Taiwu, also known as Tai Taiwu and Tian Wu, is the grandson of Tai Jia, the son of Tai Geng, the younger brother of Xiao Jia and Yongji. After the death of his brother Yongji, Taiwu succeeded to the throne and became the ninth generation monarch of Shang Dynasty. After Taiwu succeeded to the throne, he appointed Sun Bin, the son of Yi Yin, as Prime Minister.
Tai Wu Hou and Wu Xian were appointed to assist the government. Wu Xian made great achievements in managing Wang's internal affairs, so he wrote Mourning and Taiwu. Xian Ai is a summary of Hsien Wu's experience in assisting the government, and Taiwu is a record of Taiwu's history, both of which have been lost. Taiwu once boasted in the ancestral temple and didn't regard him as a courtier. Yi Zan is self-effacing, so he wrote The Original Fate, hoping Taiwu can carry forward the kingly way of Yu Xia and Shang Tang. With the help of Zhiyi, Wu Xian and Taiwu, the Shang Dynasty, which had begun to decline, prospered again, and various governors surrendered to the Shang Dynasty in succession, so Taiwu was honored as Zhongzong.
Taiwu died in 75 and was the longest-serving monarch in Shang Dynasty. After his death, Taiwu was buried in Taiwuling (east of Liu Cifan Village, Bo Town, Neihuang County, Henan Province), and his son Zhong Ding succeeded him.
Political measures
politics
bureaucratic apparatus
During the Taiwu period, the official positions of Shang Dynasty were divided into two categories: Chinese official positions and foreign official positions. The chief administrative officer is the "phase" (also known as "A, Bao and Yin") who assists the Shang king in making decisions. The senior officials of the dynasty were collectively called Qing people. The three fairs are honorifics set by people, not permanent. In addition, there are "history" responsible for divination, sacrifice and recording, "divination" responsible for praying for ghosts and gods, "wish" responsible for recording and keeping ancient books (also known as keeping Tibetan history and civil history), as the teacher of military commanders and musicians, Shao Shi.
(1) Dictator
Oral officers are divided into administrative officers of the outer court and administrative officers of the inner court. During the Taiwu period, the basic feature of the political system of Shang Dynasty was the division of oral service and foreign service. Duke Zhou, who lived in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, once summed up his own situation in Jiuzi: "The more foreign clothes you wear, the more Hou, Dian, Gong and Wei Bangbo there are;" The more oral, the more, the more, the more, the more, the more, the more.
Oral administration was the direct rule of Wang Ji in Taiwu period; Foreign service is an area under the jurisdiction of Bangbo, which is divided into Hou, Dian, Men and Wei. Many of them may be tribal leaders of Fang, and ministers belong to businessmen. There are nearly 50 Hou in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the most famous of which are Cang Hou, Wu Hou, Gou Hou, Gao Hou, Zhuan Xu Hou and Qi Hou. Canon, Oracle Bone Inscriptions called "Tian", "Tada (Canon)" refers to the official of Duodian. Male, known as "Ren" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, famous figures are Ren, Ge Ren,, and so on. Wei, as a kind of martial arts, is often called "multi-shot Wei", "multi-horse Wei" and "multi-dog Wei" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and some people simply call it "Wei".
② Foreign affairs officials
There were fifty or sixty kinds of oral officials in Shang Dynasty, which can be roughly divided into four categories. The first one is "Yin Shu Liao Bai". Including senior senior ministers, senior ministers and ministers closely related to the king. Among them is the historian in charge of the life of cashier Wang. The second is "only Asia, only service." Mainly military officials who are closely related to the king. The third is "Zonggong". Refers to officials responsible for royal sacrifices and some specific affairs. The fourth is "the people are king." Refers to officials and ordinary people who manage local nationalities.
The court official is an official who serves the royal family, mainly the general manager and the trusted minister. I manage the specific affairs of the royal family, including the division of labor, increasing grain and collecting grain, herding animals in Mu Mu, hunting animals, wine and wine, the car of the king's car, the battle of the Shang king's royal car (also called servant royal), the military attache of the guard, the guard brigade, the national elderly who teach aristocratic children, and the "field" born in other places. Officials abroad mainly include the leaders of Fang, Hou Bo, people who serve the imperial court and people who guard the border.
economy
agriculture
During the Taiwu period, on the basis of the development of agriculture and handicraft production, the commerce of Shang Dynasty also developed to some extent under the condition that the internal division of labor of various production departments was increasingly consolidated and complicated. After the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, according to the Duke of Zhou, some of the Yin people were "taking care of Jia and filial piety to their adoptive parents". These people are businessmen engaged in long-distance selling and trading activities.
During the Taiwu period, the economy of Shang Dynasty had a great development than that of Xia Dynasty: the scale of agricultural production was quite large, and the crops planted were millet, millet, rice and wheat. Animal husbandry is developed, raising six livestock and sacrificing hundreds or even thousands of livestock. Handicrafts such as bronze smelting and casting, jade making and wine making are very developed. When commerce develops to a certain extent, seashells, bone shells, jade shells and copper shells are used as money. During the Pan Geng period of Shang Dynasty, archaeologists generally believed that the agricultural tools used in Shang Dynasty were shovels, axes, sickles and knives made of stones, bones and mussels. Occasionally, some bronze tools such as brass cymbals and shovels are found, but they are not necessarily used in agricultural production.
Tian Zi's Oracle Bone Inscriptions shows that there is a large connected square ripe field on Guangping Yuan Ye, and these ripe fields are cleaned regularly. The word "Xinjiang" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions's On Xinjiang symbolizes the field that has been measured and demarcated. The word "Tian Chou" is like a turning point in the field, but it is certainly not widely cultivated. These square fields, which were well cultivated according to the rules of Xinjiang Regulations and equipped with irrigation ditches, became the later mineral fields.
These fields are mainly distributed in Du Yi area, directly occupied by Shang princes, and also distributed to close relatives and nobles. Other nobles also managed such fields in fiefs, but on a smaller scale. Outside the capital, Shang Wang often sent his subjects to more remote places to reclaim land.
manufacture
During the Taiwu period, the development of foundry workshops and handicraft production in Shang Dynasty was more prominent than that of agriculture. Among them, the high development of bronze smelting technology and bronze manufacturing technology reflected the technical level and characteristics of the times of handicraft industry at that time. In the ruins of Yin Ruins and Zhengzhou Mall, bronze casting workshops dedicated to the royal family were found. At that time, these workshops had a detailed division of labor, and there were craftsmen who were engaged in production for generations and were good at specialization. The scale of production and the high level of technology were also rare in the world at that time.
anecdote
Strange tree
In the seventh year of Taiwu, there were strange mulberry trees and Broussonetia papyrifera living together in the court, which grew as big as second-hand folded trees overnight. Emperor Tai was afraid, so he asked the Prime Minister Yi Si. I said, "I've heard that monsters can't beat virtuous people." The appearance of monsters is probably due to the king's mistakes in managing state affairs. It is harmless for Wang Shan to treat monks and people with morality. Taiwu listened and blamed Mulberry for her death.
Looking for medicine
Taiwu sent Wang Meng to the Queen Mother of the West to seek the elixir of life. Later, because of lack of food, Wang Meng was trapped halfway, so he had to eat fruit from trees, wear bark and live in barren hills. Wang Meng lived alone all his life, and God pitied him for having no offspring. In his sleep, he jumped out carrying his two sons. Wang Meng died after his son was born. Wang Meng's son also gave birth to the next generation in this way. And the descendants are all men. Slowly, there are more and more men in this place, so it is called Laoguguo. The matter of seeking medical treatment is generally mysterious, but from this story, we can guess that the Shang Dynasty of Taiwu is likely to have contacts with Xirong.
Historical evaluation
Zhou Gongdan: "In the past, during the reign of Emperor Zhong of Yin Dynasty, Yan Gongyin was afraid, and his fate was decided by himself. He is afraid of governing the people, and he dare not give up peace. Enjoy the country for seventy years. "
Sima Qian: "Yin revived, and the princes returned to it, so it was called Zhongzong."
history
Historical Records Volume III Yin Benji III
family member
Grandfather: King Tai Jia of Shang Dynasty
Father: Wang Shang Tai Geng
Brothers: Jony J on the throne and Yongji on the throne.
Sons: Wang Shang Zhong Ding, Wang Shang Wairen and Wang Shang He Jia.
grave
Tai Wuling is located in the east of Liucifan Village, Bo Town, Neihuang County, Henan Province. Mausoleum is located in an ancient cultural site, also known as "Liu Cifan Site", which is the only Shang Dynasty mausoleum in China. 1986 was announced as a cultural relic protection unit in Henan province. The mausoleum was built in the Han Dynasty and continued in the Tang Dynasty. It was rebuilt in the seventh year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (974), and was repaired and built many times in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. According to Neihuang County Records, Tai Wuling is located in Liucifan Village, 25 miles southwest of Neihuang County. Tai Wuling is more than five feet high and dozens of feet around. Its temple is behind the mausoleum, with five halls, a pavilion next to it and a monument in front.
Taiwuling used to be built outside the mausoleum (commonly known as the imperial city), covering an area of 4.5 mu, with ancillary facilities such as Taiwuling, the tomb of concubines, the dense forest of Cooper, the 142 memorial tablet, and the official hall. Yangshao, Longshan culture and Shang culture (pottery, stone tools, etc. ) Discovered in Yu Ling District, according to Neihuang County Records, there were 42 inscriptions dedicated to Tai Wuling in Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the seventh year of Kaibao (974), the inscription and preface of the Emperor Zhongzong Temple in the Song Dynasty was a tortoise with a head of 6.45 meters high, a width of 1.6 meters and a thickness of 0.59 meters, which is one of the few existing large ancient monuments in Henan. Exquisite carving, vigorous calligraphy and rich inscriptions have high historical and artistic value.