Calligraphy is the most classic national symbol in the development of traditional culture and art in China for five thousand years. It is an art form of writing Chinese characters with a brush, which has aesthetic inertia. Calligraphy can be called the "fourth religion" in China, with strong attraction, sense of ceremony and public participation. Therefore, for more than 5,000 years, the representative figures in each period were Zen Ruo Xing He, and the most important figures were Wang Xizhi, Yan Zhenqing, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei, Zhao Mengfu, Zhu Yunming, Wang Duo, Liu Gongquan, Su Shi, Yu Bo, Ou Yangxun, Yu Shinan, Yan Suiliang and so on. In terms of techniques, paying attention to writing, pen, stippling, structure, ink painting and composition is closely related to traditional Chinese painting and seal cutting.
Calligraphy is a unique artistic expression of the beauty of words in China and neighboring countries and regions. Calligraphy art such as Japan and South Korea is also very popular.
Calligraphy is a unique traditional culture and art in China. This is a rule of writing Chinese characters.
Chinese characters, also known as Chinese characters and Chinese characters, are widely used in the cultural circle of Chinese characters and belong to morpheme syllables of ideographic characters. They were invented and improved by the ancient Han people, and the exact history can be traced back to Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty around 1300 BC. From Xiao Zhuan in Qin Dynasty to Xiao Zhuan in Han Dynasty, they were all named as "Chinese characters". In Tang Dynasty, it became the standard handwritten font used today-regular script. Chinese characters are the main characters that have been used for the longest time so far, and they are also the only characters that have been passed down to this day in various ancient writing systems. In China, Chinese characters are the main official languages of several generations.
Calligraphy in a broad sense refers to the writing rules of language symbols. In other words, calligraphy refers to writing with its brushwork, structure and composition according to the characteristics and significance of words, making it a beautiful work of art.
With the development of cultural undertakings, calligraphy is not limited to using brush and writing Chinese characters, but its connotation has been greatly increased. For example, in the use of tools, there are many kinds of pens, such as writing brushes, hard pens, computer instruments, spray gun branding tools, carving knives, engraving machines, and daily tools (mainly hardware and daily tools with hard texture that can be used for writing). Pigments are not just
The use of black ink blocks, inks, adhesives, chemicals, paint glazes and other colorful and various wonders; There are too many varieties to mention one by one. From the way of writing, some people write with their hands, others with their feet, and many people write with other organs. Some people don't even use pens at all, such as "pointing at books" and "squeezing books". In terms of writing style, it is not a kind of Chinese characters, and some minority languages have also entered the calligraphy art world, and Mongolian is an example; From the point of view of style and composition, in addition to the authentic traditional calligraphy school, there is also an "Yi" school in China, which is called modern calligraphy. Innovating on the basis of traditional calligraphy, highlighting the word "change", integrating poetry, calligraphy and painting, striving for the unity of form and content, and making the work a masterpiece of "beauty in meaning, beauty in sound and beauty in form". In Japan, many calligraphers abandoned the language of writing and established the "image" of writing, and the school of "ink image" came into being to write various writing images with the weight of the pen, the opening and closing of Ji Xu and the nib, and the change of writing posture. All these (of course, not only these) can be seen that calligraphy, like other things, is constantly developing and changing, and must be highly valued by people in the calligraphy field.
There are five main calligraphy styles in China, namely, regular script (including regular script and printed script), running script (including running script and cursive script), cursive script (including Cao Zhang, grass, grass and standard cursive script), official script (including Gu Li and Jin Li) and seal script (including Da Zhuan and Xiao Zhuan).
In addition, there are Mongolian calligraphy, Arabic calligraphy and Japanese calligraphy derived from Chinese calligraphy.
learning method
Find; to find out
Writing posture: first, hold your thumb and middle finger tightly, and the vacant position of your palm should be like a cube about 4 cm. Then, the ring finger and the little finger are naturally placed behind the brush, the body is straight, and the arm is kept at an appropriate distance from the table.
Common methods: Cover the manuscript with thin paper (silk) and write or draw as it is. Painting in red is one of the methods.
Xie Lin
The learner writes on another piece of paper as accurately as possible against the original calligraphy post.
Pro-writing must use scientific methods. Many people who like calligraphy have not been able to enter the hall of calligraphy for a long time because they have not mastered the scientific method of pro-calligraphy. The Fundamental Principle of Temporary Writing of Chinese Characters —— There are countless calligraphers in the past five thousand years. Although they left quite a few excellent calligraphy works, they didn't leave any scientific writing methods, such as why they are like temporary writing? Why doesn't Lin write like this? Liu Xiangdong, a primary school teacher in Dalian, put forward the basic principles of temporary writing of Chinese characters, and wrote the book "Secrets of Temporary Writing of Chinese Characters", which solved the fundamental problem of temporary writing of Chinese characters. This method is not only suitable for the temporary writing of Chinese characters, but also suitable for the temporary writing of all characters in the world. The book The Secret of Writing Chinese Characters is a milestone in the history of China's calligraphy.
Beilin
After writing it many times, I wrote it again according to the original picture left in my mind.
create
According to the constantly revised writing habits and styles, re-select writing content and expression style, and write new works.
Chinese painting, also known as "Chinese painting", is a kind of Chinese painting (different from "western painting"). Scroll painting mainly refers to painting on silk, rice paper and silk with brush, ink and traditional Chinese painting pigments and mounting them. Themes can be divided into figures, landscapes, flowers and birds, etc. Techniques are divided into brushwork and freehand brushwork, and its spiritual core is "pen and ink". Traditional Chinese painting emphasizes "the nature of foreign teachers, the heart is in the source of China", requires "the meaning should be kept first, and the painting should be satisfied", and emphasizes the integration of things and the creation of artistic conception, so as to achieve the purpose of describing the spirit with form, having both form and spirit and vivid charm. It emphasizes spirit rather than modeling, and artistic conception rather than scene.
Modeling features
Chinese painting embodies the traditional philosophy and aesthetics of the Chinese nation in terms of observation and understanding, image shaping and expression techniques. In observing and understanding objective things, we adopt the method of seeing the big from the small and seeing the big from the small, and observe and understand objective things in activities, and even directly participate in things, rather than appearing locally or being limited to a fixed point. It permeates people's social consciousness, thus making painting have the cognitive function of "learning to paint after a thousand years of solitude" and the educational function of "warning the world with evil and showing the future with good". Even the purely natural objective images such as landscapes, flowers and birds are consciously related to people's social consciousness and aesthetic feelings in observation, understanding and performance. The combination of interests, lyricism with scenery, and ambition with things embody China's concept of "the unity of man and nature".
Chinese painting
Chinese painting pays attention to conception, conception writing and image thinking, and the unity of subjective and objective artistic images. Modeling is not limited to superficial similarity, but emphasizes "beauty lies between similarity and difference" and "difference". Its image-building aims to convey the expression and emotion of the object and the painter's subjective feelings. Therefore, we can abandon those parts that are not essential or have little connection with image characteristics, and those parts that can reflect the five senses can be portrayed through exaggeration or even deformation. In composition, Chinese painting emphasizes management. It is not based on fixed space or time, but breaks the limitation of time and space in a flexible way. According to the painter's subjective feelings and artistic creation rules, it recombines objects in different time and space to build a space-time realm in the painter's mind. Thus, rain and snow, four seasons, ancient and modern figures can all appear in the same painting. Therefore, in perspective, it is not limited to focus perspective, but adopts multi-point or scattered perspective, moving up and down or left and right, moving back and forth, viewing objects and framing, and managing composition, which has great freedom and flexibility. At the same time, in the composition of a painting, we should pay attention to the contrast between reality and reality, emphasizing "sparse and easy to move" and "airtight", with reality in the virtual and reality in the real.
Chinese painting, with its unique pen and ink skills, depicts the shape, skeleton, texture, light and shade and modal charm of objects and images in the form of points, lines and surfaces. The pen and ink here is not only an object, a skill to express feelings, but also a carrier of objects. At the same time, it is a meaningful form, and its traces reflect the interest of China's calligraphy, which has independent aesthetic value. Because it is not very similar to the surface of an object, Chinese painting can use all-black ink, or it can use color or ink color combination to describe the object. Later, the greater the proportion of ink and wash, the ink was divided into five colors, which led to the diversity of ink and wash techniques and the diversity of light and dark tones. However, in Chinese painting with color as the main factor, the emphasis of "color matching with class" is the inherent color of the object, and the color of light source and environment is not important, so it is generally not considered. But for some special needs, sometimes we can boldly use some exaggerated or hypothetical colors. Chinese painting, especially literati painting, emphasizes the homology of painting and calligraphy in creation, and pays attention to the painter's personal character and cultivation. Emphasizing the organic combination of poetry, calligraphy, painting and printing in specific works, expressing the painter's understanding of society, life and art by writing poems and inscriptions on the screen not only plays a role in deepening the theme, but also is an organic part of the screen.
Synthetic method
Chinese painting can be divided into three categories: figures, landscapes, flowers and birds, and also into meticulous painting and freehand brushwork.
Chinese painting pays attention to the beauty of form, the composition is not limited by time and space, nor is it bound by the focus perspective, and the use of blank pictures is unique. Scatter perspective (that is, moving distance method) is often used, which has a wide field of vision and flexible composition, and the objects in the painting can be arranged at will, breaking through the limitation of time and space.
There are all kinds of spaces created by Chinese painting, but there are mainly three kinds, namely panoramic space, segmented space and layered space.
In terms of style, the basic style of Chinese painting composition is zigzag composition (also known as S-shaped composition). The shape of "Yi" is similar to "Yi", and the tortuous movement is change, continuation, transformation and circulation. Therefore, zigzag composition is the most basic composition in Chinese painting, and other forms are developed on this basis.
1, horizontal line composition method
Is to spread all the images on the horizontal line. This kind of composition gives people a solemn and serious feeling, which is easy to cause monotonous feeling, but it can give people a feeling of calmness, steadiness and openness. This composition method is the same as the performance characteristics of children's paintings, so it is more in line with children's visual feelings and aesthetic habits. Pay attention to the density change and size change of the image when composing.
2. Inclined composition method
Is to put the main image near a diagonal line, so that the picture is full of changes and movements. This composition is suitable for expressing sports, dance, games and other themes.
3. "S" line composition method
This composition belongs to the traditional composition. It is opposite to the composition method of "Zhi" in China ancient art composition, and has strong dynamic characteristics, which can create beautiful and changeable artistic effects. When composing a composition, images should be interspersed with large and small images, blocked from front and back, echoed with each other and coordinated.
4. Freestyle composition method
Freestyle composition, like the scattered perspective composition used in Chinese painting, is free, flexible and rich. Composition, to reflect the density, size and overall coordination. Avoid equal distances between images.
5. Laminated patterning method
These images are stacked on top of each other, and there is no difference in distance and size. The vision is infinitely expanded, the foreground does not block the background, and it is interrelated, interspersed and contrasted.
Painting form
The forms of China's paintings and calligraphy are colorful, including horizontal, straight, square, round and flat, as well as different sizes. In addition to murals, the following are common:
central scroll
The ceiling of the old house in China is very high, which is suitable for hanging a huge calligraphy and painting on the middle wall of the living room, called "nave".
A calligraphy or painting scroll hanging vertically.
A long strip of calligraphy and painting becomes a banner, and couplets are also made up of two banners. Banners can be horizontal or straight, and the horizontal is similar to a plaque. Both calligraphy and Chinese painting can be designed as one banner, or as four or more banners. Common banners are spring, summer, autumn and winter. Draw flowers and birds or landscapes of the four seasons in groups of four. As for the longer poems, if they are not written by nave, they can also be divided into banners, which are also pretty.
Horizontal scroll (inscription matches the couplet on the doorpost)
Also known as banners, long strips and horizontal paintings, they can be hung indoors independently.
sketch
The so-called sketch refers to exquisite calligraphy and painting. It can be horizontal or straight, and it is suitable for hanging thin walls or rooms after installation, which is very exquisite.
picture frame
Calligraphy and painting are mounted on a wooden frame or metal, and glass or film is pressed on it, which becomes a mirror. The advantages of modern film are no reflection and light weight. As for the non-reflective glass, it will not affect people's appreciation of the picture, so it is very popular.
roll
Scroll is a feature of Chinese painting. Calligraphy and painting are mounted into banners, with logs as the axis and characters and scrolls off the axis for collection.
department
Folding fans or round fans can be inscribed and painted on the fan surface, and can be used as mirrors. Because the circular or fan-shaped form is more beautiful, some people cut the picture into a fan-shaped shape before painting, and then mount it, which has a unique style.
Painting or calligraphy album
Binding calligraphy and painting into a book is called a picture album. In modern times, some stationery stores have set up special fees for mounting album pages for people to improvise. Album pages can be folded into a square, which is different from the long scroll below.
Long scroll painting or calligraphy
When a painting is framed into a long scroll, it becomes a long scroll, mostly horizontal. The picture is continuous, which is different from the photo album page by page.
Square paper for calligraphy or painting.
Mount the sketch into a one-foot calligraphy and painting and become a fighting party. Mirrors can be mounted flat.
screen
A picture that can be put on the table is a mirror screen, which sets a frame and stands on the table of the Eight Immortals. It is one of the traditional decorations. As for the screen, there are single screens or folding screens, which can be used to sit on the venue screen with calligraphy and painting.