(1) Compilation of Yunnan Local Records in Ming Dynasty and Local Records in Early Ming Dynasty
Since the establishment of Yunnan Province, Confucian culture has been widely spread in Yunnan, and the cultural history of Yunnan has entered a new stage of synchronous development with the Central Plains. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the development of local chronicles was carried out nationwide, and the compilation of Yunnan local chronicles also entered its heyday. In the end, in the Ming Dynasty, Yunnan edited the Records of Yunnan Province for nine times. And began the compilation of Fuzhou county annals, which made the compilation of local chronicles more popular. Although there are less than ten kinds of records in the Ming Dynasty, there are 70 or 80 kinds of records that can be checked, including 50 or 60 kinds of records in Fuzhou and County, which is a new atmosphere for the development of Yunnan historiography in the Ming Dynasty.
During the Hongwu period of Ming Taizu, Yunnan compiled local chronicles twice. In the fourteenth year of Hongwu, Yunnan compiled local chronicles for the first time. In the later period of Hongwu, the first edition of Yunnan Annals was not circulated, and then it was edited again. In the 29th year of Hongwu (1396), Hou Muchun of Xiping ordered Wang Jingchang and others to revise the local chronicles. Around the second year of Wen Jian (1400), Hongwu revised the Annals of Yunnan into a book and carved it the following year. Hong's two Yunnan chronicles have long been lost. After liberation, Zhao Wanli compiled a series of Yunnan Annals, most of which were copied from Yongle Dadian, namely Hongwu's Yunnan Annals.
Ten volumes of Yunnan language edited by Chen Wen and others. This book was written in the fifth year of Jingtai (1454). The first six volumes are geographical records and the last four volumes are artistic records. Geography is divided into two parts: counties, organizational system, evolution and events. Things are divided into county names, destinations, customs, situations, public fears, schools, Jingquan, pavilions, towers, temples, monuments, tombs, bridges, hotels, celebrities, figures, Hakka, poems, etc. 2 1 door. The words contained in the incident are relatively short, and most of them are recorded from previous records, not interviews at that time. Although this book is short, it is relatively complete in the existing local chronicles and has great reference value.
Hongzhi's Yunnan Tongzhi, the number of volumes is unknown. Jingtai's "Yunnan Tu Jing Lu" is more detailed than things. In order to make up for its shortcomings and remember the deeds and figures of later generations, in the sixteenth year of Hongzhi (1503), Jin Chen, the governor of Yunnan, thought that the local records were "closed, including persuasion and punishment, and had to be revised", and proposed to revise the local records of Yunnan again and appoint Peng Gang, the deputy ambassador of the inspection department, to be in charge. This book was written to supplement Jingtai's Yunnan Catalogue, so its style and content mostly involved the overall situation of Yunnan's system evolution, deeds and people, and the imperial examinations of the school at that time. "When you read this book, you will open your eyes wide" (preface of Peng Gang's Yunnan Tongzhi). After writing, there is no version, only the manuscript is circulated.
Zheng De's Records of Yunnan, 44 volumes, edited by Zhou Jifeng. Zhou Jifeng, whose real name is Gong Yi, is from Ningzhou, Jiangxi. This book is based on Yunnan Hongzhi Tongzhi, with a slight increase in editing times. When this book is finished, it will be engraved after Zheng De.
(2) Li Yuanyang's contribution to Yunnan historiography.
Li Yuanyang (1497- 1580), whose name is Renfu, is from Dali. He was a scholar in Jiajing period, with profound knowledge and versatility. He is the author of Illustrated Mind and Complete Works of Li, and the local chronicles include Dali Annals and Wanli Yunnan Annals. His Yunnan Wanli Annals is one of the best local chronicles in the Ming Dynasty, and it is innovative in style and historical concept.
First, Wanli's Yunnan Tongzhi is not only accurate in material selection and detailed in content, but also a breakthrough in style. The seventeen volumes of Yunnan Wanli annals are divided into twelve categories: geography, organizational system, taxation, commissary, schools, subjects, officials and teachers, figures, temples, literature and art, ceremonies and magazines. Compared with Jingtai's "Twenty-one Books of Yunnan Local Records" and Peng Gang's "Twenty-nine Books of Yunnan Local Records", there is a new "Military Food Book", which specifically records the garrison, military facts, garrison and so on. In the Ming Dynasty, the garrison system and economic situation in Yunnan were regarded as an important aspect to truly reflect the social and economic situation in Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty, and to study the economic history of Yunnan today, especially.
Secondly, in the view of history, Li Yuanyang showed a strong holistic view of "the world is unified" in Wanli's Yunnan Tongzhi. Although he edited the Annals of Yunnan, which described the history of one side and one place, his basic guiding ideology was the overall concept of national unity, and he always recorded Yunnan as an inseparable part of China. In the preface to Yunnan Tongzhi, he said: "Yunnan has long been the Han Dynasty, and the place of literature is gradually surrounded, and the place of sound education is flowing around." It is emphasized at the beginning that Yunnan has been a part of China since ancient times. Since the establishment of counties in Yunnan in the Han Dynasty, not only the rule of the Central Plains dynasty was established politically, but also the culture of the Central Plains penetrated into Yunnan. Not only the territory of Yunnan was integrated with the Han Dynasty, but also the ideology and culture of Yunnan became a part of the Han culture. Therefore, it is considered that "Yunnan today is also Yunnan in Han and Tang Dynasties; The county of Yunnan is the county of the world "(Preface to Li Yuanyang's Yunnan Tongzhi). He truthfully recorded the historical event of Nanzhao's independence from the Tang Dynasty, but also pointed out: "How can we know the rule of unification without looking at the chaos of soil division?" (Wanli Yunan Tongzhi, Volume 16, Collection of Secrets) Facing up to history and summing up experience and lessons is to avoid the mistake of the previous generation that "the border officials are unscrupulous and the people are struggling", which leads to "the disaster of separatism" (Preface to Wanli Yunan Tongzhi). Therefore, we pay special attention to border issues and handle ethnic relations well.
Thirdly, in Wanli's Yunnan Tongzhi, the author objectively recorded the historical facts of Yunnan's multi-ethnic groups with the concept of "harmony between China and foreign countries" and "unity between China and foreign countries". With a respectful and equal attitude, remember the local ethnic groups in Yunnan: "Although their customs are crude, such as not accepting the remains, outsiders are not closed, and they respect their husbands, wives and concubines are not jealous of each other, and they respect their superiors. Although they are heard in the dark room, they will kneel down and weave the trade union off the plane, and the practitioners will stop. This is a legacy of ancient feudalism. " (Wanli "Yunnan Tongzhi" Volume 1 "Geography") praised the unpretentious folk customs of ethnic minorities; Praise Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty for setting up counties in Yunnan and implementing the policy of "the integration of Han and Yi"; The measures of "educating three emperors and five emperors", "Chinese people don't argue" and "one family" in the Ming Dynasty are recorded in detail, which fully affirms the achievement that "Yunnan costume cultural relics are almost in harmony with the chief officials" (ibid.).
Fourthly, for Yunnan, a multi-ethnic frontier province, Li Yuanyang thinks it is very important to handle ethnic relations, stabilize the frontier and consolidate unity. Its good policy is to implement the system of "loving the people and nurturing foreigners". He believes that the essence of "prison system" is "accommodating foreign feelings, taking into account the current situation", "governing the people by officials", "governing the land by chiefs, governing the people by counties", gradually promoting Chinese culture with Confucianism as the core, and finally achieving the goal of Yunnan and the mainland being United as one. In order to achieve "chieftain in his place, foreigners protect his life", make political stability, border consolidation, ideological unity, cultural integration and national unity. This paper objectively records and affirms the achievements made by the central dynasty in implementing the system of detention in Yunnan since the Han Dynasty.
(3) Thanks for "A Brief Introduction to Yunnan" and "Records of Yunnan".
A survey of Yunnan edited by Xie, in ten volumes. Xie, a native of Hangzhou, is from Changle, Fujian. During the Wanli period, he participated in politics in Yunnan. Dianlue is divided into 10 categories, with slightly obvious names, namely, Banlue records territory, Shenglue records mountains and rivers, Chanlue records products, Vulgar Lulve records folk customs, Ji records officials, and Xianlue records rural celebrities. Shi lue records actual deeds, Wen lue records artistic works, Yi lue records the situation of all ethnic groups, and Zalue records anecdotes. The summary of Sikuquanshu is called "a book with evidence and narrative methods, which is more elegant and elegant than local chronicles." After this book was written, Dian lue was engraved in Dali during the apocalypse.
Steven Liu's "The Apocalypse of Yunnan" has thirty-three volumes. The book has no postscript, the order is chaotic and the compilation process is unknown. As can be seen from his Ordinary Cases, Steven Liu compiled this book according to the local chronicles of Li Yuanyang and Bao Jianjie and his own opinions, which is divided into fourteen categories. This book is the last compilation of Yunnan Province in the Ming Dynasty. Its style mostly follows the old records, making up for the fifty years after the first year of Wanli; There are also new categories on the category list that are not set in the old records of lost items, such as Journey, Tusi Official, etc. This is quite important. As far as the information is concerned, the record of Yunnan in Apocalypse can be said to be the most complete record of Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty.
(4) Mu's genealogy, Lu's history, An's century and Southwest Yi's annals.
These books belong to ethnic historical documents, a minority nationality in the Ming Dynasty, and represent the achievements of Yunnan minority history in the Ming Dynasty.
Mu Guan Pu, which is not divided into volumes, was compiled and revised in the Ming Dynasty. The full name of this book is "Official Genealogy of the Descendants of Benna Mumu Xianshi in Jiao Ling, Yulong Mountain", which is also the family ride of Jia Mu, a local official in Lijiang, and preserves the historical relics of a large area in western Yunnan from the Yuan Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty. Since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, most local officials and chieftains in Yunnan recorded their families by genealogy, but the most detailed one was Mu's official genealogy. The earliest record of Dongbajing in this book is Naxi language, which records the beginning of the creation of all things in the world, and then describes the deeds of its ancestor Ye Gu Nian and its later generations. After Qin, Han, Tang and Song Dynasties, the historical events recorded are also relatively brief; From the Yuan Dynasty to the early Yuan Dynasty, after Mu became a famous chieftain in western Yunnan, his records were very detailed, including year number, title and official letter. It is basically consistent with the history books, but it is more real and detailed than the history books. Until the first year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty, the official record of the Book of Wood ended. Mu family tree is an important local historical material in northwest Yunnan and an important classic of Naxi culture.
Three History of Lu, originally named Meng Lu Tales or Xishuangbanna Tales, is an ancient historical work in Xishuangbanna. Originally written in Dai language, it was regarded as a national history by local people. Only Xuanwei Department kept a rare book, and other fierce chiefs and important people also collected it, but they were kept secret and refused to show it easily. Later, Li got two volumes, the novella and the next one, from Menghai, and got another volume. Referring to other books, Li Yu 1945 translated them into Chinese. The recorded time is from the year of Gengzi in 542 (the seventh year of Song Dynasty 1 180) to the year of 1226 (the third year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty 1864), and the year of * * is 684. According to Mr. Fang Guoyu's investigation, the Dai language was founded in the early Ming Dynasty, so this book was written in the Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty after the Dai language was founded. The contents of the book cover all aspects of the social life and land ownership of the Dai people, and it is a rare and important material for studying the social history of the Dai people.
Ann's "Century" was originally titled "The Emperor's Century" and titled "Human History", which is one of the series of essays. Tan Bi, Donggualin Township, Dading, Guizhou. Anshi Century is an Anshi genealogy of the Yi people in Shuixi, with a total of 120 generations from the ancestor Ximuze to the translator. The historical situation of Yi people in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan reflects the lineage of Xi 'an family in Shuizhou, Guizhou. This book contains genealogy and some place names in detail, but it is very brief about historical events. It is a masterpiece of Yi historical materials.
Southwest Zhiyi was translated from Yi literature by Luo, a Yi translation group in Bijie, Guizhou. According to the narrative of the translation, the date of completion of this book is unknown, and it can only be inferred from some things recorded in the book, which may be before the Qing Dynasty changed its soil and returned to the motherland. This book is a prelude to the hot land project. It collected many unwritten short books and processed them into this book in Yi language. The content of this book includes the appearance and development of everything in ancient chaos; The origin and development of mankind; Distribution of Tu tribes and other ethnic groups; Genealogy and customs of various tribes, etc. With more than 370,000 words and more than 400 titles, the book is a comprehensive Yi history book.
To sum up, the development of Yunnan historiography in the Ming Dynasty has the following characteristics: First, the development of Yunnan historiography in the Ming Dynasty was faster than the previous generation and entered a new stage of simultaneous development with Chinese mainland. This is consistent with the accelerated pace of cultural development in Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty. Especially in the compilation of Yunnan local chronicles in the Ming Dynasty, not only the provincial chronicles were revised nine times in a row, but also the local chronicles of various counties began to be compiled on a large scale. In the Ming Dynasty, Yunnan carried out a large-scale reform, and the ruling power of the feudal dynasty went deep into the grassroots in most areas, and the feudal education system was implemented accordingly. The number of local intellectuals has gradually increased, and mainland Han intellectuals have emigrated or entered Yunnan. There are scholars all over Yunnan, creating conditions for the popularization and compilation of local chronicles. Second, Yunnan's historical tradition, the sense of the overall situation, the concept of great unity and the idea of national equality have been carried forward. These advanced historical views have become the dominant thought of Yunnan historians represented by Li Yuanyang in compiling Yunnan local chronicles. At the same time, a large number of Han immigrants entered Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty, and the Han people and local ethnic minorities lived together day and night, living in harmony for generations and developing together, which all became important aspects that influenced Yunnan's historical thought. Third, national historiography has also made great progress. In the Ming Dynasty, there appeared a history book in Yunnan, which mainly focused on genealogy and recorded the development history of ethnic minorities in ethnic characters. Although these historical books record the development process of different nationalities, they also reflect the influence of the central dynasty on the development of various nationalities and the development trend of Yunnan historiography.