Modeling expression means: the skills and means to create artistic images in plastic arts. Such as painting with the help of color, light and shade, lines, anatomy and perspective; Sculpture depends on volume and structure. These techniques and means, through long-term artistic practice, have formed the unique and special artistic language of these plastic arts, which determines the different expression rules of these arts and is related to the success or failure of the plastic arts image and the appeal of artistic works. The artist's constant exploration and improvement of the regularity of modeling expression means is a necessary condition for artistic creation to express new life content and meet people's developing aesthetic hobbies.
The golden section is also called Huang Jinlv and the golden ratio. On a line segment, the line segment is divided into long segments and short segments according to the optimal length-width ratio, or the optimal ratio of long sides to short sides of a rectangle is formed according to the optimal length-width ratio, that is, the golden section.
Terms of two-dimensional painting. Refers to the plane space composed of length (left and right) and height (up and down). In painting, in order to truly reproduce the image, we often use perspective, shading and other modeling methods to create the profound feeling and three-dimensional effect of the image on the plane of the second space, that is, to create the illusion of the three-dimensional space of natural objects with the second space. Some paintings, such as decorative paintings and pattern paintings, do not require strong depth effect, but deliberately pursue the plane meaning of the second space in order to obtain artistic expression.
Stereographic terminology. Refers to the three-dimensional space composed of length (left and right), height (up and down) and depth (depth). In painting, in order to truly reproduce the image, it is necessary to show the three-dimensional sense and depth on the plane.
Texture painting, sculpture and other plastic arts show the characteristics of various objects in their works through different expression techniques, such as silk, skin, water, stone and other different qualitative characteristics, giving people a sense of reality and beauty.
With the help of light and shade, color, lines and other modeling factors, the sense of quantity expresses the feeling of the weight, thickness, size and quantity of an object. Such as the solemnity of rocks and the lightness of wind and smoke. All realistic objects in painting are required to convey their unique weight and realism. Using the comparative relationship of quantity, we can produce diverse and unified effects.
In painting, according to the principles of geometric perspective and air perspective, the sense of space describes the relationship between objects such as distance, level and interpenetration, thus conveying a profound three-dimensional sense in plane painting.
Terms of volume painting. Refers to the visual objects displayed on the painting plane can give people a three-dimensional sense of occupying three-dimensional space. In painting, any visible object is determined by the structure of the object itself, which is composed of blocks in different directions and angles. Therefore, it is necessary to grasp the structural characteristics of the object to be painted and analyze its proper relationship in painting in order to achieve a sense of volume.
Theoretical terms of perspective painting. The word "perspective" comes from the Latin word "perspclre". At first, perspective is to look at the scenery through a transparent plane, and accurately draw the scenery on this plane, that is, to form a perspective view of the scenery. Later, according to certain principles, the science of expressing the spatial position, outline and projection of an object with lines is called perspective.
Terms of light and dark painting. Refers to the brightness change of light, backlight and reflective parts of objects in painting and the expression method of this change. An object has three bright and dark states under illumination, which are called three major surfaces, namely, bright surface, middle surface and dark surface. The light and color of the three major surfaces are generally dark in the middle. The light and shade of the three major surfaces are generally manifested in five basic levels, namely, five tones: ① the bright surface is always illuminated; (2) Gray surface-middle surface, half bright and half dark; (3) the dividing line between the bright part and the dark part; (4) a backlight part on the dark side; ⑤ Reflect the dark and bright parts of a single surface affected by ambient reflection. It has always been the basic method of square painting to describe objects according to the level of light and shade. During the Renaissance, vasari once said in "Biography of Artists": "When painting, after drawing the outline, use shades to roughly distinguish the light and shade, and then carefully display the light and shade in a single room, so does the bright part." European painter Zhong Lun Lang is a master who is good at shadow techniques.
Terms of contour plastic arts. Refers to the edge line that defines the range of performance objects. In painting and sculpture, whether the outline is correct is regarded as the key to the success or failure of the work.
Terminology of composition and plastic arts. Refers to the structural configuration method of artistic images in works. It is an important means for plastic arts to express the ideological content of works and gain artistic appeal.
One of the important factors of color painting. It is a complex phenomenon that various objects absorb and reflect light to varying degrees and act on people's audience. Due to the different textures of objects, the absorption and reflection of various colors of light are different, so everything in the world has formed ever-changing colors.
The qualitative appearance that tonal colors can present. Different colors in nature are infinitely rich, such as purplish red, silver gray and orange yellow.
Chromaticity refers to the inherent lightness of the color itself. For example, among the seven basic colors, purple is the darkest and yellow is the brightest.
Tone is also called tone. Under the irradiation of light source color with certain hue and lightness, the surface of the object is shrouded in a unified color tendency and color atmosphere, which is hue.
Colors have no attributes. Colors are basically divided into warm colors (also called hot colors) and cool colors (also called cool colors). Red, orange and yellow are warm colors, giving people a warm, warm and outgoing feeling; Green, cyan, blue and purple are cool colors, giving people a cold, quiet and shrinking feeling.
Brush strokes refer to the traces left when the brush touches the picture in the process of painting. Although brushwork is a technical factor, it also conveys the artist's artistic personality and accomplishment, so it is also an integral part of the artist's artistic style.
Chinese painting is abbreviated as "Chinese painting". It refers to China's traditional Chinese painting, which has been formed and developed in China for a long time and has its own unique system in the world art field. It uses brush, ink and Chinese painting pigments to draw on special rice paper or silk. According to the subject matter, it can be divided into figures, landscapes, flowers and bamboos, birds and animals, insects and fish, palaces and other painting materials. According to the means and techniques of expression, it can be divided into meticulous painting, freehand brushwork, hook, boneless painting, color setting and ink painting. According to the layout style, it can be divided into vertical axis, horizontal volume, album page, sector and other styles. Chinese painting attaches great importance to pen and ink, using lines, ink colors and light and heavy colors to express the physical structure of objective objects through cross-dyeing, dry and wet shading, and yin and yang back; And use the combination of virtual reality and density and "blank space" to achieve ingenious composition effect. The spatial processing of traditional Chinese painting is also relatively free and flexible, that is, you can draw mountains and rivers by "seeing the big and seeing the small"; You can also use the method of "seeing the mountains from horseback" to draw the Wan Li of the Yangtze River. Chinese painting is characterized by "both form and spirit" and "vivid charm", which advocates both "learning from foreign teachers" and "winning the heart in China". Chinese painting also inscribed poems and seals on the screen, integrating poetry, calligraphy and seals.
Western painting refers to the western painting which is different from the traditional painting system in China. Including oil painting, watercolor, gouache, printmaking, pencil drawing, pencil drawing and other paintings. Western traditional painting pays attention to realism, expresses the volume, texture and sense of space of objects by perspective and light and shade, and requires the color effect of objects under a certain light source.
Oil painting is a painting made on linen, cardboard or wood with pigments easily mixed with oil agents (flax oil, poppy oil, walnut oil, etc.). Diluents used in painting are turpentine and dried linseed oil. The pigment attached to the picture has strong hardness and can keep luster for a long time after the picture is dried. Oil painting is the main type of western painting.
A kind of sculpture "plastic arts". It is the general name of three methods: sculpture and sculpture. With all kinds of plastic mud or carved wood, stone and other materials, you can make all kinds of images with real substance. Sculptures are generally divided into circular sculptures and relief sculptures. Due to different purposes, it is divided into shelf sculpture, memorial sculpture, decorative sculpture, architectural sculpture and so on.
One of the arts and crafts categories. Refers to the production of handicrafts with certain artistic significance, which not only meets the needs of people's material life, but also meets the needs of people's spiritual life. It is the combination of practicality and aesthetics, and the unity of technology and art. Arts and crafts are divided into two categories: ① daily handicrafts. (2) Display technology.
Calligraphy is a traditional art in China. ② Chinese character writing method. According to the modeling rules of Chinese characters, China's calligraphy uses stippling to form various forms to express ideas. Regular script, cursive script, running script, official script and seal script (big seal script, small seal script) have all kinds of characters. The basic factor of calligraphy beauty is stippling, followed by stippling. Therefore, it is very important to use a pen in calligraphy. We should master and use the contradictory relations such as lifting, hiding, turning, heaviness, urgency and Fiona Fang, and pay attention to avoiding frivolous fingers. On the whole, the beauty of calligraphy lies in the momentum, rhythm and rhythm between the lines and the artistic conception conveyed. All kinds of books pay attention to the horizontal and vertical arrangement of the structure, expecting to echo; Proper layout and clear organization.
Sketch is a kind of painting form that mainly uses monochrome lines and blocks to represent objects. It is usually used as a means to exercise the basic skills of painting to train the ability to observe and express the shape, structure, light and shade, texture, sense of quantity and space of objective objects. Sketch can also be used as an independent art form for creation. For example, the painter Wang Shikuo's Blood Clothes is an example.
Gouache painting is a painting made by mixing powdered pigments with water. Gouache is generally opaque in color and has strong hiding ability, so it can be portrayed deeply and carefully. Used properly, it can have both artistic effects of oil painting and watercolor painting.
A picture painted on the wall or ceiling of a building. Divided into rough bottom murals, painted murals and pasted murals. Mural painting is one of the oldest forms of painting. Egypt, India and Babylon have preserved many ancient murals. During the Italian Renaissance, mural creation flourished, resulting in many famous works. In China, since the Zhou Dynasty, there has been a mural system in palaces and even tombs. With the prosperity of religious belief, it has been widely used in temples and grottoes (such as Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes and Ruicheng Yongle Palace), and a large number of famous Buddhist murals and Taoist murals have been preserved so far. )
A cartoon, also known as a cartoon. The word "high-speed painting" comes from Italian Caricare, which means exaggeration. Later, it evolved into the word "cartoon", which refers to a picture with ironic and funny meaning. Through exaggeration, distortion, hypothesis, metaphor, symbol and other means, satirize, criticize (or praise) people and things in real life with humorous and humorous artistic effects.
Traditional terminology of sketching in Chinese painting. Paintings depicting flowers, trees, birds, animals and other creatures are called sketches. Such as the sketch of rare birds in the Five Dynasties. In the modern common painting language, any description that directly takes the real object and the real scene as the object is collectively called sketch.
Sketch is a kind of painting method that uses concise lines to briefly describe the expression, shape, movement and other characteristics of an object through rapid and accurate observation. It is an important painting method to cultivate the painter's keen observation and quickly grasp the generalization of object characteristics, and it is also an important means to record life and accumulate creative materials.
What are the categories of Chinese paintings?
Chinese paintings are usually divided into three categories: landscapes, flowers and birds, and figures. If further divided, there are many categories of Chinese painting. China's paintings are classified in different periods in history, but it is difficult to express them accurately. The following are some popular categories:
A, the song dynasty "xuanhe painting spectrum":
Taoism and Buddhism, figures, palaces, fanren, arowana, landscapes, animals, flowers and birds, vegetables.
Second, Deng Chun's paintings follow the Southern Song Dynasty:
Immortals, Buddhists and Ghosts, Biographies, Landscape Bamboo Stones, Flowers and Bamboo Feathers, Animals, Insects and Fish, Houses, Ships, Vegetables and Herbs, Small Landscape Miscellaneous Paintings.
Third, Ming Dow and Zong Yi's "Dropping out of Farming":
Statues of buddhas and bodhisattvas, statues of jade emperors, holy monks of King Kong, dragons and tigers of ghosts and gods, ancient figures, mountains and forests all over, flowers and bamboo feathers, wild donkeys and beasts, human use, terraced fields, all creatures, farming and weaving, carving green and embedding green.
What is meticulous painting?
Gongbi painting is a form of Chinese painting that depicts scenery with meticulous brushwork. Bian Luan is an outstanding representative of flower-and-bird painting in Tang Dynasty. He can draw the active state of birds and the bright colors of flowers. Make "Peony Map", with bright colors and beautiful hair. If you look closely, you can be sure that the peony was painted at noon. The cat's eye in the original picture has a "vertical line" visible. Another example is the flower feather written by Huang Quan, a painter of the Five Dynasties, which is lifelike, but it was attacked by the goshawk as a physical object. This can be seen in the Review of Famous Paintings in the Holy Dynasty: "During the Zheng Guang period, I ordered my son to paint the four seasons landscapes and various flowers and birds in the Baguatang, which was the best preparation. That winter, I will go hunting. Because I pressed the eagle dog, there was an eagle in it, and people struggling to raise their arms couldn't control it. So I went directly to the temple to fight for the feathers I painted. "
Meticulous painting became popular in the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, the reason why outstanding artistic achievements can be achieved lies in the maturity of painting techniques on the one hand and the improvement of painting materials on the other. Gongbi painting must be painted on silk or rice paper treated with alum. In the early Tang Dynasty, the improvement of silk materials promoted the development of meticulous painting to a certain extent. According to Mi Fei's History of Painting, "Silk was born in ancient paintings, and it was half-cooked in the early Tang Dynasty, Wu Sheng, Zhou and Hanwo. Later, the hot soup was cooked, and the powder was like a silver board, posing as a character, and the writing was brilliant. "
Generally speaking, meticulous painting needs to draw a manuscript first, and a complete manuscript needs to be revised repeatedly before it can be finalized. Then cover it with rice paper or plastic alum silk, first outline it with a small pen, then color it with the class and render it layer by layer to achieve the artistic effect of both form and spirit. For example, autumn photos of Chen Zhifo.
What is freehand brushwork?
Freehand brushwork is to describe the scenery with concise brushwork. Freehand brushwork is more in propaganda, vertical pen, flying ink color. Compared with meticulous painting, freehand brushwork can better reflect the charm of the scenery described and directly express the author's feelings.
Freehand brushwork is gradually formed in long-term artistic practice, in which the participation of literati in painting has played a positive role in the formation and development of freehand brushwork. According to legend, in the Tang Dynasty, because of his excellent poems and paintings, later generations called his paintings "poems with paintings in them", and he "changed the way of painting" and created broken ink landscapes with "light ink and clear brush". Dong Qichang revered him as the ancestor of "literati painting". In the Five Dynasties, the branches and leaves of flowers were first written in ink, and then sketched in light color, which created the "drop ink method" of Xu Ti. Later, Wen Tong promoted the painting style of "Four Gentlemen" in the Song Dynasty, Lin Liang opened a new painting style of "courtyard style" in the Ming Dynasty, Shen Zhou made good use of heavy ink and light color, Chen Boyang emphasized realistic ink and light color, and Xu Qingteng was even more unconstrained and unconstrained. After a long period of artistic practice, freehand brushwork has entered its heyday. After the Eighth National Congress, Shi Tao, Li, Wu Changshuo and Qi Baishi, etc., freehand brushwork is the most influential and widely spread painting method.
Freehand brushwork advocates spirit likeness. Dong Qichang said: "Freehand brushwork is the best way to draw landscapes. What is this? When the shape and quality are perfect, there is no charm; If there are different colors, there is no brushwork. " Xu Wei's Poems on Paintings in the Ming Dynasty also said, "We don't want to look like a rhyme of survival, but we should cut it with our five fingers."
Freehand brushwork pays attention to pen and ink. For example, the ink peony painted by Xu Wei is written by ink painting, not by cross-dyeing and contrast. There is a saying in Yuan Zhen Zhenwu's On Painting: "The works of Mohist drama, besides the rich words of Gestapo, are suitable for temporary interest and have a lot to do with his critics. Taste Mo Mei's poem in "Chen Jianzhai":' I don't want to ask the color, my predecessor is Malik's nine-square height.' The learned painter also. "
Freehand brushwork emphasizes the author's personality. Eight eccentrics in Yangzhou are famous for their strangeness. Their paintings are not standardized, they scribble at will, and they express their rebellious spirit with the word "chaos". Zheng Banqiao once admitted: "Modern Ding Bai (Taoist) and Qing Xiang (Shi Tao), whether muddy or strange, are unique since ancient times. Recently, Yu (Ding) painted bamboo, which is quite chaotic and wonderful. A messy word is very important and very important. " ("Zheng Banqiao Ji Bu") Jin Dongxin's painting of bamboo is also like "chaos". He once said: "With Jiao Mo's big leaves, the leaves are all messed up." Freehand brushwork is based on the brushwork of calligraphy, and the brushwork of freehand brushwork greatly enriches the form of calligraphy, so freehand brushwork is mostly calligraphy. For example, Zheng Banqiao is good at calligraphy and painting, and they are integrated with each other. He took painting as a book, created a "six-and-a-half-minute book" of official script in running script, and took calligraphy as Zhu Lan, with a bright and vigorous style. A Qing Dynasty Jiang Shiquan commented: "Banqiao writes words like orchids, and the waves are simple and graceful;" Banqiao writes blue as a word, and the leaves and vegetables are beautiful. "
Freehand brushwork is an art form integrating poetry, calligraphy and painting, and printing. Li, one of the Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou, likes to write inscriptions on paintings, both long and short, which make the picture richer and more fluent. "Painting is not enough, but enough, painting is silent and poetry is vivid, and they are used for each other" (Record of Painting and Calligraphy in Love with the Sun) not only embodies the reality of Li's painting, but also embodies the basic characteristics of freehand brushwork. Wu Changshuo and Qi Baishi are also great artists in modern times.