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For Lu Xun, a great writer, poetry creation is not the main aspect of his literary achievements, but his poems do have profound attainments. Comrade Guo Moruo, the founder of new poetry, once made a lofty evaluation of Mr. Lu Xun's poems: "Mr. Lu Xun has no intention of being a poet, and he occasionally works and sings every time." Or a rhinoceros horn monster, or a courageous person. "This also includes the judgment of Lu Xun's new poems. Xu Shoushang, a classmate and good friend of Lu Xun, said that Lu Xun's "poems are not many, but their artistic conception and tone are extremely profound, and to his satisfaction, they have a unique style. "Is the theory of bosom friend.
Lu Xun wrote some famous old-style poems before the May 4th Movement. During the May 4th summer vacation, he was inspired by the surging new culture movement at that time. "Just because the poetry circle was lonely at that time, I played drums and played." That is to say, just as his original intention in writing novels is to "comfort the warriors who run in loneliness", he plays drums and gongs for the new culture movement and creates strong sounds for new poems. 19 18 published Dream, Love of God, Peach Blossom, Their Garden, Man and Time and He in New Youth. Although the number of these six poems is small, they reflect the spirit of the times with their positive and healthy ideological content, and they shine brilliantly in the summer when new poems first appeared, expanding the influence of new poems.
These poems of Lu Xun express his hatred of dark reality and his desire for advanced ideology and culture. The "many dreams" of "black as ink" and "black as ink" in Dream are like metaphors of "iron house", which shows the resentment of the poem against the dark reality. Dreams greet the arrival of "clear dreams", which embodies the poet's desire for truth and advanced ideas; In their garden, the little baby yearns for the big garden next door, which is full of flowers, and walks out of "breaking the door" and "exhausting the careful machine" to get a "bright white" lily, which implicitly recognizes and absorbs advanced things from other places, revealing the clue of Lu Xun's "takenism" thought. It is the need of the times to attack the dark reality and call for the introduction of new ideas from other places.
It is also an aspect of his ideological content to ridicule the conservative forces of the past and call people to a better future. People and Time rebukes the retro argument that "the present is far worse than before" and calls for "the future is better" and "come with me". Their garden denies the flies, filth and language that defile lilies, and shows the criticism of conservative forces and blind xenophobia.
In addition, there is the content of eulogizing free love. He described an unattainable love poem, from summer to autumn, from autumn to winter, obsessed with the beauty of "flower-like" appearance. Cupid answered the question of who you love when you are shot by the arrow of love, and put forward "Love someone desperately", encouraging people to break through the shackles of feudal thought, which is the voice of rebellion against feudal ethics. "If you don't love someone, you will die yourself", which is an indictment of the evil of feudal ethics and a struggle against the arranged marriage that ruined the happiness of young men and women.
1924 10, Lu Xun also wrote "Antique New limerick" and "My Lovelorn". The author once described himself as "satirizing the lovelorn poems prevailing at that time". "Seeing the lovelorn poems prevailing at that time, I deliberately made something ending with" Leave her alone ",just kidding". This shows that Lu Xun, the leader of the new culture movement, is concerned about the development direction of new poetry. This poem contains profound meaning in humor and humor. In the poem, I not only wrote the story that I searched everywhere for what I loved but couldn't get, but also implicitly and profoundly revealed that the reason for lovelorn was the difference in economic status between the two sides from the disparity between the gift of my good lady and my return. When the lovelorn poem became popular and poisoned the hearts of young readers, Lu Xun wrote this poem not only to correct the unhealthy poetic style, but also to express his love for young people. More importantly, it analyzes the problems of love and marriage from the perspective of economic status, and guides people to understand the social roots of the phenomenon of thousands of lovelorn people, which is manifested in valuable ideological depth. Lu Xun's new poems are healthy in content, novel in artistic conception, implicit and meaningful, and far-reaching. Although he thought it was "naive", it was still unique and distinctive in the initial period of new poetry.
Lu Xun's support and defense of new poetry is an indispensable aspect of his contribution to the development of new poetry. As a great standard-bearer of the New Culture Movement, Lu Xun himself wrote few new poems, but he paid close attention to the development of new poems and effectively defended the bud of new poems, which was really "willing to keep the spring flowers for the soil".
During the May 4th Movement, Lu Xun not only sponsored the then famous Hu Shi to try and select new poems for him, but also gave enthusiastic support to the unknown teenagers out of the cultivation of new poems. When he received a new poem named "Love" from a teenager, he was deeply moved by the painful accusation that arranged marriage killed young people's love, so he published an essay "Random thoughts" in "New Youth", commenting: "The quality of the poem, the depth of meaning, not to mention; But I said, this is the vapor of blood, and it is the real voice of people who wake up. " "We want to shout out the sadness without love, and there is no lovely sadness. . . . . . We are ready to call it the time to write off the old accounts. " Lu Xun praised the unknown poet for focusing on the ideological nature of new poetry, in fact, he cheered for new poetry.
Lu Xun took a clear critical attitude towards those who criticized and attacked new poetry. 1923 Beijing Daily. Zhou's "Deleting Poems" was published in Literature Weekly, and Guo Moruo's "Goddess" and other eight influential new poetry collections were dismissed as "poor". "Not a poem" and so on, to be completely denied. His own poem is just "the vastness of the universe, I can't tell;" I can't express my gratitude to my parents. . . . . . "Lu Xun wrote" unspeakable "is a bitter irony for such a critic who easily denies others but does not express his feelings. Its intention is naturally to remove obstacles for the growth of new poetry and clear the way forward. Lu Xun not only protected new poetry, but also paid attention to and guided its development. As early as 19 17, shortly after the publication of trendy, he should have consulted the magazine and put forward pertinent suggestions: "The poems of trendy are more narrative and less lyrical, so they are a bit monotonous. It would be nice to have more poems with different styles after that. "Later," New Tide "overcame the shortcomings of simple scenery narration, and many simple and beautiful lyric poems appeared, which greatly enhanced the appeal of poetry. Lu Xun later opposed the lovelorn poem, but he still enthusiastically supported it. Not only write your own poems, but also support others' creation. For example, the Wind of Emblems by Huxiang poet and Wang Jingzhi boldly sang the youth's yearning for free love. Teacher Wang revised a lot at the request and wrote back to instruct the author to learn poetry from famous foreign lyric poets. But a man named Hu, according to the poems "Looking Back Step by Step, Glancing at My Lover" and "A Monk Regrets Becoming a Monk", judged that this collection of poems was as guilty as Jin Ping Mei; He rebuked the poet for slandering the monks in the world, pointing to Wang Jingzhi and others, saying, "I only shed incredible tears for them. Mr. Lu Xun thought this was a very bad phenomenon in the critical circle, so he wrote an article "Critics Against Tears" to fight back, denouncing this criticism of "judging right and wrong by tears" as "approaching religious scholars and citing the majority to intimidate". During this period, Lu Xun was writing a historical novel "mending the sky". The letter depicts the image of a "little husband in ancient costume" between Nu Wa's legs, criticizes feudal hypocrisy in the form of literature and art, and satirizes the hypocrisy of this tearful critic. Mr. Wang's controversy over this reputation is related to his attitude towards new poetry. He countered and despised Hu and others, defended the anti-feudal fighting tradition of new poetry and defended its development. Because of Lu Xun's lofty position in the new literary world, he had a great influence on the cultivation, support and defense of new poetry in its infancy; His advocacy and practice of new poetry played a certain role in the healthy development of new poetry. He devoted himself to watering the seedlings of new poetry and made contributions as a master of new literature.
Mr. Lu Xun's main contribution to the creation of new poetry is prose poetry. His prose poetry creation has a development process. From the initial stage of trying to talk to himself to the later "Weeds", it marks that his prose poetry creation has reached the point of perfection. In his later period, Lu Xun wrote Banxia Collection, Ode to the Night, Journey in Autumn Night and other works, which is a new chapter in his prose poetry creation. There are only monologues and weeds here. 19 19 Shortly after the May 4th Movement, at the request of Sun Fuyuan, editor-in-chief of Beijing National Daily, Lu Xun published seven prose poems, including Preface, Ice of Fire, Ancient Domain, Crab, Bohr, My Father and My Brother, under the pseudonym of Shen Fei. This group of prose poems is Lu Xun's "small feelings" in the battle, but it is a soldier's feelings, full of philosophy and emotion. Cold and implicit sentences and smooth and clean writing are both thought-provoking and entertaining. Among them, preface is the link connecting this group of prose poems, and it is also a unique prose poem. Poetry is written in pure white spoken language, and a few words will outline a cool summer night in the south of the Yangtze River. Old Man Tao, who speaks three words and four things in the poem, is actually a wise man among the working people. Mr. Lu Xun once said: "Although ordinary people don't read poetry books, don't know calligraphy, don't know how to find faults in yoga, and find ways in stool, they can generally distinguish right from wrong, which is often beyond the reach of lofty and knowledgeable people." This is the preface, so it is necessary to forgive old Man Tao. The second article, Ice of Fire, describes the flowing fire. When it encounters "unspeakable cold, the fire freezes", but his true colors remain unchanged. "Like the heart of a coral, his whole body is red." Obviously, the author praised the "people of fire and ice", that is, far-sighted revolutionaries in society, who will never be conquered. The third article, "Ancient City", wrote two opposing images. The old man is an old school and the young man is an aspiring reformer. The teenager shouldered the dark door and decided to sacrifice himself and put the next generation in a wide and bright place. The author sang a hymn for the enlightened people who sacrificed for the happiness of the next generation. The fourth article "Crab" is a summary of the author's struggle experience. In the poem, the old crab sheds its shell to warn people against the old forces in the alternation of the old and the new, thus prompting the law of realistic struggle. The fifth chapter "Bohr" aims to clarify a philosophy. The author criticizes Bohr's naivety with a friendly and enthusiastic attitude, indicating that the growth of beautiful things or new things is not achieved overnight, and it takes time and the necessary price. The poem ends with this passage:
The boy said, "What color do you think the sea is?"
Bohr looked at the sea and said it was "green"
The boy said, "I dropped a little blood, and it was still green." Why don't I cry? "
Bohr said, "You are a silly boy!"
Bohr is that stupid boy. Wild roses that have sprouted for half a day in the world still have flower seeds in the soil.
Is the last to come out, there will be no Bai Yutang.
This shows that personal strength is insignificant, and the appearance of beautiful things or new things has its historical inevitability, which shows the author's optimism and collectivism. The last two books, Father's Disease and My Brother, criticize the backward superstition and habitual influence, and criticize the feudal education of "disciplining children" and strangling their nature. In a word, this group of prose poems is the artistic crystallization of Lu Xun's summing up the real struggle in the form of poems. They are flowers after the "grafting" of prose and poetry, which not only have the conception, artistic conception and technique of poetry, but also have the freedom, agility and freedom of prose, which is different from writing a random essay. The author does not directly point out the meaning, but embodies his thoughts in events, images and artistic conception, and uses association, suggestion and innuendo, including symbolism, to enlighten people. Lu Xun's monologue shows this artistic feature of prose poetry.
Mr. Lu Xun loves monologues, but at the same time he doesn't feel enough. So when he started writing Weeds in 1924, he expanded Ice of Fire and My Brother into Dead Fire and Kite, which clearly told us that the former was the prototype of the latter, or sketching and sketching. As a wonderful flower and a peak of modern prose poetry, Weeds did not suddenly stand upright, but was accumulated by Lu Xun's creative practice, absorbing the achievements of foreign and China's prose poetry creation.
Weeds was first published in Threads. It was after the ebb tide of the May 4th Movement that Lu Xun was in a state of anguish and hesitation, so his creation was rather obscure and tortuous. Therefore, to understand it, we must first understand the writing background. On this point, Lu Xun himself made a specific explanation, recalling in Selected Works: Later, when the new youth dispersed, my partner who had experienced the same battle would change again. I finally became a "writer" and still walked around in the desert, but I couldn't escape writing in a casual magazine. That was nonsense, which was a little emotional, exaggerated and exaggerated. ……
"The road is long, Xiu Yuan, and I will go up and down."
Obviously, the prose poem Weeds was written in the quiet period of the revolution. Lu Xun's mood at that time was lonely and desert. He didn't know that silence was the prelude to the storm, which indicated that the great storm of revolution was coming, so he was a little disappointed and depressed. Comrade Xu Jiejie said: "The spirit expressed in Wild Grass is the contradiction between ideal and reality, hope and despair, light and darkness;" At the same time, it is also a contradiction that the author's old world outlook has been shaken and destroyed, but it still has some influence, while the new world outlook is brewing and preparing for a big leap, but it has not yet been established. "But as far as its basic tendency is concerned, Weeds is active and aggressive.
Comrade Sun summarized the content of Weeds into three aspects: praising tenacity, dissecting self and criticizing society. In addition, you can add a content, that is, the persistent pursuit of hope and good things. Autumn Night, the first article in Weeds, describes the conflict between hope and disappointment, and the contradiction between optimism and pessimism, while the main theme is to praise fighters. The author praised the jujube tree for "silently stabbing into the strange and high sky with the intention of killing him, no matter how many confused eyes he narrowed." Here, the autumn sky is compared to a sinister, cowardly and ruthless ruler, and jujube trees are compared to war heroes. No matter what tricks the sky uses, jujube tree, as always, will not be deceived or deceived, and is determined to fight to the end The author also praised the bugs who pursued the light and piteously mourned their sacrifice. Lu Xun seems to disapprove of their way of struggle, because there is only death and no hope of success. The traveler in The Traveler is a tireless and brave explorer, and his thoughts are full of contradictions. He went to dusk, physically and mentally exhausted, his foot broken and bleeding. Waiting for him ahead is the cemetery. Even if he walked through the cemetery, he didn't know what was ahead. But he refused to stay and didn't want to accept charity, pity and sympathy from others. He walked west with his head held high. Passers-by is actually a portrayal of Lu Xun's thought and spirit. His realistic attitude of persisting in practice, fighting and bravely exploring the revolutionary road is exactly Lu Xun's attitude towards life. The soldiers in this kind of soldiers also embody the spirit of Lu Xun. What kind of soldier is that? "He has only himself, but he has a javelin used by barbarians." He walked into the nothingness array and knew that he was a philanthropist, scholar and scribe, but he was never tempted to "raise the javelin". He didn't listen to the philanthropists swearing, saying how fair he was, and said with a smile, "Throw it sideways, but his heart is right"; He was accused of hurting a philanthropist. He died of old age, and no one heard the cry of war. But he never stopped fighting. He "raised his spear". On the one hand, the soldier showed rebellious and uncompromising fighting spirit, on the other hand, he showed loneliness and emptiness. This is a reflection of Lu Xun's true face at that time.
Lu Xun knew his weakness well, so he dissected himself from time to time. Farewell, the shadow wrote a strange dream. When people are asleep, shadows come to say goodbye. The image of shadow reflects Lu Xun's inner contradiction and depression. In his lonely hesitation, he felt that only "darkness and nothingness" existed, which highlighted decadent ideas. However, Lu Xun was not attached to darkness and nothingness. He dissected himself to show that he wanted to say goodbye to the shadow and was determined to fight to the death in order to change the light for others. While dissecting himself, Lu Xun did not relax his struggle against the enemy. Weeds mercilessly exposed, satirized and criticized the social abuses at that time. In The Wise, the Fool and the Slave, Lu Xun also expressed extreme disgust at the slaves who "complained to others" and criticized that weak servility. The Dog's Argument lashed out at respectable people attached to power in society. The trembling of the descending line is a criticism and revenge against the ungrateful people. Lu Xun himself once sacrificed his life to train young people, but some young people betrayed him, so he felt pain and anger and expressed revenge. This article is about his own life experience.
What I see in front of me is a dark society, ugly people in society, but I don't know where the future is and where the light is. Lu Xun was in a really heavy mood at that time. In Hope, he repeated petofi's words twice: "Despair is futile, just like hope." At first glance, this sentence seems to deny both vanity and hope. In fact, it reflects the change of Lu Xun's thought, from denying that hope is illusory to denying that despair is also illusory. That is to tell people that instead of exhausting their youth and life in empty despair, it is better to pursue ideas in empty hope, because there is still the possibility of hope. This sentence was said by Lu Xun to those desperate young people. He is eager for them to struggle and find hope. The inscription clearly tells us where we hope. Witnessed the massacre of Kuomintang reactionaries on April 12 and April 15, 927, Lu Xun finally saw the light of hope in the blood of the sword, broke free from the heavy pressure of darkness, and issued a battle cry: the fire was running underground and rushing endlessly; Once the lava is ejected, it will burn all the weeds and trees, so it will not rot. But I am calm and happy. I can laugh and I can sing. The "fire" in the poem obviously refers to the revolutionary struggle led by the China * * * production party. Lu Xun firmly believed that the day would come when the dark social system was burned down. The inscription is full of revolutionary optimism.
The artistic achievement of Weeds is extremely high, and its style is also very unique. Viewed from the conception, Weeds combines rich poetry with profound philosophy, which has both poetic beauty and profound truth. Lu Xun often hides very rich contents in the scenery, which is impossible to explore. Linguistically, Weeds is cold, steep, fine, meticulous and vivid. For example, "In Faint Blood" eulogizes the warriors: "Rebellious warriors come from the world; He stood, looking at everything that has changed and the existing ruins and graves, recalling all the profound and long pains, and facing up to all the overlapping and blocked blood clots ... "Word by word, incisive and powerful, highlighting the sober, unyielding and tenacious personality characteristics of the brave like a relief. The language style of each article in Weeds is not completely consistent, and some articles are clear, fresh and full of painting beauty; Some are hidden, full of charm and full of inner beauty; Some are harmonious, read sonorous, rhyme beautifully, and so on In terms of expression, Weeds mostly adopts symbolic techniques, and the stories, characters and events described are mostly symbolic. Symbols have the function of suggestion and association, which makes the meaning deeper and wider. As far as style is concerned, Weeds is also varied. Poetic, such as "My Lovelorn"; Having a dramatic style, such as Passers-by; There are fashionable ones, such as kites; There are also fables, such as wise men, fools, slaves and so on. Lu Xun learned from others' wisdom and integrated the characteristics of various literary styles and their expression techniques. Weeds is an artistic treasure in China's modern literature.