Wu Daozi was given a name by Xuanzong. He was the largest painter in China in the Tang Dynasty, and was honored as a "painting saint" by later generations (Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty in 847), and was honored as the founder of the mountain by folk painters. Painting history is called warrior sage. Yangzhai, Henan (now Yuzhou, Henan) was born in Tang Gaozong Dynasty (about 685 years in Wu Daozi).
), died in Tang Suzong dynasty (about 758). Little lonely, according to legend, he studied under Zhang Xu and He, but failed to do so, but switched to painting. He used to be an official of the Wei shogunate and a county commander of Yanzhou (now Yanzhou, Shandong Province). When Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty roamed Luoyang, he heard his name, served as a doctor in the inner corner, became friends with Ning, changed his name to Daoxuan, and painted in the imperial court. During the Kaiyuan period, Xuanzong knew his name and called him into the palace to teach the children of the Imperial Palace to learn painting, because he taught doctors in the Imperial Palace. Later, he taught Wang Ning, the younger brother of Xuanzong, to learn painting, and was promoted to Wang Ningyou from the fifth grade. In Taoism, people even call it "Wu Daozhen Jun" and "Wu Zhenren". Su Dongpo said in the article "Painting after Wu Daozi": "Poetry is about (Du Fu), literature is about Han Tuizhi (Han Yu), book is about Yan (Yan Zhenqing), painting is about Wu Daozi, and the changes of ancient and modern times can make the world complete!" Generations of masters have been handed down from generation to generation. It is reported that he has painted more than 300 murals in temples in Chang 'an and Luoyang, which are strange and have no similarities, especially "Hell in disguise" is famous all over the world. Wu Daozi's painting style is unique. His landscape paintings have the power of change, and the characters drawn are dressed and vigorous, which is called water shield description. It has the effect of flying and full of wind, and is known as the wind in the military. He also used Jiao Mo's lines as an understatement, and was called Wu Zhuang. The lines of the painting are concise, "the pen is just one or two, and the image is right", which is known as the sparse body. Wu Daozi's paintings have a great influence on later generations. He is respected as a painting saint by people and as the founder of the mountain by folk painters. Su Shi once praised his art as "innovation in statutes, bold and imaginative". Wu Daozi's paintings have not been handed down from generation to generation, and Born of Gautama Buddha, which has been handed down to this day, may be a copy of the Song Dynasty. In addition, there are copies of the Buddha statue of Bao Jialuo and the Taoist priest, and the Vimalakīrti Sutra in Cave No.1 103 of Mogao Grottoes is also considered as his painting style. He lost his parents when he was a child and lived in poverty. In order to make a living, he learned from folk painters and sculptors. Thanks to his hard work and outstanding talent, he was already famous at the age of 20. The emperor of the Tang Dynasty called him into the palace as a court painter and renamed him Daoxuan. As a royal painter, he can't paint without the emperor's order. In this way, on the one hand, it is a constraint and restriction for an artist with a strong sense of common people, on the other hand, he gets the most generous living conditions, no longer wanders around, and can display his artistic talent. Wu Daozi is generous and likes to draw when he is drunk. Legend has it that when he painted the round lamp on the Buddha's head in murals, he used a pen instead of a ruler. When painting in longxing temple, the audience was packed. He painted quickly, like a whirlwind, in one go. Chang 'an, the capital at that time, was the cultural center of China, where many famous literati and painters gathered. Wu Daozi often stays with these people to promote each other and improve their skills. When Wu Daozi was a teenager, he was lonely and down and out. He studied calligraphy with calligraphers Zhang Xu and He, but failed. Later, he became angry from embarrassment, attacked painting, and gradually mastered the magic method of painting. Because he is diligent and studious, he is "poor and refined" when he is not weak. In the third year of Jinglong (709), Wei Sheng, assistant minister, and Tong Zhongshu were the three products, and Xiaoyao Palace was established. At this point, Wu Daozi served as a beadle under his command. He "makes him angry with good wine, and he drinks it every time it costs him money." Later, he served as county commandant (now Yanzhou, Shandong Province). In the early years of Kaiyuan, Wu Daozi stopped being an official and began to travel eastward. Because he can "be a poor painter", he is famous in the painting world. Soon after, he was summoned by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty to Chang 'an, Kyoto, as a doctor in Neijiao, and ordered him to "not paint unless there is a letter". Later, it was officially changed to "Your Excellency Wang Ning". After Wu Daozi entered the temple, he painted in the palace and sometimes followed Xuanzong. On one occasion, he drove to Luoyang, the eastern capital, and met General Pei Min and calligrapher Zhang Xu, who showed their unique skills: Pei Min was good at sword dancing and immediately danced a sword; Zhang Xu is good at cursive writing, splashing ink and making book walls; Wu Daozi also painted very hard. He said, "If God helps me, I will paint in a moment." . Luoyang scholars feasted their eyes for a while, and people said happily, "You can see three wonders in one day." Later, at his mother's funeral, General Pei Minzhi asked Wu Daozi to draw several ghost walls in the Temple of Heaven in Du Dong, in order to "help the ghosts and gods for capital". Wu Daozi replied, "This painting has been abandoned for a long time. General, if you are interested, entangle me and dance a sword. Because of fierce encouragement, he will get ghosts. " Pei Minzhi took off his clothes, dressed as usual, and went to Ma Rufei with a sword in his hand. Suddenly, he threw the sword into the air, dozens of feet from the ground, and the sword fell to the ground like lightning. Pei Min raised the scabbard, not left or right, just inserted it. Thousands of spectators cheered in unison. Wu Daozi saw Pei Min's heroic sword dance and was inspired for a moment, so he painted it cheerfully. "The wind is rustling, the wonders of the world." This is the masterpiece of Wu Daozi's life, "there is no reason for complacency". In the 13th year of Kaiyuan (725), Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty sealed Mount Tai in the east, accompanied by Wu Daozi. After that, I went to Luzhou (now Changzhi, Shanxi) and drove over Jinqiao, which was "tortuous". Xuanzong was very excited to see that "the flag was fresh and clean, and the Yulin army was purged". He said to the left and right attendants, "Zhang said,' There are 300,000 troops, thousands of miles of banners, Shaanxi Right Party, and Taiyuan'. What a genius. " Long live around. So he called Wu Daozi, Wei and Chen Hong and ordered them to draw a map of Jinqiao together. Chen Hong painted the true face of Xuanzong and the white horse he rode at night, Wei painted dogs, horses, mules, donkeys, cattle and sheep, and Wu Daozi painted bridges, landscapes, cars, figures, grass trees, wild birds, warships, curtains and other thematic parts. After the "Golden Bridge Map" was drawn, "time is called three musts". During the Tianbao period (742-755), one day, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty suddenly remembered that the Jialing River in Shu was beautiful and interesting, so he ordered Wu Daozi to take a post station to sketch the Jialing River. Arriving at the Jialing River, Wu Daozi roamed the river. Looking from a distance, there are good mountains and good waters, and a scene passes by. He remembered the experience and feelings at that time deeply and did not draw a sketch. When Wu Daozi returned to Chang 'an after touring the mountains and rivers of Jialing River, Xuanzong asked him about his paintings, and he replied, "I don't have a chalk book, keep it in mind." Xuanzong ordered him to paint on the wall of Datong Temple. Wu Daozi did not list the landscape of Jialing River, but grasped the charming realm of Jialing River with one mountain, one water, one mountain and one valley, that is, he highly summarized the magnificent and beautiful mountains and rivers and natural features in this area and concentrated on writing for one day. The beautiful scenery of Jialing River in three hundred miles jumped from the paper, and Xuanzong was amazed at it. Prior to this, the great painter General Li (Si Xun) was good at landscape painting, and once painted the landscape of Jialing River on the wall of Datong Temple. Although it is also wonderful, it took several months to finish painting, which is not as fast and good as Wu Daozi's. Therefore, Xuanzong said with emotion: "Li Sixun's achievements in a few months and Wu Daozi's achievements in a day are extremely wonderful." It can be seen that Wu Daozi has superb painting skills and skillful brushwork. In the first year of Gan (758-759), Wu Daozi was still alive. Lu Lengjia is a proté gé of Wu Daozi. "At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, he painted some high-ranking monks blocking the streets in the east and west corridors of the temple." . Later, he painted in Sanmen of Zhuang Yan Temple, where he was "keen and open-minded, quite wonderful". One day, when Wu Daozi saw Lu's paintings, he felt that he had made great progress and was very similar to his own brushwork. He exclaimed, "This son's brushwork was not as good as mine at that time, but now it belongs to me. This is a child, great. " Because Lu Lengjia tried his best to paint, he died a month later. Therefore, in his first year in office, Wu Daozi was an old man in his seventies. As for Wu Daozi's later life and career, due to the loss of historical records, there is no textual research. Wu Daozi's outstanding achievement in painting art stems from his deliberate innovation and courage to create. His two words are recorded in the famous paintings of past dynasties: "Everyone is close at hand, but I am far from painting. Everyone is alike, but I am far from the mortal world." This shows his unconventional and bold spirit of innovation in painting. Therefore, his works have become a model for painters to learn, and his paintings are called "Wu Family". Therefore, Zhu, a native of the Tang Dynasty, commented on the painters of the Tang Dynasty in the Preface to Famous Paintings of the Tang Dynasty, saying that "modern painters are good at their names, but fortunately, Wu Daozi is talented and can be unique in the world." Wu Daozi also promoted the art of painting, carefully taught his disciples, and passed on his superb skills to the next generation, so that the art of painting was succeeded by others. According to the Records of Calligraphy and Painting and the records of famous paintings in past dynasties, he has many disciples, among which Lu Lengjia, Li Sheng, Zhang Zang, Zhu Yao and Zhai Yan are famous. Qiu Han "defiled Danqing, studied under Wu Daozi, and was especially good at Taoism and Buddhism". Zhu Xi studied under Wu Daozi, and he was also "wonderful". Wu Daozi taught by example, or asked his disciples to recite formulas and learn colors. Or ask them to copy his paintings or fill in the colors according to his instructions. There is a record in the Record of Famous Paintings in Past Dynasties: "When Wu Sheng (Daozi) painted, he put pen to paper and left, making Yan (Zhai Yan) and Zhang Zang paint more colors." Sometimes, when Wu Daozi paints a mural, he only sketches and gives the rest to his disciples. In the revered temple in Luoyang, Zhai Yan completed the book "The Changes of the Sun, Moon and Tibetan Scriptures" described by Wu Daozi. Wu Daozi's painting art had a far-reaching influence on the painting in the Tang Dynasty. Painters are honored as "a generation of masters" and "painting saints".
In the history of ancient art in China, three artists were called "saints": one was Wang Xizhi of the Jin Dynasty (AD 265-420), who was called a book saint; One is Du Fu in the Tang Dynasty (AD 6 18-907), known as a poet saint; There is also a painting saint, Wu Daozi in the Tang Dynasty. Wu Daozi's main activities in his life were in the years of Kaiyuan and Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty (7 13-755). Wu Daozi was born in Yangzhai (now Yuzhou City, Henan Province). Tianwang sent a sub-picture locally.
Throughout his life, Wu Daozi was mainly engaged in the creation of religious murals, with rich themes and teachings, such as "Liang Wudi" and "Dragon Queen". He painted the Bodhisattva himself in the murals in the North Gallery of the West Courtyard of Qianfu Temple, which is the same as Han Gan's later religious murals "A Little Prostitute writes about her chastity" and "A First-line Master". He is free to deal with God's world without being bound by religious teachings. He doesn't want to stand in the corner of the Buddhist country as a "provider" of God, but is willing to dominate the land of God as an ordinary painter. He can drag dignitaries into hell, which shows his contempt for religious theocracy. Wu Daozi's landscape paintings are also very successful. Xuanzong sent him to Sichuan to inspect Shushan and Shushui, and asked him to draw a draft and come back for painting. But when he came back from his inspection in Shu, there was not even a draft. Xuanzong blamed him, and he took his time. In the hall of Datong, he painted mountains, rocks and beaches, and wrote about the Jialing landscape, which was 300 miles across, like a storm, and won praise in one day. His "thin body" painting is the originator of later generations.
Wu Daozi is an all-round painter, who can do anything with figures, ghosts and gods, landscapes, pavilions, flowers and trees, birds and animals. At the same time, Wu Daozi is the founder of China landscape painting. He created a landscape "sparse body" with profound meaning between pen and ink, which made landscape an independent painting, thus ending the status of landscape as a vassal of figure painting background. The Tianbao period of Kaiyuan is the heyday of Wu Daozi's painting creation. At this time, in addition to a large number of scroll paintings, he left more than 300 murals in Luoyang and Chang 'an temples alone. According to the Song Huizong Evonne personally presided over the compilation of the "Painting Spectrum of Xuanhe", hundreds of years later, during the Xuanhe period of the Song Dynasty (119-1125), there were 93 scroll paintings by Wu Daozi in the court. At present, there are still 39 1 paintings, inscriptions, paintings, poems, postscript, oral paintings and overseas relics related to Wu Daozi. The recognized representative works of Wu's paintings include The Picture of the Heavenly King Sending a Son, The Volume of Eighty-seven Immortals, The Statue of Confucius, The Statue of Bodhisattva, The Statue of Ghost Bo and so on. The existing original murals include Cloud Rain, Vimalakirti Statue and Xianning in the World. At present, there are "Bogart Buddha", "Guan Gong" and "Baizi Map" in Taiwan Province Province. There are also some original imitations, such as Wu Daozi Baye Tathagata Painting (Seven Paintings), Shaolin Guanyin, Daxiong Zhenxiang, etc. There are 50 German Daozi Mo Bao and 6 Japanese Valley Maps. Although Wu Daozi created many works in his life, there are few authentic works handed down from generation to generation. The era of Wu Daozi's activities is the era of strong national strength, economic prosperity and rapid development of culture and art in the Tang Dynasty. Luoyang and Chang 'an, both capitals in the Tang Dynasty, were national cultural centers. Painters inherit Yan and Wei Chiyi, just like the bright stars. "History of Famous Paintings in Past Dynasties" said: "In the 230 years since the prosperous Tang Dynasty, there have been many strange people, with the same eyes and ears, and the largest number." For example, Wu Daozi, Wang Wei, Zhang Qi, Li Sixun, Cao Ba, Chen Hong, Yang Tingguang, Lu Lengjia, Xiangrong, Liang Lingzan, Natalie, Yang Huizhi, Wei Wushi and Huang Fu were all great painters at that time. As a result, many famous artists and thousands of folk painters competed for each other, and the prosperity of painting became a grand view. Under the influence of this environment, Wu Daozi grew up rapidly with outstanding talent. The appearance of Wu Daozi is a glorious page in the history of figure painting in China. He absorbed folk and foreign painting styles and established a new national style, which was called "Wu Jiaxiang" by the world. As far as figure painting is concerned, "Wuzhuang" painting shines in the painting world with a new national style. The poet Du Fu called him a painter. Wu Daozi is also honored as the "painting sage of one hundred generations". Wu Daozi was regarded as the founder of the craftsmen's guild engaged in painting and sculpture in past dynasties. This shows his position in China's painting history. He has made more than 400 Buddhist murals in Chang 'an and Luoyang temples, with different situations; Put pen to paper, start from the arm, or start from the foot, without losing proportion. Write the Buddha statue with a round lamp. The beam or bow of the building column is quite sharp and does not need a round ruler. He used the brushwork of orchid leaves or water shield to express the folds of clothes, which made him feel high, and was called "the wind in the Five Dynasties". He performed paintings in public at Xingshan Temple in Chang 'an, and Chang 'an citizens, supporters and young people flocked to watch. When they saw Wu's "straight sweep, like a whirlwind", they were all amazed and shouted with a wave of their hands. Wu Daozi's "A picture of a heavenly king sending a son" is his masterpiece, and what remains is a copy of Li, a poet of the Song Dynasty. The content of this painting describes the story that after the birth of Sakyamuni, the ancestor of Buddhism, his father Sudoku King and Mrs. Moiyev carried him (Prince Sida) to worship the Great Freedom Temple, and the gods worshipped him. The painting "A Picture of the Heavenly King Sending a Son" embodies Wu Daozi's basic painting style and breaks the hairspring line drawing that Gu Kaizhi has been following for a long time. Wu Daozi initiated the orchid painting, paying attention to ups and downs and inner spiritual strength with his pen. When he created, he was in a state of high excitement and tension, which smacked of expressionism. It is generally believed that the stone statue of Confucius in the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province was painted by Wu Daozi, but the original work has long been lost. The Confucius statue in the stone carving of Confucius Temple is the treasure of the temple in the town of Confucius Temple, and the rubbings of the Confucius statue in the stone carving of Confucius Temple have also become the most rubbings of historical sites in Shandong Province. The overall painting style of Confucius statue completely conforms to the style of Wu Daozi. In the painting, Confucius is graceful and generous, leaning forward slightly, bowing with his hands, and being courteous. Confucius wore a Confucian scarf and looked at the present. His hair was elegant and showed the wisdom of saints. The work shows the artist's skillful techniques between the pen lifting and the pen pressing, and won the essence of "Five Dynasties prevailing". Inscription at the top of the picture: Confucius, the first teacher, teaches like a statue; Inscriptions on the upper right: Moral, Heaven and Earth, Ancient and Modern Taoist Prizes, Deleting Six Classics, and Forever Hanging the Constitution; Inscription on the lower left: Wu Daozi pen, and stamped with the seal of one party. Comments: Tang Zhangyanyuan: Under the private plot, there are few paintings and it is difficult to know in detail. Just look at the traces of Wu Daozi, it can be said that there are six methods, and they do everything they can. The man of God has a prosthetic hand and is extremely poor. Therefore, the charm is magnificent and almost intolerable; The handwriting is upright, so you can go to the wall at will; Its exquisite paintings are very dense, which is a miracle. (Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties) Tang Zhangyanyuan: Wu Daozi, a national dynasty, walked alone in ancient and modern times, but never saw Lu Gu or and where, behind me, are the coming generations? before. Teaching brushwork in Zhang Xu is also called painting and calligraphy with a pen. Zhang is a famous calligrapher and Wu Yi is a painter. God is made in heaven, and the spirit is not poor. Everyone is close to hope, but I am far from painting; Everyone wants to be like an elephant, but I am free from vulgarity. Bend the arc to straighten the blades, plant columns to form beams, and be square. Xu Qiuyun Bin, a few feet flying, hairy roots out of meat, more than enough. No one knows when there is a formula. Count the pictures, either from the arms or from the feet. Huge and grotesque, connected by skin and veins, it is a monk's cave. Hao Jing in the Five Dynasties: Wu Daozi's brushwork is more like an image, with high spirit, and the tree does not talk about painting, but hates no ink. Guo in Song Dynasty: Two styles studied by scholars. According to Zhang Yanyuan's Famous Paintings of the Tang Dynasty, Cao was a native of Cao in the Northern Qi Dynasty, and the most important painter of Brahma was Cao. Wu zhibi's pen, its potential is round and the clothes are floating. Cao Zhi's pen is thick and tight. Therefore, the younger generation called it: "Wu rides the wind and comes out of the water." Song Sushi: When Daozi paints a figure, if he takes a photo with a lamp, he goes with the flow. See the profile. Cross slope is straight, multiply and divide each other to get natural number. Innovative ideas are within the statute, and wonderful ideas are outside the unruly. The so-called room for manoeuvre, luck becomes wind, and there is only one person in ancient and modern times. (After the Painting of Wu Daozi) Song Zhao Xixi: Painting is taboo, and Wu Daozi avoids it by making clothes patterns or spending money like water shield strips. Therefore, it can be seen that Sun Taigu was not perfect when Li Bo became a professional hairspring. Li Shangshi saved the pen and Taigu went to Wu Tianyuan. ("Dong Tian Ji Gu Wu Daozi painted Guanyin Monument"
Yuan: Wu Daozi's brushwork is wonderful, and he is a painting sage of one hundred generations. In the early years, the pen was poor and refined, and in the middle age, it was like water shield. People have eight sides, business activities, the fairness of Fiona Fang, the advantages and disadvantages of competition, and the conversion of points are all unsatisfactory. His Fucai was slightly dyed in the scorched ink mark, which naturally surpassed the elements and was called Wuzhuang. ("Mirror Flower Edge") Li Ming's daily necessities: Every time I see Liang Kairen writing Buddhist and Taoist statues, they are all tiny and unscathed, while the trees and stones are extremely scattered. If you can't stop thinking; Because I have great respect, I must take this opportunity to help Xiong Yi. When I arrived in Wu Daozi, I painted my elbow and wrist, and the clothes were odd and vertical, which was also my intention. ("Purple Taoxuan Re-decoration") Ming Dynasty: The picture of Wu is like a lamp, taking pictures, leaving with the wind, overlapping, horizontal and vertical, multiplying and dividing each other, and the number is naturally not bad, creating new ideas in statutes and issuing whimsy outside the bold. The so-called room for manoeuvre, luck becomes the wind, covering the past and the present, and only one person. He in Ming Dynasty: Fu painters have their own schools, and they are not chaotic. For example, there are two kinds of line drawings of people's material circulation: Zhao comes from Li Longmian and Li Longmian comes from Gu Kaizhi. It's called iron line painting. Horses come from Wu Daozi, and this so-called orchid painting is also. ("Four Friends Zhai Painting Theory") Xun: The pleats are like Wu Shengzhi's orchid leaf pattern, Wei Qia's trembling pen pattern, his iron line pattern, and Li Zhiyou's gossamer pattern, all of which are extreme. ("Mountain Residence Map") Shen Qing Zong Qian: Once the rules are exhausted, they will change. Once you get a chance and find that the pen is full of ink, it's not the time to take it. After that, it's not anymore. Meeting in an instant is an eternal miracle. Wu Daozi wrote hell in disguise, but also because he didn't intend to borrow General Pei's sword to touch his machine, which was almost impossible for him when he met God. Shen Zongqian in Qing Dynasty: Wu Daozi should draw a landscape map of Jialing. What others can't do for a long time can be done in one day, and it is also a quick trend. The mountain tree state is formed by the qi of heaven and earth. Ink marks the aura of the heart and wrist, and the existence of qi is also the existence of potential. Qi develops into potential, and potential controls qi. Potential is visible but qi is invisible. If you want to get it, you must cultivate qi first.