1840- 1842 opium war
1856—— The Second Opium War 1860
1894- 1895 Sino-Japanese War
1900 Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China.
Sino-British treaty of nanking was signed.
1844, Sino-French Wang Xia Treaty and Sino-French Huangpu Treaty were signed.
1858 sino-Russian Tianjin treaty, sino-American Tianjin treaty, sino-British Tianjin treaty and sino-French Tianjin treaty were signed.
1860 signing of the Sino-British Beijing Treaty, the Sino-French Beijing Treaty and the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty.
1895 treaty of shimonoseki was signed between China and Japan.
190 1 year "Xin Chou Treaty" was signed.
National revolution
65438+ The proletariat in China was born in the 1940s and 1950s.
19 China's national bourgeoisie came into being in the 1960s and 1970s.
65438+Westernization Movement in 1960s and 1990s in 2009
185 1- 1864 Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement
1898- 1900 boxer movement
1898 Reform Movement of 1898
1905 China league was established.
19 1 1 huanghuagang uprising
19 1 1 Wuchang Uprising in June.
19 12 (the first year of the Republic of China) The Qing emperor retired after the founding of the Republic of China.
19 13 the second lap
19 15 the national protection campaign was launched.
19 16 Yuan Shikai failed to restore the monarchy.
19 15 the new culture movement began.
1965438+On May 4th, 2009, the May 4th patriotic movement broke out.
On July 23rd, 192 1, * * * big bill, symbol * * * was established.
1922 in July, the second national congress formulated the program of democratic revolution.
1923, * * *, formulated the revolutionary United front strategy.
1925 Sun Yat-sen died and the May 30th anti-imperialist patriotic movement broke out.
1926 the national revolutionary army began its northern expedition.
On March 1927, Shanghai workers won the third armed uprising.
Chiang Kai-shek launched the "April 12th" counter-revolutionary coup.
1927 July 15 Wang Jingwei failed to launch the counter-revolutionary coup on July 15.
China National People's Congress (NPC)
1945 The Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) confirmed Mao Zedong Thought as the Party's guiding ideology.
1949 At the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee, the focus of work shifted from rural areas to cities.
1956 The Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China successfully explored socialist construction.
1At the end of 978, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee was held in the new period of socialist construction.
1982 the twelfth national congress of the communist party of China was built with Socialism with Chinese characteristics theory.
1987 the basic line of the thirteenth national congress in the primary stage of socialism.
1992 The 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China established the socialist market economic system.
1997 The 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China confirmed Deng Xiaoping Theory as the party's guiding ideology.
1924 realized the first cooperation between the first national congress of the Kuomintang and the state, and formed a revolutionary United front.
1936 Xi incident was settled peacefully, and the anti-Japanese national United front was initially formed.
1937 September, the second cooperation between China and Japan was realized, and the anti-Japanese national United front was formally formed.
Bian Xiao's recommendation: chronology of major events in senior high school history review.
1 China and Important Historical Events in the World I. Chronology of World Historical Events
14-15th century, capitalism sprouted in Europe.
14- 16 European renaissance
Diaz sailed to the southern coast of Africa.
Columbus sailed to America.
1497- 1498 da gama sailed to India.
Magellan's fleet traveled around the world.
1640 British bourgeois revolution began
1688 British glorious revolution, the establishment of the bourgeoisie and new noble rule.
1689 Peter I of Russia began to reform.
17 opportunities for the establishment of newtonian mechanical system in the second half of the year
65438+ The British Industrial Revolution began in the 1960s.
1775- 1783 North American War of Independence
1776 The North American Continental Congress issued the Declaration of Independence, declaring the independence of the United States of America.
1785 watt improved steam engine put into use.
1789.7 The French bourgeois revolution began.
The workers' uprising in Lyon, France
Faraday proved the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction in the 1930s of 19.
1836 ~ 1848 British constitutional movement
1844 worker uprising in Sicily, Germany
1848.2 the producers' party declaration was published.
1853 ~ 1856 Crimean war
Darwin founded the theory of biological evolution in the middle of19th century.
186 1 Russian serfdom reform
186 1 ~ 1865 American civil war
1864 the first international was established.
1868 Meiji Restoration began in Japan.
1870 ~ 187 1 Franco-Prussian War
65438+risorgimento was finally completed in the early 1970s.
187 1 German reunification has finally been completed.
187 1.3 ~ 5 Paris commune
The second industrial revolution began in the 1970s.
19 At the end of the 20th century, major capitalist countries completed the transition to imperialism.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the world colonial system was finally formed.
Einstein put forward the theory of relativity in the early 20th century.
1903 the second congress of the Russian social democratic labor party, leninism was born.
1914-1918 World War I
1917.11.7 (Russian calendar 10.25) Russian October socialist revolution
The Soviet Union was founded.
1929- 1933 capitalist world economic crisis
193 1.9. 18 The September 18th Incident of Japanese Imperialism.
1933.3 Roosevelt became the president of the United States and implemented the New Deal.
1937.7.7 the beginning of China's comprehensive War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
1939.9 World War II broke out in an all-round way
At the beginning of 1942, the United States established the declaration of the anti-fascist alliance.
Su Meiying held the Yalta Conference.
1945.5.8 Germany signed an unconditional surrender.
1945.9.2 the Soviet union, the United States and Britain held the Potsdam conference, and Japan signed the unconditional surrender.
65438+ The third scientific and technological revolution began in the 1940s and 1950s.
The founding of the United Nations
1947 Truman Doctrine put forward by the United States.
1948 Marshall plan of the United States
The establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1949. 10. 1 People's Republic of China (PRC) was established.
1950- 1953 American invasion of Korea
The early 1950s to the early 1970s was the golden age in the history of capitalist economic development.
1954 Sign the Geneva Agreement on the Restoration of Peace in Zina.
1955 Bandung conference held by Asian and African countries
1955 Warsaw treaty organization established
1960 There are 17 independent countries in Africa, and this year is called the "Year of African Independence".
The Non-Aligned Movement was founded in the early 1960s.
Early 1960s-1973 American invasion of Vietnam
1967 Europe * * * was established.
China's legal status in the United Nations has been restored.
1972.2 us president Nixon visited China, and the Shanghai communique was published.
1973 The United States signed the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam.
Drastic changes in eastern Europe in the late 1980s.
The disintegration of the Soviet Union
1992 the formation of the north American free trade area
1993 establishing the European union
Second, the history of China (1) Slave society (from 2070 to 476 years ago)
Xia (Xia) 470
2070 BC to 65438 BC+0600 BC
Since the founding of Xia Hou in 2070 BC, "hereditary system" has replaced "abdication system"
Shang Dynasty (554)
BC 1600 to BC 1046.
In 1600 BC, the summer was destroyed in Shang Tang and the Shang Dynasty was established.
In 65438 BC+0300 BC, King Pan Geng of Shang Dynasty moved to Yin.
(BC 1046 to 22 BC1year)
Western Zhou Dynasty (275)
BC 1046 to BC 77 1.
BC 1046, Zhou Wuwang destroyed the business, and the Western Zhou Dynasty began.
In 84 1 year BC, the people of China rioted.
In 77 1 year BC, Gourong invaded Haojing, and the Western Zhou Dynasty ended. Qin Xianggong led troops to rescue the Zhou Dynasty and sent troops to escort Zhou Ping eastward. Because of the meritorious escort, Xiang Gong was made a vassal, and Qin became a vassal state.
Spring and Autumn Period (294) (770 BC to 476 BC)
The transitional stage from slave society to feudal society
In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital to Luoyi, and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty began. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Emperor Tiandi no longer obeyed the emperor's orders, but the emperor was attached to the powerful minister. The vassal States kept fighting, and the powerful vassal States forced all countries to recognize his leadership and become "hegemons." The famous overlords are Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Qin Mugong, Song Xianggong and Chu Zhuangwang (the five overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period).
(2) feudal society (475 BC to AD 1840)
1, Warring States Period (254) (475 BC to 22 BC1year)
Wei Li Kui put the reform into practice for the first time.
The Reforms of Shang Yang
In 356 BC (the first time), Shang Yang began to reform with the support of Qin Xiaogong.
In 350 BC, Shang Yang carried out the second reform.
Feudal imperial society
(22 BC1year to AD 1840)
2. Qin dynasty (15) (22 1 before 206)
(From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, destroyed six countries in succession and established the first unified centralized monarchy in China history-Qin Dynasty).
In 22 1 BC, Qin was unified, and Qin Shihuang established a county system to unify currency, weights and measures and writing.
In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising broke out.
Battle of Julu in 207 BC
In 206 BC, Liu Bang invaded Xianyang and Qin died.
The Debate between Chu and Han from 206 BC to 202 BC
3. Western Han Dynasty (209) (202 BC to 8 AD)
In 202 BC, Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty with Chang 'an as its capital, known as the Western Han Dynasty in history. Liu bang is the emperor gaozu.
In 65438 BC+038 BC, Zhang Qian made his first mission to the Western Regions.
In 65438 BC+065438 BC+09 BC, Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions for the second time. In the same year, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent generals Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to attack the Xiongnu respectively, and defeated the Xiongnu. After the Battle of Mobei, the Huns were powerless against the Han Dynasty.
In 60 BC, the government of the Western Han Dynasty set up the Western Regions Metropolitan Government to take charge of the affairs of the Western Regions. Since then, Xinjiang has been under the jurisdiction of the central government and has become an inseparable part of China.
In 8 AD, Wang Mang seized the Western Han regime and changed his name.
4. Eastern Han Dynasty (195) (25 to 220 years)
The Eastern Han Dynasty was established in 25 years.
In 73, Ban Chao went to the Western Regions.
Cai Lun improved papermaking on 15.
132 Zhang Heng invented the seismograph.
166 An Dun, King of Qin, sent envoys to China.
184 Zhang Jiao led the Yellow Scarf Uprising.
The Battle of Guandu in 200 Years
Battle of Red Cliffs in 2008.
5. Three Kingdoms (60 years) (220-280 years)
In 220, Cao Wei established Emperor Wei Wendi of Xelloss.
In 22 1 year, Shu Han made Liu Beihan and Zhao Lie emperors.
In 229, Sun Wu established Sun Quan, the emperor of Wu Dadi.
In 230, Wu Pai and Wei Wen led troops to Taiwan Province Province to strengthen the ties between the mainland and Taiwan Province Province.
Wei destroyed Shu in 263.
6. Western Jin Dynasty (5 1 year) (265 to 3 16 years)
In 265, Sima Yan, the grandson of Sima Yi, usurped the throne and established the Jin Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital, which was called the Western Jin Dynasty in history.
In 280, the army of the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out the State of Wu, officially ending the division of the Three Kingdoms.
In 3 16, the Xiongnu captured Chang 'an and the Western Jin Dynasty ended.
Eastern Jin Dynasty (103) (3 17 to 420)
The Eastern Jin Dynasty was founded in 3 17.
The Battle of Feishui in 383 (Eastern Jin Dynasty-Former Qin Dynasty)
7. Southern and Northern Dynasties (169) (420-589)
In 420, the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty were established.
In 494, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved to Luoyang (which promoted national integration to some extent).
8. Sui (37 years) (58 1 to 6 18)
The Sui Dynasty was founded in 58 1 year (Emperor Wendi came to power. 58 1 year seized the Northern Zhou regime and established the Sui Dynasty)
In 589, the Sui army sent troops south, wiped out the last dynasty of the Southern Dynasties and unified the north and the south.
The Grand Canal was opened in 605.
6 1 1 year, the peasant uprising began at the end of Sui Dynasty and broke out in Changbai Mountain, Shandong Province.
8. Tang dynasty (289) (6 18 to 907)
The Tang Dynasty was founded in 6 18, and the Sui Dynasty perished.
Zhenguan rule in 627-649
7 13 -74 1 year is the golden age of kaiyuan.
An Shi Rebellion in 755 -763
Peasant War in Late Tang Dynasty from 875 to 884
165438+ movable type printing was invented by Bi Sheng in the middle of the 20th century.
9. Five Dynasties and Ten States (53 years) (907-960 years)
In 907, Hou Liang was established, the Tang Dynasty perished and the Five Dynasties began.
In 9 16, baoji established qidan state.
10, Northern Song Dynasty (167) (960 to 1 127)
Established in the Northern Song Dynasty in 960.
1005 Song Liao Alliance
Li Yuanhao established Xixia in 1038.
165438+ movable type printing was invented by Bi Sheng in the middle of the 20th century.
1069 Wang Anshi began to reform.
1 1 15 akuta established gold in Huining.
1 125 gold destroys Liao.
1 1, Southern Song Dynasty (149) (1 127 to 1276)
1 127 Jin destroyed the northern song dynasty, and the younger brother of northern Song Qinzong ascended the throne in the same year, and later made his capital in Lin' an, which is known as the southern song dynasty in history.
1 140 Yancheng War in Song and Jin Dynasties
1206 Genghis Khan established the Mongolian regime.
12, yuan (97 years) (127 1 year to 1368 years)
127 1 Kublai Khan's country name
1276 yuan destroyed the southern song dynasty.
13, Ming (276) (1368 to 1644)
The Ming Dynasty was founded in 1368, and the Yuan Dynasty ended.
1405-1433 Zheng He made seven voyages to the Western Ocean, reaching as far as the Red Sea coast and the east coast of Africa.
65438+War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Qi Jiguang in the middle of 6th century.
1553 Portugal seized the right of abode in Macao.
1665438+Gold after Nurhachi was founded in 2006
1628 the peasant war broke out in the late Ming dynasty.
14, Manchu (267) (1636 to 19 1 1 year)
1636, Huang taiji proclaimed himself emperor in Shengjing and changed his title to Qing.
1644, the Dashun regime was established in Li Zicheng, the peasant army captured Beijing, and the Ming Dynasty perished.
Zheng Chenggong recovered Taiwan Province Province.
The San Francisco rebellion began at 1673.
The Qing army entered Taiwan Province province on 1683.
1684, Taiwan Province government was established in Qing dynasty.
1689 China and Russia signed the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu.
177 1 year, Turku department returned to the motherland.
1839 Lin zexu destroyed opium in Humen
1840-1842 opium war
(3) Semi-colonial and semi-feudal society
(1840 to 1949)
Sino-British treaty of nanking was signed.
The proletariat in China came into being in the 1940s and 1950s.
Jintian uprising and Taiping Heavenly Kingdom were founded in 185 1.
1856-1860 the second opium war
1858 sino-Russian aihui treaty. The four countries signed the Tianjin Treaty.
19 China's national bourgeoisie came into being in the 1960s and 1970s.
1860 Britain and France sign the Beijing treaty
19 Westernization Movement in 1960s and 1990s
1864 Tianjing fell and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement failed.
1883-1885 sino-French war
1894-1895 Sino-Japanese War
1895 treaty of shimonoseki was signed between China and Japan.
During the 65438+1990s, imperialism seized "leased land" and divided "spheres of influence" in China.
1898 Reform Movement of 1898
1900 at the height of the boxer movement, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China.
190 1 The Eight-nation Treaty of Xin and Chou was signed in, and then it joined the three countries of Hobisi.
1905 China league was established.
19 1 1 Huanghuagang Uprising, Road Protection Movement and Wuchang Uprising
(4) Modern history
(Modern history is generally defined by historians as: 1840 Opium War to 1949 the founding of New China).
Republic of China 1( 19 12 turn 1949)
The Republic of China was founded in 19 12.
19 13 the second lap
19 15 the new culture movement and the national protection movement began.
19 16 Yuan Shikai failed to restore the monarchy.
19 19 the may 4th movement broke out.
192 1 year, China * * * production party was established.
1923 jinghan railway workers went on strike.
1924 China and * * *
1925 May 30th tragedy, May 30th anti-imperialist movement broke out.
1926 the national revolutionary army began its northern expedition.
1927 Nanjing National Government was founded, Nanchang Uprising, "April 12th" and "July 15th" counter-revolutionary coups, and Autumn Harvest Uprising.
1928 Jinggangshan stationed
193 1 September 18th Incident
1934 the red army's long March began.
1936 Xi event
1937 Lugouqiao Incident, Nanjing Massacre of Japanese Army, the second cooperation between China and Japan.
1940 Hundred Regiments War
194 1 Southern Anhui Incident
1945 August 15 Japan surrendered.
The war of liberation from 1946 to 1949.
1947 launched a patriotic movement against hunger, civil war and persecution.
(5) Modern history
Socialist society (1949 ~)
New China was founded (1949 ~)
China People's Political Consultative Conference September 1949.
1 949 65438+1October1People's Republic of China (PRC) was established.
1 950 65438+1October1turn 1953 Chinese people's Volunteer Army went to Korea to fight.
Tibet was peacefully liberated in 195 1.
1952 the land reform completely abolished the feudal exploitation system.
The first five-year plan starts from 1953 to 1957.
Three major transformations from 1953 to 1956.
1954 the constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) was born.
1966 The Cultural Revolution began.
1972 Nixon's visit to China
The Cultural Revolution is over.
1978 reform and opening up
1979 China and the United States formally established diplomatic relations.
1982 the 12th "characteristic theory" of China.
The 13th issue of "On the Primary Stage" 1987
199 1 Join APEC.
Speech by Deng Xiaoping 1992 "Talk to the South" accelerates reform and opening up.
The 14th National Congress of Socialist Market Economy 1992.
1997 hong kong's return
1999 Macao's return
Accession to WTO 200 1
2008 Beijing Olympic Games
20 10 Shanghai World Expo
(6) Important political system
Xia Xia and Xia Qi established the hereditary system of the throne, the Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the enfeoffment system and patriarchal clan system, the Qin Dynasty established absolutism and centralization (emperor system, three counties and nine counties), the Han Dynasty and the early Han Dynasty implemented the imperial examination system, the Sui Dynasty and Yang Di implemented the imperial examination system, creating six provinces, the Tang Dynasty improved the system of three provinces and six departments, the Yuan Dynasty implemented the provincial system in local areas, and the Ming Dynasty and Ming Taizu abolished provincial books and established three departments. Abolish the prime minister system. When Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty ascended the throne, the cabinet appeared.
A military department established in the Qing Dynasty. Absolute monarchy reached its peak in centralization.
(7) Important economic policies and systems
During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the land was owned by the state and the agricultural land system was implemented. During the Spring and Autumn Period, feudal land ownership was established, and small-scale peasant economy was gradually formed. The feudal land ownership in the Warring States period was established in the form of law. In the early Ming Dynasty, Shang Yang advocated the policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce" and implemented the policy of sea ban.
The Qing dynasty closed its doors to the outside world, which hindered the growth of capitalism.
(eight), important agricultural farming techniques, water conservancy projects and agricultural irrigation tools
Iron appeared in Niu Geng in the Spring and Autumn Period, Dujiangyan in the Warring States Period, and Zheng Guoqu in the Western Han Dynasty, including coupling plough, grass canal, white canal and Longshou canal. Cao Wei overturned the car, a four-wheeled vehicle was built in the Tang Dynasty, and a high-overturned four-wheeled vehicle appeared in the Song Dynasty.
Ming and Qing wind turbines
(9) Important handicraft achievements
1. refining technology: bronze casting entered a prosperous period in Shang and Zhou dynasties. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, China had iron tools. In the Western Han Dynasty, coal was used as fuel to make iron. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Du Shi made iron. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, blast furnace ironmaking and steel explosion techniques were adopted. 2. Porcelain manufacturing technology began to be used in Shang Dynasty. Primitive porcelain matured in the Eastern Han Dynasty, celadon matured in the Northern Dynasty and white porcelain matured in the Tang Dynasty. There were five famous kilns in Song Dynasty.
The silk industry in Ming Dynasty entered its heyday, and Suzhou and Hangzhou were famous silk industry centers.
(10), the ancient commercial policy of China.
During the Warring States period, Shang Yang advocated the policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce", and the cities along the Silk Road (land and sea) in the Western Han Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty broke the boundary between the city and the square. The earliest paper money appeared in the world-Jiaozi implemented the policy of sea ban in Ming Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, capitalism sprouted in small towns in the south of the Yangtze River. Huizhou merchants and Shanxi merchants are the most powerful business gangs.
The Qing dynasty closed its doors to the outside world under the policy of sea ban.
(eleven), important ideological and cultural achievements
During the Spring and Autumn Period, Taoism, Confucianism and Confucius contended, forming a hundred schools of thought in the Warring States Period. In the Western Han Dynasty, Mencius, Xunzi and Dong Zhongshu "ousted hundreds of schools and respected Confucianism alone", and Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty became the orthodox rise of Neo-Confucianism. Lu Jiuyuan, a master of Neo-Confucianism in Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi and Southern Song Dynasty, founded the theory of mind and nature. In the Ming Dynasty, Wang Yangming developed the theory of mind and nature, and Li Zhi, a master of Neo-Confucianism, was deviant.
Criticism of Neo-Confucianism by Huang Zongxi, Gu and Wang Fuzhi in Qing Dynasty
(12), the formation process of words
Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty was mature, and the writing of Chinese characters in Qin Dynasty, Xiao Zhuan Li Shu and Southern and Northern Dynasties entered a conscious stage. Gu Kaizhi wrote Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Collection.
The Development of Calligraphy in Tang Dynasty Yan Zhenqing Liu Gongquan Zhang Xu Huai Su
(thirteen), the main literary genre, representative figures.
The Book of Songs in the Spring and Autumn Period, The Song of Confucius in the Warring States Period, Qu Yuan in the Western Han Dynasty, Poems in the Tang Dynasty in Sima Xiangru, Poems in the Northern Song Dynasty, Qingzhao in the Southern Song Dynasty, Yuan Qu in the Yuan Dynasty by Lu You Xin Qiji, Novels in the Ming and Qing Dynasties by Guan Hanqing, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin and Dream of Red Mansions by The Journey to the West.
The emergence of Peking Opera in Qing Dynasty
(14), the emergence and spread of four great inventions of ancient china.
The invention of paper in the Western Han Dynasty appeared in Sina during the Warring States Period. In the Eastern Han Dynasty 105, Cai Lun improved papermaking. Engraving printing appeared in Sui and Tang Dynasties. In the late Tang Dynasty and the golden age of military block printing in the Northern Song Dynasty, gunpowder began to be used. In the middle of the 20th century, Bi Sheng invented the movable-type printing compass, which was used in marine gunpowder and widely used in military affairs.