthen the expression effect of language. Chinese emphasizes four tones. Four tones are composed of changes in pitch. In ancient times, it was "marching on the flat", but now it is "ascending by yin and yang". Usually, it is just flat. Yin Ping and Yang Ping belong to flat voice, while rising and falling tones belong to purring, which is shorter and softer. The combination of flat and flat tones can show various changes in tone, high and low, rapid and slow, and it is very convenient to read. Four-character lattice is the most concise form to adapt to this tone sandhi. Flat style: lightning speed, infighting, trouble, upside down flat style: fighting turns around, hands increase, thinking about drinking water, to achieve a flat style; Eat inside and climb outside, because of the small loss, lifelike, all-encompassing: full of youth, deaf tongue, human face and animal heart, distinguish right from wrong, plain and harmonious language. Please look at the following two poems: the tiger and the dragon win the past and are generous. "Tiger sitting on a dragon's plate" is flat and flat, "upside down" is flat and flat, flat and harmonious, and naturally appropriate. Reading is ups and downs, and the tone is sonorous, which plays a unique rhetorical role. Third, it is the special mission of idioms. What is the special mission of idioms? To put it simply, it is necessary to express profound and complex ideological understanding and be extremely concise. Such sentences are too long or too short, which makes them look loose and cumbersome; Short, and it is not easy to express profound and complex ideas. And four words are neither too much nor too little, which is the most appropriate. Because four words can form any kind of structural relationship, these structural relationships are enough to express any kind of complex understanding and thought. This shows that Chinese idioms with four characters as the basic form are indeed accidental. Analyzing the structure of idioms is to understand and use idioms correctly. Of course, understanding and mastering the meaning of idioms does not only depend on the analysis of their structures. We can't analyze their structures for the sake of analyzing their structures, or we will put the cart before the horse.