Liu Chan regarded him as a loyal minister, so later generations often referred to Zhuge Liang as a loyal minister and Zhuge Wuhou. Zhuge Liang devoted all his life to death, and he was the representative of loyal officials and wise men in China traditional culture.
Cultivate Long Mu.
Zhuge Liang was born in a bureaucratic family in Yang Du County in the fourth year of Langya, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty. Zhuge family is a famous family in Langya. Zhuge Feng, the ancestor of Zhuge Liang, worked as a captain in the Western Han Dynasty, and Zhuge Gui, Zhuge Liang's father, worked as a county magistrate in Taishan at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang's mother Zhang died at the age of 3, and Zhuge Liang lost his father at the age of 8. Together with his younger brother Zhuge Jun, he followed his uncle Zhuge Xuan, who was appointed as the prefect of Zhang Yu by Yuan Shu, to work in Zhang Yu. The Eastern Han court sent Zhu Hao instead of Zhuge Xuan, and Zhuge Xuan went to Jingzhou for Liu Biao.
In the second year of Jian 'an, Zhuge Liang's uncle Zhuge Xuan died of illness; Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty has escaped from Li _ in Chang 'an and moved to Xu County in Cao Cao. Zhuge Liang is now 16 years old. He likes reading Fu Liang's songs on weekdays and often compares himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi. At that time, people were dismissive of him, and only friends such as Xu Shu and Cui believed in his talent.
Make friends with Xiangyang celebrities such as Pang Degong and Huang. Huang once said to Zhuge Liang: I heard that you want to choose a wife. There is an ugly girl in my family with yellow hair and dark skin, but her talent can rival yours. Zhuge Liang agreed to this marriage and married her. At that time, people made fun of it as a joke, and the village even made a proverb: Don't choose a wife for Kong Ming, you will marry an ugly girl for Acheng, but there is also a saying that Huang Yueying herself is extremely beautiful, so she was envied by other young women in the village, which made her look ugly.
Longzhong countermeasure
Zhuge Liang of the Three Kingdoms 12 At that time, Liu Bei was attached to Liu Biao and stationed in Xinye. Later, when Si Mahui met Liu Bei, he said: Those Confucian scholars are all people with little knowledge. How can they understand the current situation? A hero is one who can understand current events and situations. At this time, there are only Wolong and Feng Chu.
Zhuge Liang was recommended by Xu Shu, and Liu Bei hoped that Xu Shu would take him to see him, but Xu Shu suggested that this person could go to see him and not let him condescend to it. The general should condescend to visit each other.
Liu Bei personally went to Longzhong and went there three times before meeting Zhuge Liang. After seeing Zhuge Liang, Liu Bei told others to avoid him and asked him: Now that the Han Dynasty has declined, treacherous officials are holding the emperor to make the princes and emperors lose power. I didn't measure my virtue and ability, and wanted to save the world with righteousness, but my wisdom and strategy were short-lived and insufficient, so I often failed today. But my ambition has not yet come true. Sir, is there any plan to help me?
Zhuge Liang told him that Cao Cao was not desirable and Sun Quan could help him. It also expounds that the state grazing of Jing and Yi is cowardly and has opportunities. Only by owning these two States can we win the world. He also told Liu Bei the strategy of attacking the Central Plains. This theory was later called Longzhong Pair. Upon hearing this, Liu Bei praised Zhuge Liang and invited him to help, so Zhuge Liang came out of the mountain and entered the curtain. Liu Bei often talks with him, and the relationship is getting closer and closer. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others were greatly displeased. Liu Bei explained to them: I have Kong Ming, just like fish has water. I wish you would stop talking about it. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei stopped complaining.
Zhuge Liang's "Long Zhong Dui" was the basic national policy of Liu Bei and Shu Han in the following decades.
After Battle of Red Cliffs, Liu Bei pacified the four counties of Jingnan in December of the 13th year of Jian 'an, appointed Zhuge Liang as a military commander, lived in Lin _, and ordered the three counties of Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha to adjust taxes to enrich military assets.
In the 16th year of Jian 'an, Yizhou Pastoral Liu Zhang sent Fazheng and Mengda to ask Liu Bei to assist Zhang Lu. Zhuge Liang and Guan Yu,
Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun guard Jingzhou. In December of the following year, Liu Bei broke with Liu Zhang and attacked Chengdu. Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others went to Shu to help out, leaving Guan Yu in charge of Jingzhou's defense, dividing troops to pacify counties and counties, and forming a capital with Liu Bei. In the 19th year of Jian 'an, Liu Zhang surrendered and Liu Bei entered Yizhou.
Zhuge Liang received 500 Jin of gold, 50 million yuan of silver 1000 Jin, and 0/000 pieces of brocade/kloc-0, and was appointed as a strategist and general, in charge of the general's office.
Whenever Liu Bei sent troops to attack, Zhuge Liang was responsible for guarding Chengdu and providing Liu Bei with adequate food and clothing. For example, in the battle of Hanzhong, he provided resources for Liu Bei.
In the first year of Yankang, Cao Pi usurped Han independence. In the second year of Wei and Huang, ministers heard the news that Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty was killed, and advised Liu Bei, who had become the king of Hanzhong, to be proclaimed emperor. Liu Bei refused, and Zhuge Liang persuaded Liu Bei with the story of Geng Chun lobbying Liu Xiu to be emperor. So Liu Bei promised Zhuge Liang to be prime minister, record history and have a holiday; In the same year, Zhang Fei was killed and Zhuge Liang became a captain.
Chibi war
In the 13th year of Jian 'an, Liu Biao's wife and Liu Qi's stepmother, Tsai, were repeatedly vilified, and Liu Biao gradually fell out with Liu Qi. Liu Qi asked Zhuge Liang for advice on self-defense several times, but Zhuge Liang often refused. Liu Qi used the trick of taking the ladder from home at a banquet to let Zhuge Liang tell the solution. Zhuge Liang asked Liu Qi: You will be in danger if you don't see Shen Sheng in the Spring and Autumn Period, but can Zhong Er be safe outside? At that time, Huang Zu was killed by Wu Dong, and Liu Qi was recommended as Jiangxia Prefecture. In August of the same year, Liu Biao died of illness and his second son, Liu Cong, succeeded to the throne. Hearing the news that Cao Cao was going south, he sent messengers to surrender. After learning the news of Fancheng, Liu Bei led the soldiers and civilians to flee to the south, and Cao Jun caught up with Liu Jun in Changban, Dangyang.
Zhuge Liang's killing board game in the romance of the Three Kingdoms
Liu Bei failed in Xiakou, and Sun Quan sent Lu Su to observe the situation and suggested to Liu Bei to ask Sun Quan for help. Zhuge Liang recommended himself as a lobbyist for Chai Sang and made friends with Lu Su.
After arriving in Chaisang, Zhuge Liang met Sun Quan and first gave Sun Quan two choices by dichotomy. If Wu Yue can compete with the Central Plains, it is better to break diplomatic relations with Cao Cao earlier. Another option is provocation. If you think you can't resist, why don't you stop military action and surrender to the North! Sun Quan asked Zhuge Liang why Liu Bei didn't surrender. Zhuge Liang raised Liu Bei's social status, saying that Liu Bei had backbone and would never surrender to show Sun Bei's determination. Sun Quan was furious and vowed not to surrender to Cao Cao, but he was worried about how many troops Liu Bei had left to fight. Zhuge Liang finally analyzed the situation of the two armies. First, he said that there were 10,000 people in Guijun and Guan Yu's water army, and there were no fewer than 10,000 Jiangxia soldiers in Liu Qifan. Then he said that Cao Jun was exhausted from a long distance. He chased Liu Beishi and walked more than 300 miles a day and a night with a Qingqi. It's a spent force, so it's impossible to wear hair again. Moreover, northerners do not learn water warfare, and Jingzhou people are forced to obey Cao Cao, unconvinced; Finally, Cao's defeat is certain. Sun Quan is very happy. Later, after lobbying by Lu Su and Zhou Yu, he decided to unite Liu against Cao and sent Zhou Yu, Lu Su to lead 30,000 water troops against Cao Cao.
Zhuge Liang went back to Liu Bei with the army; In November, Cao Cao's army was attacked by Sun Liulian in Chibi, and Cao Cao's army suffered heavy losses. At this time, a plague broke out in Cao Cao's army. Cao Cao had no choice but to lead his army north.
Baidicheng Tuogu
In August of the second year of Zhangwu, Liu Bei was defeated on the way to the East Expedition to recapture Jingzhou and retreated to Yongan. Zhuge Liang sighed: It's a pity that Fa Zheng is dead, otherwise Liu Bei's eastward expedition will be stopped.
1994 CCTV version of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Bai Di entrust an orphan.
In February of the third year of Zhangwu, Liu Bei was seriously ill. He called Zhuge Liang to Yong 'an and entrusted Li Yan to handle the affairs. Liu Bei said to Zhuge Liang: Your talent is ten times that of Cao Pi, and in the end, you will be able to achieve great things. If the heir can help, he will help; If he has no talent, you can take it yourself. Zhuge Liang said with tears: I will try my best to serve the faithful solar terms until death do us part! Liu Bei asked Liu Chan to regard Zhuge Liang as his father.
In April, Liu Bei died, and Liu Chan succeeded to the throne, making Zhuge Liang the marquis of Wuxiang and opening a yamen. Soon, Liu Chan relied on Zhuge Liang to take charge of Yizhou pastoral administration, and Zhuge Liang decided. It turned out that South China took the opportunity to rebel because of Liu Bei's death. Zhuge Liang did not send troops first because the country had just lost its monarch, but sent Deng Zhi and Kyle to Soochow to repair it.
Fight all over the country
south
In the spring of lite three years, Zhuge Liang led the army south. Before he left, Liu Chan gave Zhuge Aliang a gold cymbal and a curved cover. Yu Bao advocated one before and one after, and sixty warriors. After Zhuge Liang went deep into the barren land to crusade against Yong _ and Meng Huo, Zhuge Liang adopted Ma Su's suggestion of joining the army, focusing on self-attack, first defeating Yong _ and then capturing Meng Huo seven times to pacify the autumn chaos. Shu Han settled in Nanzhong, gained a lot of resources and formed a powerful army. After a long period of accumulation, it laid the foundation for the Northern Expedition.
northern expedition
In the spring of the sixth year of lite, Zhuge Liang raised his voice in advance, took the oblique valley road get _, and made Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi set up suspicious soldiers to attract Cao Zhen's heavy troops. He led an army to attack their positions around Qishan, which was rejected by General Wei, but Zhuge Liang failed to surrender and he was forced to return them to Hanzhong. Wei Zhui was beheaded.
Zhuge Liang
In the spring of the seventh year of lite, Zhuge Liang sent Chen Shi to attack Wudu and Yin Ping counties. Guo Huai, the secretariat of Yongzhou, led the troops to rescue him. He went out to Jianwei at dawn, and Guo Huai retired to get two counties.
In the autumn of lite eight years, Wei Jun attacked Hanzhong, Sima Yi went to Xicheng, Zhang went to Valley and Cao Zhen. Zhuge Liang was stationed in Chenggu and Akasaka. It rained heavily for more than 30 days, and Wei Jun retreated. In the same year, Zhuge Liang ordered Wei Yan and Wu to enter Qiang, and defeated Wei Hou General Fei Yao and Yongzhou secretariat Guo Huai in Yangxi.
In February of the ninth year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang led an army to attack Qishan and began to transport cattle and wood. When Cao Zhen was seriously ill, the Guanzhong commander Sima Yi refused. Zhuge Liang cut the wheat at the top. Sima Yi chased the light to Lucheng, and dug a camp to defend himself. He is as afraid of Shu as he is of tigers. According to the records of Han, Jin, Spring and Autumn Period, in May of the same year, Zhuge Liang sent Wei Yan, Gao Xiang and Wu Ban to refuse, and Sima Yi was defeated. The Han army obtained the first batch of 3000-class armor, 5000-class armor and 3 100 crossbows, so Sima Yi returned to Baoying. In June, Li Yan called back because of poor grain transportation. Zhang Zhuiliang retreated to the wooden door and was killed by an arrow-this is the second exit of Qishan.
In February of the 12th year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang led the army out. According to Wu Zhangyuan, he was stationed in Weibin, sent troops to Weinan with Sima Yi, and made an appointment with Wu. During this period, Zhuge Liang sent envoys to issue gauntlets for many times, and decorated them with women to anger Sima Yi in Wang Xuan, but Sima Yi endured humiliation and kept it up, and calmed his anger with thousands of miles. Zhuge Liang is an adventurous wasteland-digger, who grows grain and is self-sufficient with the people of Wei in the territory of Wei. He planned to stay there for a long time, but Zhuge Liang was seriously ill because of overwork.
In August, Zhuge Liang died in Wu at the age of 54. Yang Yi and others led the troops back, and Jiang Wei obeyed Zhuge Liang's will, secretly refused to send out an obituary and slowly withdrew. Sima yi led the army in pursuit, only to see the handsome flag of the Shu army flying, and Kong Mingyu sitting in the car, wearing a black silk scarf. Sima Yi suspected that Kongming had deceived the enemy, so he quickly mounted his horse and retreated, so Zhuge Liang was dead and scared Zhong Da away.
The six battles, Qishan only twice; The fourth time, Wei Jun took the initiative to attack, and the Shu army defended. Due to continuous rainstorm and flash floods, the plank road was washed away, and Shu and Wei surrendered without a fight.
Zhuge Liang's last words ordered the Ministry to be buried in Dingjun Mountain in Hanzhong, and a tomb was built according to the mountain situation. The tomb can only accommodate the coffin, put on the usual clothes, and do not need to use other instruments for burial.
Zhuge Liang was buried in the tomb of Wuhou, Mianxian County, Dingjun Mountain. Zhuge Liang once pointed out in the above table that he had no extra property, only 800 mulberry trees and 15 hectares of land, and all his clothes were seized by the court. Although his sons are self-sufficient, he has no extra property. Sure enough, Zhuge Liang was like this until his death. Even before he died, he was told that when he was buried, he only needed to dig a hole and put the coffin in, so he could put on ordinary clothes without other funerary objects.
Thirty years after Zhuge Liang's death, his eldest son Zhuge Zhan and his eldest grandson Zhuge Shang died together in Mianzhu.
Politically, Zhuge Liang, as the prime minister of Shu, appeased the people, abided by the etiquette system, restrained officials, used his rights carefully and treated people honestly. Even his enemies who are loyal to the country will be rewarded, and even his cronies who neglect their duties and violate the law and discipline will be punished. As long as you sincerely plead guilty and obey the law, you will be lenient, even the lightest mistake will be strictly managed, and even the smallest kindness and contribution will be praised and punished. He is concise and practical, can solve problems fundamentally, pays attention to reality, ignores fame, and does not do things that covet vanity; Finally, the whole people in Shu are afraid of him, but admire him. No one complains about using harsh laws. This is because he is honest and sincere to his heart, and his suggestion is very clear and reasonable. It can be said that he is an outstanding talent for governing the country, and his talents can be compared with those of Guan Zhong and Xiao He.
economy
Portrait of Zhuge Liang
Zhuge Liang took advantage of Hanzhong's economic conditions and adopted a series of effective measures to develop production according to local conditions, which basically solved the military resources of the Northern Expedition on the spot. After Zhuge Liang's death, the Shu army retreated, and Wei Jun got many books and food in Shu camp. This just shows the effect of Zhuge Liang's persuasion of agriculture and military reclamation. When the local people live well, they can attract more people, let Hanzhong, a sparsely populated city, develop again, and gradually achieve a virtuous circle of more people and more food, so that the people can live and work in peace and contentment.
He Shan Dam and other water conservancy projects built by Zhuge Liang are still the largest irrigation projects in Hanzhong area. According to Mr. Li Yizhi's investigation, the He Shan Dam still praises more than 8,000 mu of Chengtian, 30,600 mu of Zhengxiantian in Guannan, 7,000 mu of Laoguan County and 46,000 mu of * *. The six famous pools in Hanzhong are still in use today. According to archaeological survey statistics, since the Han Dynasty, there are still more than 70 ancient weirs in the whole region, and some weirs and canals have been used and maintained for generations, which have been extended to this day. At the same time, on the basis of inheriting and learning the experience of ancient water resources development and utilization, various localities have continuously built a large number of water conservancy facilities such as ponds, reservoirs and ponds. In Mianxian County alone, 37 reservoirs have been built, with a storage capacity of100000 cubic meters. There are more than 300 ponds and ponds; There are more than 50 thousand mu of winter paddy fields.
The above facts show that the practical utility and continuous improvement and utilization of ancient farmland water conservancy facilities in Hanzhong basin are inseparable from Zhuge Liang's great achievements in opening up farmland, building water conservancy and developing production when he advised agriculture in Hanzhong.
military affairs
Eight sides fortress
As a military strategist, Zhuge Liang has also been highly recognized by military strategists of past dynasties. After Zhuge Liang's death, Sima Yi saw Zhuge Liang's camp and praised him as a genius in the world. In the dialogue between Emperor Taizong and Li Weiguo, Emperor Taizong and Li Jing repeatedly mentioned Zhuge Liang's method of running the army and the eight-array map, and gave them a very high evaluation, and showed that Chen Shou's evaluation of Zhuge Liang in the History of the Three Kingdoms was that historians knew the soldiers, but not the facts. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhuge Liang was also selected as one of the ten philosophers of the Wu Temple, enjoying the same status as Sean, Han Xin and Bai Qi. Zhuge Liang also wrote many military works, such as the southern expedition, the northern expedition, and the northern expedition, which made certain contributions to the military circles in China. Zhuge Liang also showed dexterity in technological inventions, such as improving the crossbow. Zhuge Liang also deduced the art of war and made an eight-array diagram. Until the Tang Dynasty general Li Jing still admired it very much.