The formation of the Zhi Kingdom is unique and legendary. Because Zhi came out of Yangfan, his legendary color is directly related to the fiefdom granted to Duke Wen of Jin by King Xiang of Zhou Dynasty. According to "Jiyuan City Chronicles": "In the seventeenth year of King Zhou Xiang (635 BC), Duke Wen of Jin established the royal family. The king granted the Jin four cities: Yangfan, Wen, Yuan, and Zaimao." In the Spring and Autumn Period, a grant was a kind of reward. In this way, those who were granted a fief by soldiers and civilians who were unwilling to surrender to their fiefdoms often used force to conquer them. Among these four cities, "Yangfan" and "Yuan" are in today's Jiyuan territory. I don’t know how Jin Wengong obtained the two cities of "Wen" and "Cancao", but when he obtained the two cities of "Yangfan" and "Yuan", Jin Wengong obtained them in a gentle way without force. "Yuan" was the capital of Xia Dynasty, and Duke Wen of Jin took "Yuan" first. At that time, he ordered the soldiers to bring three days of food each and surrounded the original city first, and said, "If the original people do not surrender within three days, they will withdraw." At that time, Jin Wengong's subordinates did not understand what this meant. Three days later, the Aboriginal people did not surrender. At this time, the intelligence personnel sent out from the city reported that the original people in the city were running out of food and would surrender if it continued for a few more days. The generals under Duke Wen of Jin were overjoyed when they heard this, and they all advised Duke Wen of Jin to wait a few more days. However, Duke Wen of Jin said that trustworthiness is the treasure of a country and the basis for winning the hearts of the people. If the siege continues, although the original city can be captured, but trust is lost, how can it win the support of the original people? Therefore, he ordered the withdrawal of troops. When the native people saw that the King of Jin was so trustworthy, they took the initiative to surrender to Jin. This is the allusion that later generations called "the letter from the original leader". However, this method was also used in "Yangfan" to encircle without attacking, but it was not completely effective. According to historical records, "The Jin army besieged Yangfan, but the Yang people refused to accept it. Duke Wen followed the advice of Cang Ge, the official of Yangfan, and found the solution." Facing the siege of the Jin army, what opinions did Cang Ge put forward when the "Yang people were dissatisfied" Was it adopted by Duke Wen of Jin? Cang Gezhi admonished: "King Zhou Xiang gave Duke Wen of Jin the city of Yangfan instead of the people of Yangfan. Since the people of Yangfan are unwilling to surrender, let the Jin army enter the city and the Yang people withdraw, so that the well will not be violated. River water, isn't it perfect for both worlds?" Duke Wen of Jin had no choice but to submit to Cang Ge. As a result, Cangge led the Yang people to retreat and gather twenty miles southeast, "begin with a line of chariots to surround them, and then build a city." Because in ancient times, the hub, the end of the axle, and the railings on both sides of the carriage were all called Zhi, so the new city that was "first guarded by chariots" was called "Zhi City". This unique way of building city defense may be unique in ancient times or at home and abroad.
Although the ancient city of Zhe is very unique in its construction method, it is not a small place. Its scale, according to archaeological discoveries in the 1980s, is that the ancient city of Zhe is rectangular, with the city wall 1,766 meters long from north to south and 1,865 meters wide from east to west, covering an area of ??about 3.3 million square meters. The east and south city walls of its ruins are relatively intact, with a height of 1 to 9 meters and a width of 6 to 38 meters. It is said that the ancient city of Zhe State had 9 gates and 9 gates. Now 7 city gates and 2 water gate ruins have been discovered. The city wall is made of rammed earth and contains cultural layers from the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period, and the Western Han Dynasty. The rammed layers are strong and solid, and the rammed nests are slightly round. Rich cultural relics were unearthed in the city, including pottery, bone, stone, copper, iron and other utensils. Among them, Emperor Wen of the Western Han Dynasty's five-baht stone coin model, stone millstone and hanging copper fumigator are more precious. The facilities in the city are relatively regular. Getapo in the northwest is said to be the palace area, known as the Jinluan Palace. The Daming Temple in the central area of ??the city was originally an incense burning courtyard built by the Marquis of Zhen in the Western Han Dynasty. It was turned into a temple in the Song Dynasty and rebuilt in the Yuan Dynasty. It has high historical value. In the south gate of the city, there is also the former residence of Nie Zheng, one of the four assassins of the Warring States Period, and his well of drum slaughter. In the outskirts of the old city, there is a group of ancient tombs in Sijian, which are the tombs of nobles and officials in the old city. The Han brown-green glazed peach tree, a national first-class cultural relic that Mr. Guo Moruo once identified and is now in the Chinese Museum of History, is from here. Unearthed here. Tunjun Village in the north of the city was the garrison barracks that guarded the old city in ancient times. The Liuyang Village in the west of the city is where the old city's supplies and storage are located. From this point of view, the ancient city of Zhe State was very prosperous in the past and had considerable defensive power.
Although it is difficult for people today to estimate the land area of ??Zhe State in numbers, judging from the records on a series of tablets in the temples of Zhe State’s old city, the territory at that time was not small. The inscription on the stele reads: "The ancient Zhi State was connected to Qinhuai in the east, Jin in the west, Nanshan in the south, and backed by Jishui. With the mountain as a screen and the river as a belt, it is a region created by heaven and earth." It can be seen here that In terms of north-south distance, it is at least 30 kilometers from Nanshan on the north bank of the Yellow River to the birthplace of Jishui, the Jidu Temple in Jiyuan City. As for the distance between the east and west, Qinhuai in the east is about 80 kilometers away in the southwest of Wuzhi County, Henan Province. The Jin region to the west, in Shanxi, was even further away, probably far exceeding the current east-west distance of Jiyuan City.
The vast territory laid the foundation for the prosperity of Zhe State, and the capital of Zhe State became a "famous capital in the world". According to "Salt and Iron Theory? Tongyou Chapter": "Yan's Zhuo and Ji, Zhao's Handan, Wei's Wen and Zhi, Han's Xingyang, Qi's Linzi, Zheng's Yang and Zhai, Erzhou's Sanchuan, and Fuguanhai are all The "famous capitals of the world." The "Wen and Zhi of Wei" mentioned here refer to the state of Wei, one of the seven heroes of the Warring States Period. "Wen" and "Zhe", as vassal states, were both vassals of Wei, among which "Zhe" was the state of Zhe.
The rise and fall of the Zhe Kingdom spanned more than 1,200 years from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Tang Dynasty. During the Spring and Autumn Period, when "chariots lined up to build the city", it was once the hinterland of Zhou Dynasty. During the Warring States Period, it became Zhiyi. It was first the capital of Han and later the important town of Wei. Qin established Zhi County. From the Western Han Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it was granted the title of Marquis four times. Li Chao, Bo Zhao, Li Shou, and Kou Zan were successively granted the title of Zhihou, so it is known as the "Ancient Zhi State". During the Western Jin Dynasty, Zhi County was established. Later, the decline of Zhi County was directly related to the worship of Jishui. In the second year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign in the Sui Dynasty (582), Emperor Wen issued an edict to build the Jidu Temple at the source of Jishui River, and worshiping Jishui became a national ritual. Fourteen years later, in the 16th year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign in the Sui Dynasty (596), a city was built at the source of Jishui River, and the north of Zhi County was analyzed. Jiyuan County was named after the water. At this time, Jiyuan County, named after the source of Jishui, and Zhi County, which had changed from large to small, were under the jurisdiction of Hanoi County. It was not until the first year of Tang Zhenguan (627) that Zhi County was completely merged into Jiyuan County. From then on, the ancient city of Zhe State, or Zhiyi, gradually became a village.
Although the ancient Zhe Kingdom lost its former glory with the change of administrative divisions during the change of dynasties, the well-known Zhe Road and Zhe Pass within its borders will always be written in the memory of history.
In ancient times, Zhidao was an important transportation road leading to Luoyang, the ancient capital of the Nine Dynasties. For thousands of years, countless literati, businesswomen, knights, bandits, thieves, vagrants and beggars, etc., all looked indifferently in order to find food, clothing, official positions, and money to spend. There is an endless stream of people running back and forth on this ancient road, hooves touching each other. However, the role of Zhidao is far more than that, and more importantly, it is reflected in the military. Its strategic position is so important that it has repeatedly become a battleground for military strategists of all ages.
Anyone who has read the Chinese classic novel "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" knows that there is this passage in the fourteenth chapter of the book: "But it is said that Li Le led the army to falsely call himself Li Jue and Guo Si to chase the chariot. The emperor was shocked. Yang Feng said: "This is Li Le." Then he ordered Xu Huang to go out to fight. The guard drove the car through Jiguan. The prefect Zhang Yang came to Zhi Road. The emperor appointed Zhang Yang as the Grand Sima. Emperor Yang Ci went to Luoyang..." This was the poor emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The last emperor of Xi set out from Anyi, Shanxi, drove through Wangwu Mountain with Yang Feng and Dong Baoying, and then returned to Luoyang via Zhi Road. A thrilling scene happened on the way. The emperor of the Han Dynasty was the emperor who later took advantage of the emperor to command the princes. The Zhi Road mentioned in this article is within the current territory of Jiyuan City. Taking Jiyuan City as the coordinate, it crosses Wangwu Mountain to the Shanxi Plateau in the west, and leads to Luoyang through Zhi Town in the south. This road is its basic direction.
Zhi Dao was formed in the Spring and Autumn Period and was named after Zhi State or Zhi Yi. The formation of Zhidao has highlighted its strategic position from the beginning. At that time, Duke Wen of Jin fought eastward to gain dominance among the vassal states. It can be said that Zhe Dao played an important role. At the same time, since the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhe Road has been an important official road from the Central Plains to the Shanxi Plateau in ancient times. In the early Warring States period, because the Zhi State originally belonged to South Korea, Zhe Road was also an important channel for exchanges between South Korea and the vassal states in the Central Plains and the Wei State (the capital was in the northwest of Xia County, Shanxi Province today, and was called Anyi in ancient times). "Warring States Policy? Zhao Ce" Su Qin said that King Zhao said: "When Qin went down the Zhi Road, Nanyang moved." The Nanyang mentioned here is not the current Nanyang City in southwest Henan, but the area north of the Yellow River and the Taihang Mountains from Jiyuan to Xinxiang. area to the south. Today's Nanyang City was called Wan in ancient times. The strategic position of Zhidao in the mutual conquests of the princes at that time can be seen from Su Qin's theory. In 361 BC, after the capital of Wei moved from Anyi to Daliang (now northwest of Kaifeng City), transportation inconveniences between the east and west came. At that time, the geographical location of Wei State was like the word "Hui". The small mouth in the middle was South Korea, and the outside of the small mouth and the large mouth was Wei State. And around Dakou, there is Qin in the west, Yan and Zhao in the north, Qi and Lu in the east, and Chu in the south. Although South Korea is surrounded by Wei State, Wei State has to go around a semicircular bend of 180° from Anyi to Daliang or from Daliang to Anyi, making transportation extremely inconvenient.
In order to find a shortcut for transportation between the east and west of the country, and for military needs, the Wei State obtained part of the land to facilitate transportation with South Korea in 359 BC. The Tao belongs to the State of Wei. After Shang Yang's reform, the Qin State became increasingly powerful and had the material foundation to annex the other six countries among the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period. After that, Qin and Wei fought many wars over Zhidao. Finally, in 291 BC, Qin general Sima Cuo led his army to attack Wei and captured Zhidao. Two years later, Qin general Bai Qi attacked Wei again and won. He captured 61 large and small cities, including Zhe City, the capital of Zhe State. He completely controlled the Zhe Road and finally captured Hanoi along the Zhe Road. It can be said that Qin's acquisition of Zhidao played a very important role in later seizing the Central Plains and unifying China. You can imagine how tragic and tragic the scenes along the long Zhi Road were, with the neighing war horses, golden swords and armor, the flash of swords and the smoke filled with gunpowder. After the Qin Dynasty, Zhidao still played an important role in the military: during the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wu Han led General Jianwei Geng Yan and General Huya Gai Yan to fight against the Qingdu Army; in the Song Dynasty, Yue Fei's generals Liang Xing, Zhao Yun, Li Jin and others The battle of Wangwushan when he led his troops against the Jin soldiers, the battle of Jiyuan between the Ming Dynasty general Feng Sheng and the Yuan Dynasty general Tiemu'er, the battle between the peasant uprising army and the official army who traveled between Shanxi and Henan north of the Yellow River in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Wars... frequently took place on the Zhi Road, or the Zhi Road was used as a military communication line to mobilize troops, transport grain and supplies, and supply military supplies. The ancient Zhe Road is like a historical avenue, recording the rise and fall of dynasties, the vicissitudes of history, and wars full of blood and fire.
Looking at Zhidao through the time and space of history, Zhidao is also a thoroughfare for inheriting culture. Didn't you see that the most popular visitors on Zhe Road were the Taoist disciples and poets of the Tang Dynasty? The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of Taoism in China, and Wangwushan in Jiyuan was the center of Taoist activities. The Tang royal family not only regarded Taoism as the state religion of the Tang Dynasty, but also regarded it as the religion of the Tang royal family, highly respected and practiced it. Sima Chengzhen was ordered to build the "Three Palaces" (Balcony Palace, Ziwei Palace, and Qingxu Palace) in Wangwushan. The Yingen Palace, which was built almost at the same time, got its name because of the "arrival of the Prince of Tang Dynasty." After Princess Yuzhen entered Wangwu Mountain, the trend of princesses entering Taoism became popular, and 11 more princesses successively entered Taoism. Even Concubine Yang was converted into a Taoist priestess of Taizhen palace, named Taizhen. Subsequently, social sages, literati, and ordinary people also made it fashionable to worship Taoism, and Taoism swept the entire vast country of the Tang Dynasty. Because the distance between the eastern capital Luoyang and Wangwushan was blocked by the surging Yellow River, there was a large flow of passengers traveling between Luoyang, the capital, and Wangwushan. Crossing the river by ferry was far from enough to meet people's needs, so huge sums of money were spent on selling products on the Yellow River. A Heyang Bridge. In the Tang Dynasty, this bridge was the first bridge across the Yellow River. A bridge connects the north and south, connecting Luoyang to the south and Zhi Road to the north, opening a convenient door from Luoyang, the eastern capital, to Wangwu Mountain. In this way, the celebrities, dignitaries, and literati who gathered in the capital could easily pass by Heyang Bridge, travel along the Zhi Road to Jiyuan, and visit the Taihang Mountains and worship in Wangwu Mountain, either by car, sedan chair, horseback riding, or on foot. Taoist resorts include reciting poems and painting, or visiting immortals. Historical records: Since Sima Chengzhen took charge of Wangwushan, there have been Li Hanguang, Princess Yuzhen, Xue Jichang, Jiao Shoujing, Zhang Tanxuan, Liu Ruoshui, Xie Ziran, Du Guangting, Zhang Guolao, Hou Zhiding, Lu Xiyan, Lu Heguang, Li Zhongqing, Wang Suzhi, Liu Moran and other famous teachers came to Wangwu to realize Taoism. Famous poets of the Tang Dynasty, such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Li Shangyin, Cen Shen, Du Mu, Gao Shi, Meng Jiao, etc., all visited Wangwu Mountain and chanted poems. For example, Li Bai wrote a poem praising Wangwu Mountain: "The mountains are high and the water is long, and there are countless things. Without an old pen, how could it be so young and strong?" He also said: "I would like to follow my master on the altar of heaven, and spend my free time sweeping away fallen flowers with the immortals." Bai Juyi said in a poem : "Jiyuan has good mountains and rivers, and Lao Yin has known it for a long time." There is also Li Shangyin's "It's hard to say goodbye when we meet," which was also written by him when he was practicing Taoism in Wangwu Mountain... Poets came and went in a hurry on Zhi Road, leaving behind What is left is a line of footprints. At the same time, what is left in the mountains and rivers of Jiyuan is a rich and immortal cultural heritage for Jiyuan and for future generations.
In the ancient Zhi Kingdom, there was another pass that was as important as the Zhi Road - Zhi Pass. Zhiguan is located at the west end of Zhi Road, east of Fengmenkou Village, 22 kilometers west of Jiyuan City. It is commonly known as Fengmenkou. It was established during the Warring States Period and was the hub of transportation between Henan and Shanxi. It is the first of the "Taihang Eight Passes". Xing is the place where the mountain range is interrupted, also known as the mountain pass. The Taihang Mountains were known as "the ridge of the world and the great defense between the east and west" in ancient times. They were a natural barrier on the edge of the Loess Plateau. It stretches from Beijing from north to south to Xinxiang and then to the west, stretching for thousands of miles. It is the dividing line between the North China Plain and the Loess Plateau. The mountains are steep and steep, with altitudes above 1,000 meters.
There are only eight mountain passes in the entire Taihang Mountains, which were called Baxing in ancient times. According to the current administrative divisions, its distribution is as follows: the first is Zhiguanxing, which is within the territory of Jiyuan City, Henan; the second is Taihangxing, which is within the territory of Qinyang City, Henan; the third is Baixing, which is within the territory of Huixian, Henan; the fourth is Fuxing. , in Ci County, Hebei; on the fifth day, Jingxing, in Huoyue County, Hebei; on the sixth, Feiguxing, in Yu County, Hebei; on the seventh, Puyangxing, in Yi County, Hebei; on the eighth, Junduxing, in Changping County, Beijing.
Zhiguanxing has been the passage connecting the Loess Plateau and the North China Plain since ancient times. The ancients said: "The passes on the Zhi Road are dangerous." In other words, among the eight passes in Taihang, only the Zhi Pass on the Zhi Road is the most dangerous. Zhiguan is flanked by two mountains, forming a "V" shape. It is only more than ten feet wide and is known as the "natural danger of sealing the gate". According to historical records, passes were set up on ancient roads, on the one hand for military defense and to control traffic, and on the other hand, they were also important facilities for collecting customs duties. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there was a salt officer in Zhiguan who specialized in salt taxation. In terms of military affairs, Zhiguan, like Zhidao, is a battleground for military strategists. During the Warring States Period, in the 16th year of King Zhao of Qin (291 BC), after the Battle of Qin and Wei, Zhiguan, which originally belonged to Wei, became the territory of Qin; Shihu of Later Zhao, Fu Jian of Former Qin, and Murong Yong of Xiyan all had their troops. Zhiguan; During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Zhiguan was the border area between the Eastern Wei and Western Wei, and the Northern Qi and Northern Zhou. Each of them occupied a dangerous position and fought and attacked each other to seize this pass. In the third year of Tianbao in the Northern Qi Dynasty (552), Pingjian, the governor of Huaizhou, mobilized craftsmen to repair Zhiguan and strengthened the fortifications to resist the Western Wei Dynasty; in the third year of Heqing in the Northern Qi Dynasty (564), General Hu Luguang led 20,000 soldiers to build Zhiguan along the Zhiguan Pass. There are 13 garrisons in the 200 miles of the Great Wall, and the Great Wall was called Qiling in history. In September of the same year, General Yang Biao of the Northern Zhou Dynasty attacked Zhiguan. Lou Rui, the Taiwei of the Northern Qi Dynasty, relied on the natural dangers of Zhiguan and the solid Great Wall fortifications to resist the invading enemy. In more than two months, he defeated the Northern Zhou army at Zhiguan and captured Yang Biao alive. To this day, the remains of the Qiling Great Wall are still vaguely visible. This also shows from one aspect how important the strategic position of Zhiguan is. In the years that followed, after several wars, Zhiguan was destroyed and rebuilt, and then destroyed again. In the early years of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, Zhiguan was built and heavily guarded. Zhiguan was last rebuilt in the sixth year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (1856). At that time, in order to prevent the peasant uprising army from breaking through Zhiguan from the Central Plains, entering Shanxi, and then threatening the capital, the Qing government re-examined the old site of Zhiguan and rebuilt the Guanlou between the two mountains. Using bluestone as the arch and glutinous rice soup mixed with lime as slurry, the walls of the Guanlou are very strong. After reconstruction, the gate tower is four feet and five feet high, the door is two feet and two feet wide, and the left and right gate walls are sixty feet tall. A fort was also built on Nanshan on the left side of the gate tower, and a lookout tower was set up on Beishan Mountain on the right side. Thirty infantry and horse soldiers were stationed there, led by the general soldiers, who were on duty day and night. This gate building has the potential of "one man can guard the gate, but ten thousand men cannot open it". The normal control of this pass is recorded in an "order monument" erected at the pass when Zhiguan was rebuilt. The inscription on the pass said: "The opening and closing times of the gate are determined to indicate restrictions. According to the sealing of the gate, it is for Shanxi and Henan provinces. As for the entry and exit gate, the old gate in front of the headquarters is in ruins and needs to be repaired urgently. We will consult with the committee members of the Henan Fubu Academy and work with Jiyuan, Yuanqu and other counties to jointly investigate and reconstruct the gate. We hereby report that the construction is completed and the gates will be closed. It is a permanent thing and cannot be left unchecked. For this reason, it is a warning to the soldiers and civilians passing by that it is opened and closed at dawn every day and closed at dusk. The door must be opened and closed according to the time regardless of wind or rain. Observe carefully, and if there is anything suspicious, you will be asked to cross-examine and send it to Yuanqu County for questioning. They will be on duty at night and patrol the nearby buildings. If you encounter anyone who knocks at the gate, you will be asked in person. If you are a good local citizen, you will not be allowed to cause trouble intentionally, and you will not be punished at all. People who come and go are not allowed to cause trouble, please do not violate it."
The person who issued this edict was Wang Wei, the minister of the Ministry of War and the right deputy of the Metropolitan Procuratorate, the censor of Fu Shanxi, and the admiral in charge of the salt administration and printing affairs and the guard of Taiyuan City. It can be seen from the notice that while Wang Wei was strict in managing customs, he also paid great attention to maintaining the relationship with the local people. He knew that the natural dangers of closing the door could be defended, but the people's support could not be lost. Those who win the hearts of the people will be locked up and guarded; those who lose the hearts of the people will be locked up and thrown away. Only when the army and the people are united and united can a truly unbreakable barrier be built.
Zhiguan also played an important role in modern military history. In the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, the Japanese army marched straight into the territory of Jiyuan and then invaded the west. General Zhao Shoushan of the Chinese army once led his troops to attack Zhiguan by relying on the natural dangers of sealing the gate, causing heavy losses to the Japanese army. He is still praised today.
Today, the long Zhi Road and the majestic pass have gone from prosperity to decline in the slow process of historical development. In the past, the wind howling on the Zhi Road, the neighing of war horses, the cold light of swords, guns, swords and halberds, and the loud sound of killing have become a yesterday that is unbearable to look back on.
People walk, ride horses, sit in sedans, carry on shoulders, push carts, or carry donkeys on this road. The seemingly leisurely but actually arduous "travel map" has long since changed with the times and has become a mark of the past. . Instead: peace brought prosperity, and modern transportation replaced riding horses and carrying donkeys. Guzhe Road has quietly changed under the wheels of Mercedes-Benz, turning into a smooth and flat asphalt road and a trunk road connecting provincial highways, national highways and expressways. Everything has changed. Regrettably, the majestic pass on the Zhi Road has been reduced to nothing in the flames of war of liberation. Today, only the remains remain, leaving endless reveries to the literati, poets and tourists who come to pay homage to Zhi Pass. .