Song Huizong Evonne was a fatuous emperor in the history of China, but he was an outstanding painter among the emperors of past dynasties. He likes painting. He is in charge of the painting academy. He sets questions, approves papers and teaches in person. The questions he gave are full of interest and are still praised by people today.
In the Tang Dynasty, the art of calligraphy was pushed to a climax because of Li Shimin.
In Song Dynasty, painting art was pushed to a climax because of Evonne. He founded the earliest royal painting academy in the world, established the examination system, set up the painting science, trained painting talents and created a generation of painting style. At that time, the assessment standard of the Academy of Painting was "complete brushwork and meaning". "Pen" is a realistic skill; "Yi" is poetic, artistic and interesting.
The second heyday was the Qing Dynasty:
After the Manchu entered the customs to establish the Qing Dynasty, they imitated the previous generation and were also painted by Yan Na painters in the court.
During the Shunzhi (1644 ~ 16 1) and Kangxi (1662 ~ 1722) periods, only the painter devoted himself to the imperial palace, and painting was managed by the internal affairs office.
During the Yongzheng period (1723 ~ 1735), there were paintings in the inner government. When we arrived in Qianlong (1736 ~ 1795), there were institutions such as ruyi pavilion and painting academy in the inner government, and talents in painting, pattern design and sculpture were widely used. The management system of court painters has been gradually improved and strict.
As a court painter, you must be recommended by courtiers and local officials, or you can recommend yourself by painting and pass the exam before you can work in the palace. It was a probation period at first. After formal employment, according to their painting skills and whether they are diligent in painting, their salary is three monthly salaries: 1, silver 1 1, silver 9, silver 3 and silver 7. The painter must draw a sketch first, and after being examined by the emperor, he can officially drop ink; There is also a certain reward and punishment system for painters.
Palace painting in Qing Dynasty can be divided into three development periods:
(1) Shunzhi and Kangxi dynasties were in their infancy;
② Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties were the heyday;
(3) after Jiaqing, it is a decline stage. Its ups and downs are consistent with the decline of national strength in Qing Dynasty.
Most of the painters working in the court are professional painters from the folk, and some missionary painters from Europe came to China. Painters have no special titles. Kangxi and Yongzheng were called "southern craftsmen" and Qianlong was renamed "painters". Painters assigned to paint in various palaces are called "painters in a certain palace", which can be found in the records of Painters in Cining Palace, Nanxun Palace, Qixiang Palace, Xian 'an Palace, Ritual Hall, Spring Rain Book and Co-painter.
The more famous court painter:
There were Meng Yongguang, Zhang, Huang and so on during Shunzhi.
There are,, Gu, Sun Fu,,, Liu Jiunian, Zou Yuandou, Wen Yongfeng, etc.
From Kangxi to Yongzheng, there were Wang Yun, Jiao Bingjun, Leng Mei, Xu Jiu, Jin Yongxi, She Xizhang, Gu Tianjun, Zou Wenyu, Xu, Bandarisha and Sun Weifeng.
From Yongzheng to Qianlong, there were Jin Kun, He Quan, Tang Dai, Chen Shan,, Ding, Ding Guanhe, Zhang Weibang, Wang Youxue, Dai Zheng, Fu Longan, Shen Yuan and Dai Heng. ,,, Cheng Zhidao, Sun, Yu Sheng, Yu, Tang Dai,, Wu, Jin Tingbiao, Ignatiu Szicher Bart, Zhang Yusen, Yao, Zhang, Jia Quan, Cheng Liang, Shen Yinghui, Lu Shoushi, Lu Zunshu, Fang Wei.
From Qianlong to Jiaqing, there are Feng Ning, Shen Huan, Shen Qinglan and Zhuang Yude. From Daoguang to Guangxu, there were Shen Zhenlin, Shen Zhen, Shen Quan, Shen Shijie, Shen,,, Qu, Miao Jiahui and so on.
Palace painting can be roughly divided into documentary painting, decorative painting, historical painting and religious painting. Documentary paintings include portraits of the emperor's empresses and ministers of civil and military affairs, pictures of the emperor's daily life, and frames recording major events at that time, such as Emperor Kangxi's imperial robe, Kangxi's southern tour, Yong Zhengdi's sacrifice to the first agricultural altar, Lin Yong's Yong Zhengdi map, Emperor Qianlong's imperial robe, Emperor Qianlong's filial piety royal robe, four important events of Saiyan, Mulan's map and Shaolu's map. Decorative paintings include a large number of landscape paintings and flower-and-bird paintings, which are posted on the walls and desks of the palace for viewing. There are not many paintings with historical themes. Religious paintings and Buddhist themes are partly influenced by Tibetan Buddhist art and have their own characteristics. "The Portrait of the Empress Dowager" is not signed by the author, and the other works are in a fixed format, so it must be written in official script, and the name of the painter must be preceded by the word "minister", such as "minister Ding Gong painting" and "minister Gong painting". Portraits, costumes, military equipment, rituals, formations, ships, cars, etc. in documentary painting are all figurative and realistic, and have extremely high historical value. Some landscape and flower-and-bird paintings often depict the scenery beyond the Great Wall, making new breakthroughs in subject matter. The western painting techniques brought by European missionary painters and the painting style of combining Chinese and western styles are unique in addition to the traditional painting style.
Like the paintings of previous generations of imperial academies, the palace paintings in Qing Dynasty are rich in ink and heavy in color, fine and complicated in brushwork, flashy in color, neat in layout and little in change, all of which are its weaknesses.
Personal opinion, for reference only.