( 1)
Liu Gongquan (AD 778-865), a native of Jingzhao Garden (now Yaoxian County, Shaanxi Province), was a scholar. Mu Zongshi moved to imperial academy as a bachelor of book service to seal Yuan Wailang and became a tired official and prince, so he was also called "Liu". Upright and upright, he is a great calligrapher in the late Tang Dynasty. He is good at seal cutting, cursive script, original works and lines, especially at regular script.
His calligraphy was first studied by two kings (namely, Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi and his son), and then studied by calligraphy methods since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, so his works,
It not only has the demeanor of Wei Jin people, but also has the thinness of Sui Long Tibetan Temple Monument, and also absorbs the strengths of various factions since the early Tang Dynasty. Because he was influenced by Yan Shu in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, all his styles such as flip-flop and stick-off. , changed a lot to YanFa. Liu Gongquan absorbed the beauty of many families, melted into one furnace, and wrote a simple, elegant, vigorous and powerful calligraphy style, while Fiona Fang was an envoy with strict statutes and rich changes. Like Yan Zhenqing, he is a master of innovation since the Tang Dynasty.
At the same time, it is precisely because Liu Shu has the characteristics of luck, charm and approachability that it, like Yan Shu, is also a book with high practical value, which has a great influence on later generations and has never decayed. Especially in the regular script of the Tang Dynasty, Liu Gongquan and Yan Zhenqing all wrote inscriptions in block letters, and the font can be displayed as a table book, abbreviated as small and medium-sized regular script. So Liu Ti has been popular all over the world, and even spread to Japan and other countries. In China, it has been chosen as a model for beginners to learn regular script, and it is a good teaching material for correcting fonts and practicing basic skills of regular script.
(2)
There are two kinds of steles in Liu's biography: Xuanta stele and Shence Army stele.
I. Mysterious Pagoda Monument The mysterious pagoda monument was built by exorcist in the first year of Huichang, Tang Wuzong (AD 84 1 year). Written by Dr. Chao San and imperial envoy Cheng Peixiu, Liu Gongquan was 63 years old. The whole inscription 1200 words, the original stone is in Xi' an forest of steles. For more than 1000 years, calligraphy and painting have remained clear and complete despite their circulation.
This monument is neat and handsome in style, neat in brushwork, vigorous in bone, round and thicker than plain, which is the greatest feature of this monument and also the representative work of Liu Shu. Dong Qichang, a great painter and appraiser in Ming Dynasty, commented on Liu Shu's theory; "Yu Yu ChuYan Europe seems to be eleven years old. Self-study Liu Chengxuan Fang Fang's understanding of ancient brushwork. Since the introduction of Liu Gongquan, you can't abandon Liu Fa and go to the right army. " It means that it is a shortcut to learn the words of Wang Xizhi, the sage of Jin Dynasty, from Liu Fa. From the handwriting of Mysterious Tower Monument, we can observe the meaning of the two kings, and the simple explanation is very wonderful, which is enough to show that Dong's comments have been verified by practice.
Second, the Shence Army Monument Shence Army was originally a border guard in the Tang Dynasty. After the garrison was banned, it became the imperial guard and was divided into two armies. This monument was built in the third year of Huichang (AD 843) and was written by Liu Gongquan at the age of 65. The content recorded Tang Wuzong Li Zhuo's visit to Zuo Shence Army. Because the monument is located in the left Ce Shen military station, the garrison prohibits copying and expansion, so it rarely spreads to the outside world, so the inscription on the monument has not been damaged by beating and expansion, and the front is as sharp as new. Its calligraphy structure is grim, except for the multi-European method, and its pen is firm, which is a treasure that highly summarizes the previous methods. The world's evaluation of this monument is "the first wonderful trace of his life, because of his calm and gentle demeanor." Indeed, among Liu Shu's big-character steles, The Monument of the Shence Army is another masterpiece after The Mysterious Tower Monument. The existing rubbings, which were developed in the Five Dynasties or the early Song Dynasty, are the only rare relics. Especially this monument, because of its exquisite carving, exquisite handwriting and delicate spirit, is almost exactly the same as the original, which is really rare.
Characteristics of pen for second-rate characters
Hold the pen at the finger and raise the pen at the wrist; Stippling is formed on writing paper, and stippling accumulates to form fonts. Therefore, the key to the expression of font form lies in the pen for stippling. For example, the length of stippling, Fiona Fang's fatness, leaning back, vertical oblique arc, light and heavy symptoms, reflection and turning point between reality and reality, hidden front and exposed front, etc., are also related to the expression of font form. Each font has its own special attention and methods when using a pen, thus forming some of its characteristics. Therefore, beginners must master these key features first, so that it is easy to copy words in a similar or similar way. The following points should be grasped about the characteristics of Liu Zi's pen:
First, because Yan Shusheng is muscular and Liu Shusheng is muscular, the world calls it "Yan Liu Jingu". At the same time, because of this, the average beginner often pays too much attention to strength, but ignores the rich side of Liu Shu, and writes Liu Zi too thinly, which must be noted.
Second, Liu Ti's pen is a combination of "Fang Bi" and "round pen". "Fang Bi" means that the beginning and end of the pen are angular, but a square doesn't mean that the angle is exactly 90 degrees. The method of using a pen is mainly to write from the front, such as writing horizontally. After you start writing in the upper left corner against the front, you should write down (this is called writing vertically first), and then turn the front to the right; When closing the pen, use "Back to the front to close the pen". If you write a vertical picture, you should start from the upper left corner and write it to the front, then write it horizontally to the right (called "vertical first"), then turn to the front and do it down. If you write off, you should start from the bottom left to the top right (the word "Fang Bi" is emphasized every time you cross off or draw vertically, so when you start writing, you often use the second turn to fold the pen, which is an extra corner than usual). If you write si, you want to go to the lower right first, and then to the upper left. These are called "reverse strokes". Write with a brush, draw everywhere, and use a pen every time. In this way, Liu Gongquan's introduction with a pen is called "Fang Bi", while Fang Bi's pointillism is thick and vigorous.
A round pen means that the stippling is round, and it is wrapped with a pen tip after writing, so as not to spread the pen tip. The pen is out and out, writing everywhere. I closed it as soon as I lived, and there was no trace of folding. Using a pen like this is called a "round pen". Liu's round pen stippling is particularly rich and round.
Third, cross the brush and start with a folded front. From the length point of view, there are short horizontal and long horizontal, the short horizontal posture is thick, so the pen is heavier, the long horizontal stretches to the left, and the middle section is slightly thinner. So when you write in the middle, you should raise the front a little. When the body length of willow crosses the top cover, middle waist or bottom support, it is longer than usual and sometimes more prominent. Although the horizontal brush is slightly to the right, it should make people feel comfortable and stable at first glance. Sometimes the ends of the horizontal painting are slightly lower, and the middle arch is like a capsize. This painting is suitable for words such as book, sky, truth and soldier. In addition, all short horizontal characters on the left, such as "eye", "meaning" and "face", are called "right pointing horizontal" in order to make the relationship correct. Or the short horizontal characters on the right, such as "Cai" and "Cun", are generally used "left refers to horizontal" in order to conform to the left relationship, that is, the left end is narrower than the right end.
Fourth, the pen is drawn vertically, and the folding front is very prominent. There is a difference between hanging needles and hanging needles, both of which depend on the needs of potential characters. Hang the pen and needle in the middle and vertical position, grasp the pen empty, and the force lies in grasping the tip. Left and right vertical paintings can be divided into opposite and backward, such as the vertical paintings of model figures "circle", "minister", "sculpture" and "capital", and the opposite form is more prominent.
Five, Liu's "point" word, Fiona Fang has changed a lot. Vertical folding points are often used at the head of "Bao Gai Tou", and short vertical points are often used at the left point of "Bao Gai Tou", such as "Guan" and "Zhai". For example, the first point of the "prefix", whether square or round, is an edge type. Square posture, fortitude, dot posture, richness, such as the "main" and "mysterious" of the word.
Sixth, the skimming of willow characters is faster; Willow characters have longer feet and thinner tails. Leave the intersecting pens, gently leave them and repeat them, just like Yan Fa.
Seven, "fire bottom" horizontal four points, of which the middle two straight points, multi-purpose short vertical points; It is at the lower three points of the noose, and the middle point also appears as a short vertical point; The tip of the last point of the "water side hole" should be aimed at the tail of the first point in order to echo up and down.
Eight, where the "mouth", "Yue" and other four-corner characters, the upper two corners are wider than the lower two corners, so after the vertical painting is put to paper, it must be tilted from top to bottom, and the two sides are symmetrical, similar to the shape of measuring meters and lifting buckets.
Nine, where the "mouth" box is empty without strokes, the left vertical foot of the "mouth" box must extend out of the box. If the "mouth" box contains other stilts, the right vertical foot must extend out of the box and be clearly distinguished when copying.
Ten, where there is the word "wood", its head (including the word "wood") is generally placed on the vertical painting, see the word "wood" in "Lin".
Eleven, the "vertical hook" bends all the way, see the word "ceremony" in the model.
12. The transverse hook of the word "wind" is roughly equivalent to one third of the circumference; Goubi is particularly rich and full, all from Chu method.
The above discussion is for reference when learning to write.
In order to facilitate learning, the selected words in the calligraphy part of this post have been translated into ink from the original inscription, which is hereby explained.
order
The first chapter strokes
Unit 1 Basic arm stroke exercise
Unit 2 writing exercises of compound strokes developed from basic strokes
Morphological changes of basic strokes
First, the morphological changes of folding.
Second, the direction of the hook has changed
Third, the combination of integral changes.
Fourth, the beginning and end changes of skimming
V. the poSition change of si.
Chapter II Radicals
The first section prefix exercises
Align the prefix of straight line writing.
Unit 2 Practice writing on the left and right of a straight line.
Second savings left exercise
Unit 3 Draw a simple left-handed exercise
Unit 4 Left Bend Exercise
Unit 5 Exercise on the left side of complex strokes
Practice on the right of the third word.
Unit 6 Short stroke right side exercise
Unit 7 exercise on the right side of complex strokes
Section 4 Writing Practice of Prefix, Prefix and Frame Radical
Unit 8 Cliff Writing Exercise
Unit 9 Writing exercises at the bottom of words
Unit 10 Basic Writing Practice of General Words
Unit 1 1 Writing Practice of Closed Radicals
Chapter III Structural Form
Unit 1 Structural Form Exercise 1
Unit 2 Structural Form Exercise 2
Chapter IV Structural Matching Proportion
Unit 1 stroke collocation of single words
Unit 2 Left and Right Structural Proportion—
Unit 3 Matching ratio of left and right structures 2
Unit 4 Proportion of upper and lower structures
Unit 5 Structural Proportion of Left, Middle and Right
Unit 6 Proportion of upper, middle and lower structures
Unit 7 Enclosure Structure
Chapter V Structural Layout
The first unit is about the layout of characters, such as density, size and size.
The second unit is about the layout of long, short, oblique and oblique shapes.
The third unit is about the layout potential of pile, product, weight and connection.
The fourth unit is about the layout potential of directional, dorsal, solitary and simplex glyphs.