Ear is one of the radicals of Chinese characters, and the characters marked with "ear" are mostly related to hearing or hearing organs, such as hearing, sound, deafness, hearing and hearing.
Ideographic characters, Oracle Bone Inscriptions's "ear" (figure 1) is the shape of human ear, with a clear "ear". Later, as more and more characters appeared, people made the outline of the ear clearer and added a few more strokes to the "ear". The word "Er" (Figure 2) in the inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty is like a semicircle wrapped with a word "Da" lying horizontally, and the internal situation of "Er" is clearly displayed. However, the strokes of Xiao Zhuan (Figure 3, Figure 4) become concise for writing, and the outline of the ear gradually disappears, but the appearance of the ear can still be seen. When it comes to official script (Figure 5 and Figure 6) and regular script, the font tends to be linear, and then this image is completely lost. [6]
Read the following materials and complete the following questions.
Material —— Evolution of the Chinese character "Ma"
Material 2 Chinese characters are hieroglyphics (also called Chinese) invented by China people. Chinese characters are also one of the oldest and only hieroglyphics in the world, which can be traced back to more than 4000 years ago. Chinese characters are also used in many East Asian languages, such as Japanese, Korean and ancient Vietnamese.
Because of its ideographic features, Chinese characters can be used across languages and have long been the only communication language in East Asia. Today, it can be divided into simplified Chinese and traditional Chinese systems. The former is used in Chinese communities in Chinese mainland, Malaysia, Singapore and Southeast Asia, while the latter is used in Chinese communities in Taiwan Province Province, Hongkong, Macau and North America. In addition, both Japan and Korea have their own official Chinese character lists.
In 2005, the survey report on the strength of major languages in the world showed that Chinese ranked second in the world. Nowadays, the Confucius Institute, which promotes Chinese to foreign countries in China, has developed rapidly. After 2008, all Chinese used by the United Nations are simplified Chinese. It will be an irreversible trend that simplified Chinese will completely replace traditional Chinese as the only Chinese communication text. Traditional Chinese will stay at the level of traditional culture or art. Nowadays, the debate between simplicity and complexity has become a hot topic in cultural circles, and people have different reactions to it, but most people think that simplified Chinese is a progressive view.
(1) According to the first and second materials and combined with the knowledge learned, this paper briefly summarizes the development and evolution of Chinese characters and points out their evolution characteristics.
(2) What is the reason why Chinese ranks second in language strength in Material 2?
Material 3 There are four criteria for selecting talents in the Tang Dynasty, namely, body, language, calligraphy and judgment. The requirement for books must be "beautiful style". The imperial court also set up calligraphy in the highest institution of learning in a pioneering way, forming a pattern of calligraphy juxtaposed with Guo Zi, imperial academy, the four schools, law and arithmetic. ..... The calligraphy of the Tang Dynasty inherited from the Sui Dynasty, which was a masterpiece of the Southern Post and the Northern Monument, "opening tang style".
-According to Feng Tianyu's "Cultural History of China".
(3) China's calligraphy art began to realize beauty in the Wei and Jin Dynasties and reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty. According to the third material, the reasons for the prosperity of calligraphy art in Tang Dynasty are summarized.
Material 4 In the Song Dynasty, a landlord class characterized by owning land, especially the small and medium-sized landlord class, developed and grew. These people have high economic status, rich material life and high requirements for culture ... Due to the changes in the land system, the cultural structure of the Song and Yuan Dynasties has undergone great changes, and the cultural quality of the whole society has improved.
The development of commerce in Song and Yuan Dynasties promoted the development of urban economy. The outline of urban prosperity in this period can be seen from Dream of Tokyo. It added new factors to many aspects of society in Song and Yuan Dynasties.
(4) According to Material 4, analyze the reasons for the prosperity of Song and Yuan culture. What do you know from this?
After the reunification of the country, due to the innate advantages of the southern city economy, northern zaju writers roamed or moved south one after another, and southern literati also got their hands on zaju creation. After the end of Dade, the center of zaju creation activities gradually shifted from Dadu to Hangzhou.
(5) According to Material 5, the main reasons why the creation center of Yuan Zaju moved south to Hangzhou were analyzed.
During the Liuqing period, traditional literary genres such as poetry, ci and prose gradually declined, popular literature flourished, and popular forms such as novels and operas became the mainstream of literature and art.
(6) According to Material 6, explain the new characteristics of the development of literature and art in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
1975, Sanqing Anhui class went to Beijing and gradually absorbed the Jingqin Liyuan, so the predecessor of Peking Opera was Huizhou Opera. During the Daoguang period, Han was transferred to Beijing, which led to the confluence of Hui and Han tunes, the integration of Hubei Han tunes and Anhui Hui tunes, and Peking Opera gradually took shape. After several generations of outstanding people's long-term stage practice and unremitting exploration, Beijing Opera has become a treasure representing national traditional culture in literature, performance, music, singing, makeup and facial makeup.
(7) According to Material 7, summarize the reasons for the formation and rapid development of Peking Opera.