1. What is classical Chinese?
The open classification of classical Chinese: culture, language, style, national language "classical Chinese" is relative to "vernacular".
First "Wen" means written articles. "Yan" means writing, expressing, recording, etc.
"Classical language" means written language, and "classical language" is relative to "spoken language". In general, "spoken language" is also called "vernacular". The last "wen" means works, articles, etc., which means "classical Chinese" means "written language". "Articles written in common language". And "Vernacular" means: "Articles written in commonly used straightforward spoken language".
In ancient my country, to express the same thing, both spoken language and written language The expressions in language are different. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken language, "Have you eaten?" ", and to express it in books and language, it is "Fan? ". "Fan Fou" is classical Chinese.
In ancient my country, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese" Classical Chinese is the treasure of Chinese culture, and the ancients left us a large number of classical Chinese.
In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a large role in middle school Chinese courses. 1. Classical Chinese is wonderful.
There is no doubt that it constitutes the main body of Chinese traditional culture.
This shows that the history of China’s modern civilization is still very short. Traditional culture is still necessary for modernization, because the inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese.
This is right, because classical Chinese is no longer a language, it is purely writing. . But classical Chinese is knowledge, and oracle bone script is also knowledge, so why not learn oracle bone script? By the way, it is precisely because oracle bone script is a more primitive writing, so classical Chinese is the basis for further learning of traditional advanced writing (study) such as oracle bone script.
3. Classical Chinese is also a skill. Chinese expressions, descriptions, combinations, transformations, metaphors, metaphors, deductions... fully bear the style of Chinese civilization in the expression of ideas.
Master the physical structure of classical Chinese and have a deeper understanding of modern Chinese, and you will have "laws" to follow for the construction of new Chinese. 4. "Classical Chinese" is the opposite of "vernacular"
The structure of this word is. Like this: Classical Chinese - Wen. The first "wen" is "writing", and "yan" is language.
"Classical Chinese" refers to "written language", which means two things: Firstly, it indicates that the classical Chinese text is a kind of language; secondly, this language was later literalized.
The word "literalized" also has two meanings: first, it can have language but not. The culture of writing, for example, most ethnic minorities only have language but no writing; secondly, the language function withdraws from life and becomes history in the form of writing. The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: a style of language that has been written.
The latter "wen" refers to literary style. So apart from archaeological research, does classical Chinese have any "future"? In other words, does it have any practical value in life?
When traditional forms of life fade away in modern society, it is only that people ignore the social life in some marginal areas, which causes modern applications to doubt or ignore classical Chinese, such as certain inscriptions in religious construction. It is still written in classical Chinese, and still uses calligraphy and engraving tools.
The term "classical Chinese" can also encompass the cultural and historical relationship between seal scripts. .
In a certain form, once a certain language - including dialects - is "cultured", written, or written, the charm of the language will be reduced, while the function of the written language will be doubled.
Because language is usually passed down orally and is closely related to life, language has not yet entered a cultural state. It is a preservation of life experience and does not have the extended performance of words.
In the process of reading classical Chinese, we will inevitably have an illusion: Did people in ancient times also say this? I think this can be "feeled" by the difference in expression between written language and spoken language in the present tense. There is no big difference in structure and rules between them. It can also be speculated that the ancient people's speech was just more casual and more popular than classical Chinese. The "three words and two beats" can also be used as a reference.
As for when we read classical Chinese today, of course it does not mean that we are repeating what the ancients said, but that we are reciting or silently reading a literary style. When reading classical Chinese, you feel a very clear line of thought, just like occasionally reading the works of Western philosophers, which has the solemnity it deserves.
The value of the contemporary revival of classical Chinese The revival of classical Chinese is one of the hot spots in the contemporary Chinese cultural revival movement. Its emergence has the same profound historical background as the emergence of the Chinese cultural renaissance movement, and they are both integral parts of the Chinese national rejuvenation movement.
On the surface, the revival of classical Chinese is a denial of the vernacular movement advocated by Hu Shi and others, but in essence it is an extension of the vernacular movement. The popularity of vernacular has greatly increased the audience for general culture, but it has reduced the direct audience for traditional Chinese culture—thus putting the inheritance of Chinese culture under unprecedented threat.
It is precisely based on the need to inherit Chinese culture completely and accurately that the revival of classical Chinese has become a historical necessity. The revival of classical Chinese cannot deny the existence and value of vernacular.
The revival of classical Chinese in mainland China began to sprout in the 1980s. The concept of classical Chinese renaissance was clearly put forward by the young scholar Liu Zhou in "The First Step in the Revival of Chinese Culture (Proposal)".
The launch of the "Hundred Cities Ode" by Guangming Daily in 2007 showed the country's attitude towards the revival of classical Chinese. The proposal for the revival of classical Chinese was put forward by a young scholar, which shows that the revival of classical Chinese has great potential for development.
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References: 1. He wrote it wrong, in our book That's not how it's written! Contributors (***12): Napoleon Bonaparte, Xiangdie Saitama, kk518k, Gaska, from the seventh class, okzzh, jinji205, zhaolan94, wobushizhu, "Donkey Clan", Gaolou Jushi, dream70 This entry is mentioned in the following entries: Punishment, Mandarin, Yang's Son, Chinese, Liu Xiaofeng, Liu Zhou, Liu Bannong, Pu Songling, Common Knowledge of Ancient Chinese Culture, Kana, Chong, Neoclassical Fu School, Chinese , January 2, Lao She’s Former Residence, January 12, Renaissance of Classical Chinese, Jewish Literature, China. 2. What is the name of this classical Chinese article
Bian Que meets Cai Henggong
October 17, 2003
[Classic Chinese]
Bian Que When the magpie saw Duke Huan of Cai, he stood in the room. Bian Que said: "You have a disease in your body. If you don't treat it, you will be afraid of the disease." Huanhou said: "I don't have any disease." Bianque came out, and Huanhou said: "It can be cured easily." If you don't get sick, consider it a success!" After staying for ten days, Bian Que saw him again and said, "Your disease is in your skin. If you don't treat it, it will get worse." Hou Huan responded. When Bian Que came out, Marquis Huan was displeased again. After staying for ten days, Bian Que saw him again and said, "Your illness is in the intestines and stomach. If it is not treated, it will get worse." Huan Hou did not respond.
Bian Que came out, and Marquis Huan was displeased again. After staying for ten days, Bian Que looked at Marquis Huan and then left. Marquis Huan sent someone to ask about it, and Bian Que said: "The disease is in the interstitial region, where the soup and iron can reach it; in the skin, where the needle and stone can reach; in the intestines and stomach, where the fire Qi can reach; and in the bone marrow, where the secretion of life is. It belongs to me, and I have no choice. Now it is in the bone marrow, so I have no intention of asking him." After five days of residence, Marquis Huan suffered from body pain, and he fled to the Qin Dynasty. Marquis Huan then died.
Notes
Bian Que----surnamed Qin, named Yue, a native of the Warring States Period. He had excellent medical skills, so people called him by the name of the legendary ancient doctor Bian Que. .
Cai Huan (huān) Duke - the king of Cai State (now Shangcai County, Henan Province), hereinafter referred to as "Huanhou" ("Historical Records: Biography of Bian Quecang Gong" as Qi Huan Gong) .
Han Fei - a Korean prince in the late Warring States period, who liked to study the knowledge of criminal names and spells, and was an important thinker in the Warring States period. The books he wrote are the culmination of Pre-Qin Legalist doctrine.
There is room----for a while.
Skin care - skin texture.
I'm afraid----I'm afraid. Will, want.
Deep----very, powerful.
Idiot--the ancient monarchs called themselves modestly.
If a doctor is good at curing a disease, he or she should take credit for it. Doctors like to treat people who are not sick and take credit for (curing the "disease")! In other words, particles have no real meaning.
Stay for ten days----stay (dāi) for ten days. To live, to stay, to experience.
Skin----Muscle and skin.
Ying (yìng)----promise, accept.
Yue (yuè)----happy.
Still (xuán) go----turn around and run. Hui, the same as "xuan", means to turn around or turn around.
Therefore---- on purpose.
The reach of Tang (tàng) Tie (Wèi)----(is) what Tang Tie (power) can achieve. Soup, the same as "scalding", stewing with hot water (wù). Iron and apply hot compresses with medicine.
Needle stone----metal needle and stone needle. This electric finger uses acupuncture to treat diseases.
Huo Qi jì----Huo Qi Decoction, a decoction that clears fire and treats gastrointestinal diseases. Qi, the same as "agent".
Si Ming belongs to him, and there is nothing he can do about it——(That is) what Si Ming is in charge of, (medicine has) nothing to do. Si Ming, the legendary god in charge of life and death. belongs to, manages. Naihe, what to do, what to do.
Therefore ---- is "so", therefore. Because of, because of.
No invitation----no question, which means no more talking. Excuse me.
Search - search.
Comments
By shaping the image of the ancient miracle doctor Bian Que, the story is used to illustrate the correctness of the dialectical thought of "knowing the subtleties and knowing the work" proposed by Laozi, which is very persuasive. .
[Modern Chinese]
After seeing Duke Huan of Cai, the famous doctor Bian Que told Duke Huan that his disease had invaded his skin and he needed to be treated quickly. Duke Huan thought he was in good health and thought Bian Que wanted to take credit, so he ignored him. Ten days later, Bian Que persuaded Duke Huan to diagnose and treat the disease as soon as possible while the disease had only invaded the human body, but Duke Huan still remained silent. Ten days later, Bian Que said that Duke Huan's illness was in his intestines and stomach, but Duke Huan still didn't believe it. Ten days later, Bian Que saw Duke Huan, turned around and left without saying a word. Duke Huan sent someone to ask him, and Bian Que said that the disease was on the skin, body, and intestines and stomach, and could be treated by applying medicine, fumigation, acupuncture, and taking fire-clearing medicine. But now the disease had entered the bone marrow and could not be cured. Five days later, Duke Huan was in pain all over, but Bian Que had fled to Qin. Soon, Duke Huan died of an illness and failed treatment. 3. What is classical Chinese
Classical Chinese is a written language in China, which mainly includes written language based on the spoken language in the pre-Qin period. Commonly known as "Zhihu". During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, items used to record text had not yet been invented. Bamboo slips, silk and other items were used to record text. Silk was expensive, bamboo slips were bulky and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record words on "one roll" of bamboo slips, If you want to write more things, you need to delete unimportant words. It can be said that "classical Chinese" is the world's earliest "compressed" format for written records. Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the ruling class's habit of using "official documents" for their correspondence had been finalized, and the ability to use "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy.
Mr. Wang Li, a famous linguist and educator, pointed out in "Ancient Chinese": "Classical Chinese refers to the ancient Chinese written language based on the spoken language of the Pre-Qin Dynasty and the ancient works of later writers. language". Classical Chinese articles, that is, articles written in classical Chinese, are ancient classical Chinese works and works that imitated it in the past dynasties. As a stereotyped written language, classical Chinese has been used for two to three thousand years, from the pre-Qin scholars, the poems and poems of the two Han Dynasties, historical prose, to the ancient prose of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and the eight-part essay of the Ming and Qing Dynasties... all fall into the scope of classical Chinese. In other words, classical Chinese is the written language of ancient China and the source of modern Chinese.
The first "文" means a written article. "Yan" means to write, express, record, etc. "Classical Chinese" refers to written language. "Classical Chinese" is relative to "oral language", and "oral language" is also called "vernacular". The last "wen" means works, articles, etc., indicating the type of literature.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language". "Vernacular" means: "articles written in commonly used straightforward spoken language." For example, like now, "Have you eaten?".
In ancient my country, there were two differences between expressing the same thing in "oral language" (spoken language) and "written language" (written language). For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, , expressed in spoken language, is "Have you eaten?", but expressed in written language, it is "Have you eaten?" "Fanfou" refers to classical Chinese. Here, the noun "fan" is used as a verb, meaning to eat.
Before 1919, all articles in China were written in classical Chinese. Now we generally refer to "ancient Chinese" as "classical Chinese".
In the thousands of years of Chinese history, the spoken language has changed greatly, but the classical Chinese has maintained a similar format. Classical Chinese allows users of different languages ??to "converse" in writing. It is a communication method that has a fixed format but is not very difficult. 4. What is the name of the following classical Chinese text
Zizhi Tongjian·Volume 68
Lü Meng captured Jingzhou
Lü Meng arrived at Xunyang and ambushed all his elite troops In the middle, he made white clothes swing the oars and made them into merchants' clothes. They traveled day and night. Yu set them up on the river bank and kept them in check. Therefore, Yu didn't hear about them. Mi Fang and Shi Rensu both felt that Yu was underestimating him. When Yu went out to the army, Fang and Ren did not pay attention to the military supplies. Yu said, "Return them and treat them", which made Fang and Ren Xian fearful. So Meng ordered Yu, the former captain of the cavalry, to write a book about benevolence, which would lead to success or failure. As soon as benevolence got the book, he surrendered. The translator said to Meng: "This is a treacherous army. We should march with benevolence and leave troops to prepare for the city." Then he sent benevolence to Nanjun. Mi Fang was guarding the city, and Meng showed his benevolence, so Fang opened the door and came out to surrender. Meng entered Jiangling and was released from prison. Guan Yu and the soldiers' families all comforted him and ordered the army: "You can't go to other people's homes and ask for something." To cover the official armor; although the official armor is public, Meng still thinks that he has violated military orders and cannot abolish the law because of his hometown, so he beheads him with tears in his eyes. As a result, the army was trembling with fear and did not pick up the lost items. In the evening of the first day of the lunar month, the envoys would get close to the elderly and take care of them. They would ask about their needs and provide medicine to those who were sick, and clothing and food to those who were hungry and cold. The treasures hidden in the Yu Mansion are all sealed and awaiting the arrival of power.
Lü Meng arrived at Xunyang, ambushed all the elite soldiers in the named boat, let the people row the oars, wore merchants' clothes, and traveled day and night, and captured all the officers and soldiers Guan Yu had posted on the riverside. , so Guan Yu knew nothing about Lu Meng's actions. Mi Fang and Shi Ren were always dissatisfied with Guan Yu's contempt for them. Guan Yu led his troops outside, and Mi Fang and Shi Ren could not deliver all the military supplies. Guan Yu said: "When I return, I will punish the crime." Mi Fang and Shi Ren were both frightened. . So Lu Meng ordered Yu Fan, the former Cavalry Commander, to write a letter to persuade Shiren and point out the gains and losses for him. After Shiren received Yu Fan's letter, he surrendered. Yu Fan said to Lu Meng: "For such a secret military operation, we should take Shiren with us and leave the army to defend the city." So he took Shiren to Nanjun. Mi Fang defended the city, but Lü Meng asked Shiren to come out to meet him, so Mi Fang opened the city and came out to surrender. Lü Meng arrived at Jiangling, released the imprisoned Yu Jin, captured Guan Yu and the families of his officers and soldiers, comforted them all, and ordered the army: "Do not harass the people or ask for money from the people.
"There was a soldier under Lü Meng's tent who was from the same county as Lü Meng. He took a bamboo hat from a commoner's house to cover the official's armor. Although the armor was a public property, Lü Meng still believed that he had violated the military order, and he could not violate the military law just because he was from the same town. , and he beheaded the soldier with tears. The whole army was shocked and shocked. Lü Meng also sent his followers to comfort and care for the elderly in the morning and evening, and asked them about their difficulties in life. He sent medicine and gave clothes and food to the hungry and cold. All the belongings and treasures in Guan Yu's inventory were sealed up, waiting for Sun Quan to come and deal with them. 5. What is ancient prose?
Ancient prose (classical Chinese). Ancient Chinese (Ancient Chinese) Four Modern Satires - Zhuang Zhu Ancient Chinese (Classical Chinese) Ancient Chinese (Ancient Chinese) Four Modern Satires - Zhuang Zhu Expand Edit This Paragraph Ancient Chinese (Classical Chinese) Definition: A general term for classical Chinese before 1954 (generally excluding "parallel prose" ").
Compared with parallel prose, prose is a prose with odd sentences in a single line and no emphasis on parallelism. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, parallel prose became popular, paying attention to parallelism, with neat syntax and gorgeous words.
p>Later in the Northern Dynasty, Su Chuo of the Zhou Dynasty opposed the flashy parallel style and wrote the "Da Gao" after the style of "Shang Shu". He considered it a standard style of articles, which was called "ancient prose" at the time. Later, Han Yu and others in the Tang Dynasty wrote articles in the prose language of the pre-Qin Dynasty. Liu Zongyuan and others advocated the restoration of the pre-Qin and Han Dynasty prose tradition of substantial content, free length, simplicity and smoothness, which is called such prose as ancient prose.
Han Yu said in "Inscribed on Ouyang Sheng's Elegies": "Yu Yu. It is an ancient text, so how can it be wrong to read only its sentences that are not similar to those of today? Thinking about the ancients without seeing them, and learning the ancient ways by wanting to understand their words at the same time. "Shi Shuo" said: "Zi Pan of the Li family... was good at ancient Chinese prose, and studied all the classics and biographies of the six arts. He was not limited to the time, and learned over time." ”
All formally proposed the name of ancient prose, which was used by later generations. Although the outstanding ancient writers of the Tang Dynasty called for restoration, they were full of innovative spirit.
They emphasized that The importance of "Tao" also attaches great importance to the role of "literature", and they advocate creation, advocating that "only the ancient words must be invented by oneself" and "literacy follows the order of words and everyone knows their job" (Han Yu's "Nanyang Fan Shaosu Epitaph"). The ancient prose he wrote is actually a new type of prose, which was refined from the spoken language at that time and became a new written language. It has its own personality and the reality of the times, and some of it is more difficult and obscure, but it is not mainstream.
He Jingming, who advocated "literature should be compared with Qin and Han Dynasties" in the Ming Dynasty, said: "The writings of the husband were exhausted in the Sui Dynasty, and the Han Dynasty vigorously promoted them, but the method of ancient prose died in the Han Dynasty. " ("On Poetry and Books with Li Kong"), it can be seen from this sentence that Han Yu's so-called ancient prose is different from the prose of the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties. It has both inheritance and innovation.
The Eight Great Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties are the collective name for the eight representative prose writers in the Tang and Song Dynasties, referring to Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan in the Tang Dynasty, and Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Che, Wang Anshi and Zeng Gong in the Song Dynasty. Edit this paragraph. Ancient text (ancient characters) Definition: Official script was popular in the Han Dynasty, so the fonts before Qin are called ancient texts, specifically referring to the ancient texts in Xu Shen's "Shuowen Jiezi"
Ancient texts refer to the ancient books of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and before. Xu Shen said in "Shuowen Jiezi·Xu": "Zhou Taishi wrote fifteen large seal scripts, which may be different from ancient texts.
"Comparing ancient script with large seal script, it is said that ancient script is the general name for writing before Shi Zhen. Since the ancients did not have pen and ink, they used bamboo sticks to paint and write on bamboo tubes, which is called Shuqiwen, also known as Shuqiwen. It is called bamboo slip script.
Because the bamboo slips are hard and lacquered, writing is not fluent, and the characters written are thick at the beginning and thin at the end, like a tadpole, so it is called tadpole script or tadpole script. It is called Tadpole Prose, and it does not necessarily mean that it was written by Cangjie and is not Tadpole Prose.
The ancient texts mainly refer to the "Book of Changes", "The Analects of Confucius", "Spring and Autumn", "Shang Shu", "Li of Zhou" and "Lu Shi". The writings on ancient books such as "Spring and Autumn" and "The Classic of Filial Piety" are relatively early "Kong's ancient scripts", and the latter are called "Shi Zhou Dazhuan".
There are regional differences. The ancient texts came from the Bi Zhongshu, so the ancients placed them before Zhou Wen.
Xu Shen said: "As of Confucius's Six Classics. , Zuo Qiu Ming Shu Chun Qiu Zhuan, all in ancient prose.
" He also said: "The author of the book on the wall was King Gong of Lu (155 BC - 129 BC) who broke into Confucius' house and obtained the "Book of Rites", "Shang Shu", "Spring and Autumn", "The Analects of Confucius" and "The Classic of Filial Piety". "
The "Ji" in "The Book of Rites" is a work of the late Warring States Period. Ancient classics all use bamboo slips. After countless readings and copies, they have learned "the three unique features of Wei's compilation and the three annihilations of lacquer script". It didn't last long.
In the thirty-fourth year of Qin Shihuang (213 BC), books were burned. There may not be very early manuscripts hidden in various places, but they are usually the current ones by Confucius. The Six Classics of Writing was only dated to 500 BC.
Xu Shen said that the materials he used "are called "Yi" by Meng, "Book" by Kong, "Poetry" by Mao, and "Li" by Zhou Guan. , "Spring and Autumn" Zuo Shi, "The Analects of Confucius" and "The Classic of Filial Piety" are all ancient texts. They were probably copied over and over again by classical scholars of the Han Dynasty.
It is different from Xiaozhuan, so Xu Shen adopted it from it. There are more than 500 characters, which is about 1/18 of Xiaozhuan. The characteristics of ancient Chinese characters, such as the addition of unnecessary complicated decorations, rituals, ?, and bold simplicity, are not original Chinese characters. The form was created in response to the needs of the times.
Wang Guowei wrote "Qin Yongwen Six Kingdoms in Ancient Prose during the Warring States Period", which has good opinions that can be tested and believed in Xunwen.
It is also true that the ancient scriptures were written by the Confucian scholar Zou Lu and spread in the East. However, it is arbitrary to say that there are "ancient texts from the Six Kingdoms". Under the king, it is divided into seven kingdoms. The fields are divided into different acres, the cars are painted on different tracks, the laws are different, the clothes are different, the speech is different, and the writing is different." There is no unified political power politically and no unified market economically. It is impossible. Wang Guowei was accustomed to the Warring States Period and opposed the Qin Dynasty by "joining the vertical". He did not know that military alliance was temporary, and it would take a long time for the language to unify spontaneously.
In recent years, many written materials of the Warring States Period have been found in various places, such as Changsha Zhishu, Houma League Script, Wenxian League Script, Jiangling Xinyang Changsha Jian Ce, as well as Zhongshan State Bronze Ware in Pingshan County, Xinzheng Xu Shen's so-called ancient texts are probably the texts commonly used by Zou Lu (and perhaps Qi) Confucian scholars.
Among the three stone classics of Wei Zhengshi (240~248), the first ancient texts were only engraved into "Shang Shu" and "Chun Qiu" (see picture), which are the so-called "Books" by Kong Shi and "Chun Qiu" by Xu Shen. The source is the same as the ancient text of "Shuowen", but the glyphs are occasionally different, which may be errors in the copying of ancient books.
Lu Deming's "Classic Interpretation" of the Tang Dynasty and Guo Zhongshu of the Song Dynasty. "Han Slips", Xia Song's "Four Tone Rhymes of Ancient Prose", etc., all preserve some ancient texts in the ancient scriptures. Edit this section of the Modern Four Satires - Zhuang's Preface: Following the chapter of Liu Zihou's "Three Precepts", this is Si's "Four Satires". .
However, there is no way to understand without exhaustion of theory. There is nothing to gain, and there is nothing to point out.
The bird on the screen is like a friend. In the family road, I saw an abandoned screen beside the road, on which an old man was walking and looking up, and saw a bird playing with him. The feathers are jagged but not bright, lifelike. 6. Why is it called classical Chinese?
"Classical Chinese" is relative to "vernacular Chinese".
"Classical Chinese": The first "wen" means written articles. "Yan" means writing, expressing, recording, etc.
"Classical Chinese" refers to written language. "Classical Chinese" is relative to "oral language", and "oral language" is also called "vernacular". The last "wen" means works, articles, etc., indicating the type of literature.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language". "Vernacular" means: "articles written in commonly used straightforward spoken language."
In ancient my country, there were differences between expressing the same thing in spoken language and written language. For example, if you wanted to ask someone if they had eaten, you would express it in spoken language, "Have you eaten?" ?", and to express it in book language, it is "Fan?" "Fanfou" is classical Chinese.
In ancient my country, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as classical Chinese.