Confucius Temple
Located in the south gate of Qufu City, Shandong Province, it is a temple dedicated to Confucius. It was first built in 478 BC, using the former residence of Confucius as a temple and built to the specifications of an imperial palace. It is one of the three major ancient building complexes in my country and occupies an important position in the history of world architecture. Qufu Confucius Temple is the main temple dedicated to Confucius. It is the first and model of more than 2,000 Confucius temples distributed in China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Indonesia, Singapore, the United States and other countries. It is said that the Confucius Temple was built in 478 BC, after Confucius died. In the second year (478 BC), Duke Ai of Lu converted his former residence into a temple. Since then, successive emperors have continued to consecrate Confucius and expand the temple. In the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Yongzheng ordered major repairs and expansion to a modern scale. There are nine courtyards in the temple, with the north and south as the central axis, divided into three roads: left, middle and right. It is 630 meters long and 140 meters wide. It has more than 460 halls, halls, altars and pavilions, and 54 gates. There are 13 "Imperial Stele Pavilions", more than 100 various buildings, more than 460 rooms, and a huge building complex covering an area of ??about 95,000 square meters. The Holy Relics Hall, the Thirteen Stele Pavilions and the east and west verandas of the Dacheng Hall in the Confucius Temple display a large number of steles and stone inscriptions. In particular, the number of Han steles preserved here is the largest in the country. There are also many treasures in the past dynasties. The number of inscriptions is only Second to the Forest of Steles in Xi'an, it is known as the second Forest of Steles in my country. The Confucius Temple is the largest existing ancient building complex in China second only to the Forbidden City. It can be regarded as a model of large-scale temple architecture in ancient China.
The overall design of the Confucius Temple is very successful. There is a Shinto in front, with junipers planted on both sides, creating a solemn atmosphere and cultivating the reverence of those who visit the temple. The main body of the temple runs through a central axis, with symmetry on the left and a rigorous layout. There are nine entrances to the courtyard from the front and back. The first three entrances are guiding courtyards with only some smaller doorways. The courtyard is planted with rows of pines and cypresses, which block out the sun with thick shade, creating an environment that makes people pure and peaceful. The tall and tall ancient cypress trees A deep corridor is opened between the cypresses, which not only makes people feel the long history of the Confucius Temple, but also highlights the profoundness of Confucius' thoughts. The plaques posted high above the gates extol the achievements of Confucius, leaving a strong impression on people and making them feel admiration. After entering the fourth courtyard, the majestic buildings, yellow tiles, red walls, and green trees complement each other, which not only symbolizes the profoundness of Confucius' thoughts, but also the great achievements of Confucius. The height of 166 meters also indicates the long history of Confucianism.
The Confucius Temple has more than 100 buildings and more than 460 rooms, with an ancient building area of ??about 16,000 square meters. The main buildings include the Jin-Yuan Stele Pavilion, Ming Dynasty Kuiwen Pavilion, Xing Tan, Dejiu Tiandi Square, etc., and the Dacheng Hall and Dormitory Hall rebuilt in the Qing Dynasty. The large wooden structure of Jinjin Pavilion has many characteristics of the Song Dynasty. The dougongs are sparse and clear, the lengths of melon-seed gongs, linggongs, and slow arches increase in sequence. Six pavilions are skipped by two pavilions. The appearance of the pillar paving and the tween paving are the same. The combination of the main hall and courtyard surrounded by verandas is a rare example of the closed ancestral temple form commonly used in the Song and Jin Dynasties. Dacheng Hall, Dormitory Hall, Kuiwen Palace, Xingtan, Dacheng Gate and other buildings adopt a mixed structure of wood and stone, which is also a relatively rare form. The arrangement and details of the dougongs are flexible. According to the needs, the number, density and length of the dougongs of each room are different. In order to make up for the visual vacancy, the side gongs, ten thousand gongs and melon gongs are even lengthened. Two adjacent dougongs in the same building have different lengths, and the lengths of the two sides of the same stigma are very different. This is a unique approach to Confucian temple architecture.
The Confucius Temple preserves 1,044 inscriptions from all dynasties since the Han Dynasty. There are records of feudal emperors pursuing posthumous titles, bestowing titles, worshiping Confucius, and building Confucius temples. There are also poems and inscriptions of emperors, generals, ministers, and scholars visiting the temple. The texts include Chinese, Mongolian, Pasiba and Manchu scripts are written in real cursive and official seal scripts. They are precious historical materials for studying feudal social politics, economy, culture and art. There are more than 20 Han steles and Han Dynasty inscriptions among the inscriptions. It is the place with the largest number of Han Dynasty inscriptions preserved in China. The Yiying Stele, the Ritual Vessel Stele, the Kongqi Stele, and the Shichen Stele are representative works of the Han Dynasty, while the Zhang Menglong Stele and the Jia Shijun Stele are models of the Wei style. In addition, there are calligraphy works by Sun Shifan, Mi Fu, Dang Huaiying, Zhao Meng, Zhang Qiyan, Li Dongyang, Dong Qichang, Weng Fanggang, etc., inscriptions by Yuan Haowen, Guo Zijing and others, and a large calligraphy collection of 584 stones by Kong Jishu. Tie Yuhonglou Dharma Tie, etc. The Confucius Temple inscriptions are a treasure trove of ancient Chinese calligraphy art.
The famous stone carving artworks in the Confucius Temple include Han portrait stones, carved stone pillars of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and pictures of sacred sites carved in the Ming Dynasty. There are more than 90 stone portraits of the Han Dynasty, with a wide range of themes, including records of people's social life and reflections of historical stories, myths and legends. There are various carving techniques, including line carving and relief carving. Line carving can be reduced, scratched, plain or line carving. Relief carving can be deep or shallow, smooth or rough. The style may be rigorous and delicate, or bold and rough, with smooth lines and graceful shapes. There are a total of seventy-four carved stone pillars in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, of which fifty-six are carved on the ground and eighteen are carved in high relief. Most of the engraved patterns on the ground are small clouds, dragons, phoenixes and peonies. They were inscribed in the seventh year of Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty. Peonies, pomegranates, lotus and other flowers are carved in Chongsheng Temple. The composition is beautiful and they are relics of the seventeenth year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty. The exquisite stone carvings are relief dragon pillars; the ten pillars on the front eaves of Dacheng Temple are the tallest, with each pillar being six meters high. The two pillars of the Chongsheng Temple are the highest in level with their vigorous dragon postures and lively cloud shapes. In addition, the bas-relief Yunlong Shibi at Shengshimen, Dachengmen and Dacheng Hall also have high artistic value. The holy relic was added to the Song and Jin woodcuts of the Confucius Temple in the 20th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1592). It was painted by Mao Fengyi Huixiao, a Confucian student from Qufu, Yang Zhi from Yangzhou, and the stone was painted on the stone by Suzhou stone masonry. There are 120 paintings. It vividly reflects the life deeds of Confucius. It is one of the earlier large-scale comic strips in my country and has high historical and artistic value. For more than two thousand years, the Confucius Temple in Qufu was destroyed and repaired, but never abandoned. Under the protection of the state, it developed from a private residence of Confucius into a huge building complex with a scale and shape similar to that of an imperial palace. Over time, records Zhifeng can be said to be an isolated example in the history of human architecture.
Confucius Mansion
The place where the direct descendants of Confucius' hereditary "Yanshenggong" lived for generations, is the largest mansion in my country after the palaces of the Ming and Qing emperors. Now, Confucius Mansion covers an area of ??more than 240 acres, with 463 halls, halls, buildings, pavilions and other various buildings, divided into three roads: middle, east and west. The east road is the family temple, the west road is the college, and the middle road is the main building. The middle road is bounded by the inner house, with the government office in the front and three halls and six halls (the main hall, the second hall, the third hall, the Guangou Hall, the Baihu Hall, the Zhiyin Hall, the Zhangshu Hall, the Classics Hall, and the Music Hall); behind it is the The inner house is equipped with a front upper room, a front hall, a back hall and five rooms at the back. Finally, there is the garden of the Confucius Mansion, which was the place where Duke Yansheng and his family members visited in the past dynasties.
Dacheng Hall is the main hall of Confucius Temple and the core of Confucius Temple. In the Tang Dynasty, it was called Wenxuan Palace and had five rooms. During the overhaul in the fifth year of Tianxi reign of the Song Dynasty (AD 102), it was moved to its current location and expanded to seven rooms. In the third year of Chongning of the Song Dynasty (AD 1104), Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty took the meaning of "Mencius": "Confucius calls Dacheng" and issued an edict to change the name to "Dacheng Hall". It was rebuilt in the second year of Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty (AD 1724), with nine ridges and double eaves. The roof is covered with yellow tiles, the beams are carved and painted, the caisson is decorated with golden dragons and seals, and the vertical plaque in the middle of the double eaves is engraved with three gilded characters "Dacheng Hall" written by Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty. The temple is 24.8 meters high, 45.69 meters long and 24.85 meters wide. It is located on a 2.1-meter-high foundation. It is the tallest building in the temple and one of the three ancient temples in China.
The Apricot Altar is located in the middle of the corridor in front of Dacheng Hall. It is said to be the place where Confucius lectured. There is an ancient cypress tree next to the altar, which is called "the cypress planted by the first master." There are red railings around the apricot altar, hills on all sides, cross ridges, two-story yellow tile cornices, and double half-arches. The pavilion has a finely carved caisson and a painted golden dragon. There is also an imperial stele of "Praise to the Apricot Altar" written by Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty. The stone incense burner in front of the pavilion is about 1 meter high and simple in shape. It is a relic of the Jin Dynasty.
Konglin
Located in the north of Qufu City, it is a dedicated cemetery for Confucius and his family. It is also the longest and largest clan cemetery in the world. Confucius died in Yichou, the fourth month of the sixteenth year of Lu Aigong (479 BC), and was buried in Sishang, north of Lu City. His descendants were buried in the tomb and formed today's Konglin. Since Zigong planted trees for Confucius's tomb, there have been more than 10,000 ancient trees in Confucius Forest. Since the Han Dynasty, rulers of successive dynasties have rebuilt and expanded Confucius Forest 13 times, until it reached its current size, with a total area of ??about 2 square kilometers and a surrounding forest wall of 5.6 kilometers. The wall is more than 3 meters high and 1 meter thick. Guo Moruo once said: "This is a good natural museum and a chronicle of the Kong family."
The Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu (English name: Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu) was designated as a World Cultural Heritage in December 1994 according to the World Cultural Heritage Selection Criteria C(I)(IV) (VI) Selected into the World Heritage List (No. 200-012).
World Heritage Committee evaluation: Confucius was a great philosopher, politician and educator in China's Spring and Autumn Period from the 6th century BC to the 5th century BC. Confucius' temple, tomb and mansion are located in Qufu, Shandong Province. The Confucius Temple was built in 478 BC to commemorate Confucius. It has been repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt over thousands of years, and today it has developed into a complex of more than 100 temples. Konglin not only houses the tomb of Confucius, but more than 100,000 of his descendants are also buried here. The small Kong residence at the beginning has now been expanded into a large and prominent mansion. The entire residence includes 152 halls. The ancient architectural complex in Qufu has unique artistic and historical characteristics, which can be attributed to the strong admiration of Confucius by Chinese emperors for more than 2,000 years
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