Drinking Poems No. 5*Tao Yuanming The house is in a human environment, without the noise of carriages and horses. I ask you, what can you do? The mind is far away from itself. Picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, you can see the Nanshan Mountain leisurely. The mountain air is getting better day by day and the birds are flying back and forth. There is a true meaning in this, but I have forgotten to explain it. One of the five poems "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields" *Tao Yuanming There is no popular rhyme, and one's nature is to love hills and mountains. I accidentally fell into the dust net and passed away for thirty years. The birds in the pond are nostalgic for the old forest, and the fish in the pond are thinking about the old abyss. Open up the wilderness in the south, stay humble and return to the garden. The square house covers more than ten acres and has eight or nine thatched houses. The elms and willows shade the back eaves, and the peach and plum blossoms in front of the hall. The distant village is warm, and the smoke in the ruins is still there. Dogs bark in the deep alleys, and roosters crow on top of the mulberry trees. The courtyard is free of dust and clutter, and the empty room has plenty of leisure. After being in a cage for a long time, you can return to nature. Reward Zhang Shaofu*Wang Wei In his later years, he just loved to be quiet and didn't care about anything. I have no long-term plan, and I know I will return to the old forest. The wind in the pine trees unwinds the belt, and the moonlight in the mountains plays the harp. When you ask poor questions, the fishermen's songs go deep into Pu Shen. Ambition*Wang Ji Donggao looks forward to the dusk, where can he rely on when he migrates? The trees are all in autumn colors, and the mountains are only covered with the setting sun. The shepherds are driving back their calves, and the hunting horses are returning with their poultry. We care about each other but don't know each other, and we sing long songs and cherish the flowers. Wangchuan's leisurely residence is a gift to Pei Xiucai. Dihan Mountain turns green and the autumn water gurgls. Leaning on a stick outside the firewood door, I listen to the evening cicadas in the wind. The sun is still setting over the ferry, and the lonely smoke is rising in the ruins. In the summer time, the father-in-law was drunk and sang wildly in front of the five willows. Reward Zhang Shaofu In his later years, he just loved to be quiet and didn't care about anything. I have no long-term plan, and I know I will return to the old forest. The wind in the pine trees unwinds the belt, and the moonlight in the mountains plays the harp. The group asked the poor generals, and the fishermen's songs went deep into Pu Shen. Returning to Songshan Mountain to lead the Qingchuan River, the carriages and horses go leisurely. The water flows as intended, and the birds return at dusk. The deserted city is near the ancient ferry, and the setting sun fills the autumn mountains. After a long journey, he came back and went into seclusion. Zhongnan Mountain Taiyi is close to Tiandu, with mountains and seas connected. The white clouds look back and merge, and the green mist comes in to see nothing. The peaks in the field change, and the clouds and sunshine are different. If you want to stay somewhere, ask the woodcutter across the water. After passing Xiangji Temple, I didn’t know Xiangji Temple. I entered Yunfeng within a few miles. There are no people walking through the ancient trees. Where can I find the clock in the deep mountains? The sound of the spring swallows the rocks, and the sun is cold and green. In the dusk, the empty pond is melodious, and Zen is used to control the poisonous dragon. The Hanjiang River is connected to Chu, Sai and Xiang, and Jingmen is connected to nine factions. The river flows beyond the sky and the earth, and the mountains are beautiful. In the county town of Bucheonpo, waves are moving in the sky. It's a nice windy day in Xiangyang, and I'm left drunk with the mountain man. Qingxi talks about entering Huanghuachuan, chasing the water of Qingxi every time. There will be thousands of turns along the mountain, and the journey will be endless. There is a lot of noise in the rocks, but the color is quiet deep in the pines. The ripples are full of water chestnuts, and the clear water reflects the reeds. My mind is already free, and the Qingchuan River is so peaceful. Please stay on the rock, fishing will be over. When Guo Guo was given a job, there was a lingering glow in the high pavilion at the entrance of the cave, and the peach and plum trees were overcast and the catkins were flying. There are few bells and official residences in the forbidden area, and there are few people singing birds in the province. In the morning, I shake my jade pendant and go to the golden palace; in the evening, I worship Suo Wei with a book from heaven. The old man who has a strong desire to obey the king will take off his court clothes due to illness. Xinqingye (one night) looks at the openness of Xinqingyuan. Extremely untainted. Guomen faces the ferry. The village trees are connected to the mouth of the stream. Outside Baishui Mingtian. After Bifeng comes out of the mountain. There is no idle person in the agricultural month. The whole family is in trouble. Book of Songs·Bin Feng - "July" "July" was called "China's oldest pastoral poem of the four seasons" by Qian Zhongshu. It "narrates the hard work and hard life of farmers from beginning to end. But this poem does not It serves as a model; the pastoral poems of later generations, as shown in Jiang Yan's "Za" poems, all come from Tao Qian's example. "("Selected Notes on Song Poems") "Fire flows in July, and clothes are given in September." On the first day, there is hair, and on the second day, the body is strong. Without clothes and brown, how can one die at this age? On the third day, he was in Shu, and on the fourth day, he raised his toes. My wife and I are so happy to meet each other in our southern acres. The fire flows in the seventh month, and the clothes are given in the ninth month. On a sunny day in spring, there is the sound of Cang Geng. The woman holds the Yi basket, follows his subtle actions, and seeks the softness of love? The spring day is late, and I am picking Qi Qi. The woman's heart is sad, and she is almost as dead as her son. In July, there is flowing fire, in August, there are weeds. Silkworms are growing mulberry trees in the moonlight, and I will use that ax to cut down the mulberry leaves from afar. In July, the tune is played, and in August, achievements are recorded. I, Zhu Kongyang, am Young Master Shang. In April, the flowers show off, and in May, the flowers bloom. It was harvested in August and lost in October. One day, I met a raccoon dog and took that fox and made it the prince's fur. On the same day, they showed off their martial arts skills. If you talk about keeping your pigs to yourself, you can offer pigeons to the public. In May, the katydids move their stock, and in June, the partridge flutters its feathers. July is outdoors, August is in the house, September is at home, and in October crickets come under my bed. The sky suffocates the smoked rats and marches towards Yihu. My wife said that she wanted to change her age, so she came into this room. In June, you can eat Yu and Azulen, and in July, you can cook sunflower and Shu. Peel dates in August and harvest rice in October. For this reason, spring wine is used to promote eyebrows and longevity. In the seventh month, I eat melons, in the eighth month, I cut off the pots, in the ninth month, I gather tea and firewood, and feed my peasants. In September, fields and gardens were built, and in October, crops were harvested. The millet and millet are heavy on the grain, and the hemp and wheat are heavy. Hey, I am a farmer, since my crops are the same, I will go to the palace to perform the merits. During the day, you are on the Mao, and at night, you are hanging on the bamboo. When he needed a house, he began to sow hundreds of grains. On the second day, the ice was cut and rushed, and on the third day, it was collected in Lingyin. On the fourth day, when there are no fleas, sacrifice a lamb to a leek. The frost is eliminated in September, and the fields are washed away in October.
When we have a drink and a feast, we say we will kill the lamb. Enter his court, call him his drinker, and live forever! Note: "Bin Feng" is a poem from the Bindi area, consisting of seven chapters. Bin, also written as Ping, is the place where Gong Liu, the ancestor of the Zhou Dynasty, moved to and developed. It is in the area of ??Xunyi and Ping County in today's Shaanxi Province. This work area has many old customs of the Zhou people. "The people have the legacy of the ancestors. They are good at farming and are engaged in their own business. Therefore, Bin's poem says that farming and mulberry farming are well-prepared for food and clothing." ("Hanshu Geography") The poetic style is broad and cheerful. Festival (note of the 29th year of Duke Xiang in "Zuo Zhuan") Flowing fire: Mars has already set in the west at dusk in July. Hair: Wind and cold are strong. Li Lie: freezing. The first day and the second day: the eleventh and twelfth lunar month. The third and fourth days: the first and second lunar month. Yu Chu: Repair farm tools. Lifting toes: Lifting feet to cultivate. 錌: Yinye, giving food to people. 篯: Yinjun, housekeeper in charge of farming. Canggeng: Huangying. Yi basket: deep basket for picking mulberry. Female: woman, female slave. Almost: fear. Diwei: grown Diwei. 樨: sound gun, axe, the hole of the handle is square. Zuo: sound bureau, shrike. Achievements: spinning hemp Kong Yang: very distinct. Fen: the name of the grass, that is Polygala. 蜜: sound bar, cicada. Fallen basket: the leaves of vegetation fall. Xianyin spit Same as: gathering. 絵: continue 豵: 吐豜: soundjian, a three-year-old pig Qiongxu: plug the hole in the wall. Yi: The sound is gone, Tu Yu: The name of the tree. 薁: sound jade, Prunus genus. Broken pot: picking gourds. Shu Ju: Clean up the green hemp. Ju Yin Ju Tea: Yin Tu, a kind of bitter vegetable. Ao: Yinchu, Ailanthus tree Zhi: Yinlu, late-planted early-maturing cereals Zhi: Yintao, rope Lingyin: ice cellar Si Gong: Yin Sigong, appreciation of wine utensils: "July" narrates the production labor and work of farmers throughout the year. Life reflects the rich content of productive labor and strong solar terms and customs. It should be said to be a rare life custom painting. The poem uses chronological order as the main clue, describing it by month, and also categorizing it. It opens and closes vertically and horizontally, with each section containing empty space and one picture. From the beginning of farming to the end of the harvest with wine and sacrifices, there are women delivering food, girls picking mulberries, farmers going to the fields, knights hunting, and nobles in the office. There are many characters, each with their own appearance, and they are represented by things. The timing constitutes the unity of the overall style, avoids the dullness of the narrative, enhances the image of the poem, and especially highlights the characteristics of genre paintings. One of the five poems from Tao Yuanming's Collected Poems: "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields". He rarely has any vulgar rhyme, but his nature is to love hills and mountains. I accidentally fell into the dust net and was gone for thirteen years. The birds in the pond are nostalgic for the old forest, and the fish in the pond are thinking about the old abyss. Open up the wilderness in the south, and return to the garden with a humble heart. The square house covers more than ten acres and has eight or nine thatched houses. The elms and willows shade the back eaves, and the peach and plum trees in front of the hall. The distant village is warm, and the smoke in the ruins is still there. Dogs bark in the deep alleys, cocks crow in the mulberry trees. There is no dust in the courtyard, and there is plenty of space in the empty room. After being in a cage for a long time, you can return to nature. Second, there are few people and things in the wild, and there are few wheeled martingale in the back streets. In the daytime, the leaves are covered with thorns, and the empty room is empty of dust. At that time, in the midst of the ruins, people were walking around wearing grass. When we meet, there are no words, but the road is long. The days of mulberry and maize have been long, and the days of my soil have been broad. They are often afraid of frost and sleet, and they are scattered like grass. The three kinds of beans are at the foot of the southern mountain, where the grass is abundant and the bean seedlings are sparse. I wake up in the morning to sort out the wasteland and filth, and return with a hoe in the moonlight. The road is narrow, the grass and trees are long, and the evening dew touches my clothes. It's not enough to regret the stain on your clothes, but your wishes are fulfilled. The fourth is to go to the mountains and rivers for a long time and have fun in the wild woods. Try taking your children and nephews with you and walking in the deserted ruins. Wandering among the hills and mountains, people still live in the past. There are remains of well stoves and decaying mulberry and bamboo trees. I would like to ask those who collect firewood, what are these people like? The salaryman said to me: "There will be no survivors after death." "A different dynasty leads to a different world", this saying is true! Life seems to be an illusion, and it will eventually become nothing. Fifth, regret and hatred can be returned alone, and the journey is rugged and meandering. The mountain stream is clear and shallow, and I can wash my feet when I encounter it. I'm drinking new wine, and the two chickens bring me closer to the game. When the sun enters the room, it is dark, and the thorn bushes replace the bright candles. The joy comes but the evening is short, it has returned to the sky. Tao Yuanming was the first person in the history of Chinese poetry to use pastoral life as an important creative theme. The poet lived in an extremely dark society but persisted in lofty ideals and interests. This forced him to finally break away from the ruling class and upper class society and return to the upper class society. Come to the countryside. During his twenty years of pastoral life, he wrote a large number of pastoral poems. Among the 120 existing Tao poems, works describing rural scenery and farmers' life account for a large proportion. This makes him the founder of our country's pastoral poetry. Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems include five poems "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields", five poems "Migrating", two poems "He Guo Zhubo", "Getting the First Rice in Xitian in the Mid-September of Gengcheng", and twenty poems "Drinking", etc. . These poems "describe the beautiful scenery of the countryside and the simple life of farmers, and praise the meaning of labor and the joy of participating in labor." (History of Chinese Literature, Institute of Literature, Chinese Academy of Sciences).
During the Kaiyuan and Tianbao years of the Tang Dynasty, social stability and economic prosperity provided poets with the material conditions for a leisurely life. The ruling class promoted Buddhism and Laoism, which also created a special political situation: for those literati who had difficulty in family affairs, they often moved from seclusion to officialdom. It is a "shortcut to the south"; for those literati who have high-ranking officials and generous salaries, it will not affect their livelihoods from serving as officials, and they can even be in hiding while serving as officials, gaining both fame and fortune. In addition, the development of contradictions within the ruling class also contributed to the popularity of hermit ideas. Therefore, following Tao Yuanming, some poets took pastoral life as their theme and wrote a large number of pastoral poems, thus forming the Pastoral Poetry School. The main writers of the Pastoral Poetry School are Meng Haoran and Wang Wei, as well as Chu Guangxi, Chang Jian, Zu Yong, Pei Di and others. Their writing tendencies are different from Tao Yuanming's. They "got inspiration from him and wrote some pastoral poems, but they all removed the content of Tao Yuanming's praise of labor. They just unrealistically described some farmers who were happy and contented with their fate and settled and leisurely." Life, as a foil to the natural scenery, beautifies their own reclusive taste." ("History of Chinese Literature" by the Institute of Literature, Chinese Academy of Sciences) Meng Haoran (689--740), whose courtesy name is Haoran and whose name is unknown, was born in Xiangyang, Xiangzhou (now Xiangyang, Hubei). ), who lived in seclusion in his hometown of Lumen Mountain in his early years. At the age of 40, he went to Chang'an to take the Jinshi examination, but failed and returned home, living in civilian clothes for the rest of his life. Meng Haoran was the first person to write a large number of landscape and pastoral poems in the Tang Dynasty. He has more than 260 poems in existence, most of which are five-character rhymed poems. Most of Meng Haoran's landscape poems are about the scenic spots in his hometown of Xiangyang, such as "Autumn Climb Orchid Mountain and Send Zhang Wu", "Returning to Lumen at Night", "Returning to Jiangshan", etc., which combine Xiangyang's landscape, smoke trees, crescent moon, The boat is described as ordinary and friendly. His pastoral poems are not many in number, but they have a strong flavor of life, such as "Passing an Old Friend's Village", "Wandering Spirits Reflecting on Po Yun Behind", etc. The simplicity of farm life, the deep friendship with old friends, and the harmony of the rural atmosphere all left a lasting impression on people. An unforgettable impression. Some of his short poems, such as "Spring Dawn", are also written with subtle, clear and long charm. The style of Meng's poetry is mainly clear and diluted, but there is also a majestic and elegant atmosphere in the dilution. His poems have a high artistic level, and he has always been regarded as one of the representative writers of the landscape pastoral poetry school in the Tang Dynasty along with Wang Wei. However, the subject matter of the poem is relatively narrow and lacks deep and broad social content. He is the person who "pioneered the pastoral style of Tangshanshui" ("Tang Poetry"). There are not many pastoral poems among them. The famous ones are like "Passing the Old Friend's Village", "Spring Dawn", "Su Jian Qingjiang", etc., with a peaceful artistic conception. Danyuan. An old friend brought chicken and millet and invited me to Tian's house. The green trees border the village, and the green mountains and hills slope outside. Open a pavilion to enjoy the scene, drink and talk about mulberry and hemp. When the Double Ninth Festival comes, chrysanthemums will come. ——"Passing the Old Friend's Village" This is a representative work of pastoral poetry with a tranquil and distant artistic conception. The poem combines the quiet and beautiful rural scenery with simple and sincere friendship. "An ordinary village, an ordinary treat of chicken, millet and rice, is presented so poetically. The description is from the perspective of the eyes, using spoken language, and the level of description is completely natural. The pen, ink and ink appear very relaxed, even The form of rhymed poetry also seems to have become freer and more flexible." ("Tang Shi Jian Dang Dictionary"). "You don't notice the dawn when you sleep in spring. You can hear birds singing everywhere. The sound of wind and rain comes at night, and you can tell how many flowers have fallen." ("Spring Dawn"). Many people have interpreted the theme of this poem as "cherishing spring". In fact, it expresses a transcendent pastoral world. The lyrical protagonist is a person who is placed outside of glory and wealth, based on the transcendent world and melting into nature. The "Climax Man" who roars proudly (please refer to the "Dictionary of Appreciation of Famous Chinese Ancient Poems" compiled by [Japan] Naohin Maeno and Tadahisa Ishikawa), this little poem is so popular that even people with a little education can pour it out casually. . From the analysis of these two poems, we can already see that the poet beautified the pastoral life in the countryside. This is no longer the real pastoral life of farmers. Most of the chickens, dogs, cattle and sheep in them were borrowed to embellish the poetry materials, which cannot be said to be true. Really and profoundly reflect the lives of farmers. This is especially true for his contemporary Wang Wei. Wang Wei (701-761, first author 698-759), courtesy name Mojie, was originally from Qi, Taiyuan (now Qi County, Shanxi). Later he moved to Puzhou (now Yongji, Shanxi) and became a native of Hedong. He was good at poetry and calligraphy, and was especially famous for his paintings. He was a Jinshi in Kaiyuan, and he was promoted to Shangshu Youcheng, so he was called "Wang Youcheng". There are more than 400 poems preserved. His landscape pastoral poems mainly describe his leisure life and landscape scenery when he lived in seclusion in Zhongnan and Wangchuan. Wang Shi's artistic achievements are very high. Whether it is a majestic and magnificent scene, such as "the solitary smoke is straight in the desert, the sun sets over the long river", or the meticulous natural objects, such as "the bright moon shines among the pines, and the clear spring flows up the rocks", he can use his keen sense of nature to Capture the natural colors, sounds and dynamics, sketch or depict with ease and unique artistic conception.
The ancients summarized the artistic characteristics of Wang's poetry and said: There is painting in the poem, and there is poetry in the painting. The scenery of his poems is quite ingenious as a painter, and the colors of the pictures are often in suitable shades, which is concentratedly reflected in his "Wangchuan Collection". The language of Wang's poems is fresh and concise, and there is beauty in simplicity. After Wang Wei turned 37, his thoughts gradually became negative, and he basically lived a semi-official and semi-hidden life. He wrote a large number of pastoral poems. His famous works include "Autumn Twilight Behind the Mountains", "Zhongnan Mountain", "Wangchuan Leisure Residence Gift". "Pei Xiu Caidi", "Wangchuan Collection", "Seven Pastoral Poems", "Passing Xiangji Temple", "Jiyu Chuanzhuang", "Pastoral Works in Spring", "Speaking of the Kawada Family" and other poems. The slanting light shines on the village, and the cattle and sheep return home in the back alleys. The old man in the wild misses the shepherd boy and leans on his stick to hold firewood. The pheasants are enough to show off the wheat seedlings, and the silkworms are sleeping on the mulberry leaves. Tian's father arrived with a hoe, and they met each other and talked to each other. That is to say, this envy of leisure and relaxation fades away with sadness. ——"Speaking of the Kawada Family" As the sun sets and night falls, the poet feels envious when faced with pictures of the Tian family returning home at night, enjoying themselves. The core of the poem is the word "return". All life on this land is yearning for home: cattle and sheep coming down the mountain, shepherd boys returning, pheasants calling affectionately, silkworms carefully building their own comfort homes, and field men returning from their hoeing. In the end, the poet sighed with emotion and said: "I am more than envious of my leisure, but I am sad that I am declining." In fact, farmers are not idle. The word "return" mentioned above is actually a contrast. It means that everyone has returned to something, which means that I have nothing to return to. It means that everyone returns in a timely, kind and comfortable way, which means that it is too late for me to go back to seclusion. As well as the loneliness and depression of being in the officialdom. In terms of ideological content, the pastoral poems of Wang Wei and Meng Haoran are “a big step backward compared to Tao Yuanming” (History of Chinese Literature, Institute of Literature, Chinese Academy of Sciences). But from an aesthetic point of view, they not only deepened human beings' feeling for the natural beauty of landscapes and pastoral beauty, but also improved the performance skills of pastoral poetry. For example, Meng Haoran's "Passing the Old Friend's Village", the whole poem is in order of the time of visiting the old friend, and completely describes the whole process from attending the appointment to saying goodbye, with clear layers, mutual care and complete structure. In addition, the words are also very particular about the refinement of words. The two words "合" and "Xie" in the couplet describe the relationship between the village and the distant mountains as if they are right in front of you. The word "Jiu" in the last sentence expresses nostalgia for the old friend and gives people a cordial feeling. Wang Wei's "Mountain Dwelling in Autumn Twilight" combines poetry, painting and music. This poem contains both the painter's unique grasp of color and line and the musician's sensitivity to sound and rhythm. The author uses his talents as a poet, painter and musician at the same time, making this poem a "picture within a poem" with sound. When it comes to refining words, "Wang Wei is particularly outstanding. He often uses implicit and simple words to paint a picture without any trace of elaboration." Pastoral poetry developed into the middle and late Tang Dynasty, and another aspect appeared, "Liu Zongyuan , Wu Zhen, Zhang Ji and Nie Yizhong all exposed the exploitation of peasants by the ruling class under the title "Tian Jia" ("History of Chinese Literature" by the Chinese Institute of Science), and did not describe the rural scenery. This type of poetry is most representative of "Shang Tian Jia" written by Nie Yizhong in the late Tang Dynasty. In the late Tang Dynasty, pastoral poems turned into poems of sympathy for farmers. Nie Yizhong (837-884), courtesy name Tanzhi, was born in Hedong, Tang Dynasty (now Yongji County, Shanxi Province). In the second year of Xiantong (861), he was a Jinshi. Due to the war and his poor family, he was unable to bribe the powerful. Therefore, he stayed in Chang'an for a long time before being appointed as the county captain of Huayin (southeast of today's Huayin County, Shaanxi Province). Because he was born in poverty and lived in the countryside for a long time, he "worked hard in the grass and experienced hardships". He was closer to the working people and "understood the difficulties of farming." Therefore, most of his poems reflect the painful life of farmers suffering from cruel exploitation. "Shang Tian Jia" and "Two Poems of Gongzi Xing" are all famous poems that have been passed down through the ages. Let's take a look at "Shangtian Family": New silk is sold in February, and new rice is sold in May. Healing the sores in front of the eyes, but cutting out the flesh in the heart. I wish your heart to become a candle of light. Not the Qiluo Banquet, but the Fugitive House. This is an ancient poem with five characters. It reflects the miserable life of the peasants under cruel exploitation in the late Tang Dynasty, and the author also issues an urgent appeal for them. Some people compare it with Liu Zongyuan's "Snake Catcher's Theory" and think that "it is as concise and meaningful as Liu Wen" ("Collection of Tang Poems"). The beginning of the poem reveals a typical "strange thing" in the countryside at that time. Silkworm seeds begin to grow in February and rice seedlings are planted in May. Where can silk be sold? Where is the rice cake? This is actually true! It can be seen that this is "selling green" - mortgaging agricultural products that have not yet been produced at a low price in advance. What is cultivated and fed with blood and sweat is a year's food and clothing, and it is the flesh and blood of the heart, which has been gouged out. Therefore, there are three or four metaphors of "cutting out flesh to mend sores". This is a bloody metaphor! It is shocking, profound and typical, and has become a famous saying that has been passed down through the ages. The last four sentences are the poet's statement, expressing his desire to improve reality.
Although there are limitations to the hope that the monarch will be enlightened here, the author's intention is mainly to satirize and admonish. The poet cleverly used counter-writing to reveal the emperor's ignorance and the injustice of the world. "Qi Luo Yan" and "Fugitive House" constitute a sharp contrast, reflecting the polarized social reality of sharp class opposition and enhancing criticality. It vividly hints at the reasons for the bankruptcy of peasant prostitutes, and the word "escape" points out that the result must be "losing their land, exhausting their huts, turning away when they shout, and stopping when they are hungry and thirsty", "I "Death in vain" ("The Snake Catcher") is full of the author's sympathy for the Tian family. Du Xunhe's "Widow in the Mountains" is also an outstanding poem in this regard. Du Xunhe (846-904), a poet of the Tang Dynasty. The courtesy name is Yanzhi and the name is from Jiuhuashan. A native of Chizhou Shidai (now Shitai, Anhui). Born into a humble family. He went to Chang'an several times to take the exam, but he returned home after failing to pass. When Huang Chao's uprising army swept across Shandong and Henan, he returned home from Chang'an. From then on, he "entered the tobacco industry for fifteen years" ("Coming out of the mountains after the chaos and met with high-ranking officials"), and lived a life of "the world is poor in writing, and the mountains are rich in farming" ("Zhongshuo in the mountains after the chaos"). Later, he traveled to Daliang (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) and presented 10 poems of "Shi Shi Xing" to Zhu Wen, hoping that he would save himself from corvee and pay too little for his work, which was not to Wen's liking. When he was staying in a monk's temple, Zhu Wen's subordinate Jingxiang persuaded him to "cut off the ancient style a little, and then he can enter the body", so he wrote thirty chapters of poems in praise of virtue to please Wen. Wen gave him a name from the Ministry of Rites, and he won the eighth Jinshi in the second year of Zhong Dashun (891) ("Jian Jie Lu"). The next year after he got the title, due to the political turmoil, he returned to his old mountain. His fields were in Xuanzhou, and he was valued and used for work. In the third year of Tianfu (903), Tian □ rebelled against Yang Xingmi and sent him to Daliang to contact Zhu Wen. Tian □ was defeated and died. Zhu Wen recommended him and awarded him a bachelor's degree in the Hanlin Academy and a title of foreign minister. He died of a serious illness in ten days. The complete poem of "Widow in the Mountains" is as follows: The soldiers of my husband's country cling to Peng Mao, their hemp clothes and temples scorched. After the mulberry trees are abandoned, they still pay taxes, and after the fields are deserted, they still collect seedlings. Sometimes you pick wild vegetables and roots and boil them, and spin the firewood with leaves to cook. No matter how deep the mountain is, there should be no way to avoid the rumors. The Song Dynasty was the peak period of pastoral poetry. The theme of describing pastoral life was discovered by the Jin people and developed by the Tang people. By the Song Dynasty, it had become a common theme described by poets. Many poets in the Song Dynasty used their poems to describe pastoral life. They were either Wang Mengxian, Liu Zongyuan or Nie Yizhong. Among them, Fan Chengda of the Southern Song Dynasty can be called the master of pastoral poetry. His "Pastoral Miscellanies in Four Seasons" and "Le Yue Village Tian Yue Fu" written by him in his later years are the masterpieces of pastoral poetry. This pushed the history of pastoral poetry to its peak. “Neither Tao Yuanming nor the Crown Prince exposed the feudal system of exploitation in pastoral poems.” (History of Chinese Literature, Institute of Literature, Chinese Academy of Sciences). The poems of Nie Yizhong and others of the Tang Dynasty "none describe the natural scenery of the countryside. According to traditional habits, they do not belong to the system of pastoral poetry" ("History of Chinese Literature" by the Institute of Literature). Fan Chengda "combines these two systems together, giving pastoral poetry richer and deeper ideological content and giving it new life." ("History of Chinese Literature" by the Institute of Literature), making pastoral poetry that is divorced from reality more meaningful. The smell of earth and blood and sweat. Fan Chengda (1126~1193), also known as Zhineng, also known as Shihu Jushi. A native of Wujun (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). His father, Fan Yu, was a Jinshi in the fifth year of Xuanhe. In the eleventh year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1141), he was the secretary of Shengzhengzi and finally secretarylang. His mother, Cai, was the granddaughter of Cai Xiang, the famous calligrapher of the Northern Song Dynasty. Fan Chengda received a good education in his childhood, read classics and history, and was good at writing articles. In the twenty-fourth year of Shaoxing (1154), he became a Jinshi. In the 26th year of Shaoxing, he served as Huizhou Sihu and joined the army. Since then, he has been ups and downs in the officialdom. Chunxi resigned due to illness in ten years, at the age of 58. He lived in seclusion in Shihu for the next 10 years. Fan Chengda was a scholar-official who cared about state affairs, was diligent in government affairs, and sympathized with the people's sufferings. His basic political ideal is the Confucian thought of "benevolent government" and "people-oriented". He believes that "the people are the foundation of the country, and the foundation is solid and the country is peaceful." Its suffering" ("Lunbang Benshu"). In some memorials, he urged Xiaozong to save manpower and national power, cherish time, rectify military discipline, train soldiers, use punishments carefully, crack down on corrupt officials, and have the ambition to strengthen the army and restore the country. When he was a local official, he either tried his best to eliminate defects, reorganize armaments, provide disaster relief, build water conservancy projects, and made efforts to reduce the burden on farmers and relieve the suffering of soldiers. Correspondingly, his consistent thought of caring for the country and the people has been fully reflected in his poetry creation.
Fan Chengda entered the world very early and had a deep understanding of the hardships of rural life. In his 20s, he wrote some poems describing rural life scenes. For example, in the poem "A Boat Trip on the Hanshan Road in the Great Summer", he expressed The emotion of "pitying the suffering of the old farmers from afar"; in "Le Shenqu", it is written about the farmers who feel lucky to have food to pay rent in the good years and to avoid being whipped; "Silk Road" is about the sister-in-law who cooks cocoons, spins silk, and sells silk. Busy labor; "Rent Collection" describes the scene of the peasants coming to extort money after the peasants paid the rent. When he was an official in Huizhou, he wrote the famous "Hour of Rent Collection". The poem vividly depicts the heavy tax collection, the cruelty of officials and the suffering of the people in the Southern Song Dynasty. Later, in Hangzhou, Guilin, Chengdu and other places and in his hometown, he wrote a large number of rural-themed poems, such as "Cutting Wheat", "Planting Rice Rice", "Sun-drying Cocoons", "Cleaning Households of Watermelon", "Accumulating Rain after Ear Planting" "Three Wonders of Sudden Cold", "Sigh of Surrounding the Fields", etc. Among them, "Huang Ling" describes the inhumane situation of farmers living in the mountains, and calls out "Pull them out in peace"; "Laoshe Farming" is about "Xia farmers" slash-and-burn farming, barely able to eat, and "Wu farmers" because of The official rent and private debts forced him to "escape from the house without smoke"; the thought of sympathy for the people's sufferings ran through Fan Chengda's poems from beginning to end. In works such as "Sigh" and "Singers of the River City", they show deep sympathy for the miserable lives of the lower class poor. In "Three Unforgettable Thoughts on Hearing the Sounds of People Selling Fish and Vegetables Outside the Wall in the Snow", the poet declares: "You can't write poems for you!" He truly expresses his creative intention of crying out for the suffering of the people's livelihood. The poem "Pastoral Miscellany in Four Seasons" written by Fan Chengda in his later years is his representative work of pastoral poetry. The sixty poems of "Pastoral Miscellany in Four Seasons" are divided into five groups: "Spring", "Late Spring", "Summer", "Autumn" and "Winter", with twelve poems in each group, with an even layout. Like a long scroll of rural folk painting, each group of quatrains is a fragment, and each poem is an integral part of the scroll. The main content of this group of poems is: "Depicts the beautiful scenery of the countryside, praises labor and the simplicity of farmers, and exposes the feudal system of exploitation." In terms of art, "it deeply draws on the charm of Liu Yuxi's Zhuzhi Ci, which is fresh and light, and has the flavor of folk songs." "("Song Poetry Appreciation Dictionary" Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House) Let's first look at a poem describing the rural scenery: Butterflies enter the cauliflower in pairs, and the day is long and no guests come to Tian's house. Chickens fly over the fence, dogs bark, and a merchant comes to buy tea. . This poem describes the quiet scenery of the countryside in late spring and expresses the author's love for rural life. The first two sentences of the poem describe the quiet scenes of daily life in the countryside. Butterflies are flying around in the cauliflower field; the days are slowly getting longer. There are no guests coming to Tianhu’s house, and the village is very quiet. This describes the daily rural scenery from the front. The first sentence also shows that it is late spring. The last two sentences of the poem describe the scene when the tea merchants come for purchasing. Tea leaves, but even chickens and dogs are shaken by it, which reflects that few outsiders come, and when strangers come, everyone pays great attention to it. This is a moving scene, but it further illustrates the tranquility of this poem. The characteristic is that the first sentence describes the moving scene, but it deepens the stillness of "no guest comes to Tian's house". The third and fourth sentences describe the moving scene, but it contrasts the stillness described in the whole poem. , "Butterflies Entering the Cauliflower" captures the details and characteristics of the quiet rural scene. Let's look at a poem that reflects the working life of farmers: Farming in the daytime and planting crops at night, the children and grandchildren in the village have not paid their bills. Farming and weaving, and learning to grow melons by the mulberry trees. This poem describes the rural summer scene, expresses the working life of rural men, women and children, and praises the hard work of farmers. The first sentence describes the working life of adults, such as going out to farm during the day. They work in the fields and work indoors at home in the evening. The second sentence describes the children's domestic tasks, such as cooking and cleaning. Although "learning to grow melons" is a game, the three or four sentences describe it. Its content is to imitate labor. In such an environment, even children are full of love for labor. This poem describes the diligence of farmers from different aspects. Children who are five or six years old, and children and grandchildren who are several years old again. These people actually summarize the entire life of the farmers. The detailed description is also very clever. The detail of "melon" makes the whole poem very interesting. Again, let's take a look at a poem that exposes the feudal exploitation system: It is hard to collect water chestnuts without using pear hoe, and the fingers are bloody and the pills are dry. I am unable to farm and talk about planting water. Recently, the water surface It also collects rent. This poem describes the scene of farmers collecting water chestnuts in autumn, exposing the cruel exploitation of farmers by the feudal rulers. The first two sentences describe the hard work of collecting water chestnuts, while the second sentence describes "hard work". specific description.
"Gui Zhiku" describes the whole person, while "Blood Finger Flowing Pill" describes a part, a close-up. The last two sentences describe the cruelty of exploitation suffered by farmers. "Powerless" indicates that farmers collect water chestnuts as a last resort due to poverty. The sentence "recently" shows that even if farmers are so poor, they still have to pay rent, and the exploitation they suffer can be imagined. This is easily reminiscent of the last couplet of "Widow of the Mountain". There are two points worth noting in the art of this poem: First, it combines general explanation with specific description, which makes readers understand the image deeply. The second is to write in layers. The first two sentences are the first level, the third sentence is the second level, and the fourth sentence is the third level. It goes deep layer by layer, thus writing the cruelty of exploitation very profoundly. Through the above analysis, we can already see that Fan Chengda's pastoral poems are a masterpiece that widely absorbs the advantages of previous pastoral poems. They are creative in both content and form, and their achievements can be said to be higher than any of his previous pastoral poems. A pastoral poet. Because of this, this group of poems of his "has always been called a model of Chinese pastoral poetry." (Literary Research Institute "History of Chinese Literature"). At this point, pastoral poetry has matured and become the pinnacle of the development history of pastoral poetry.
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