Who is eighteen arhats?

Eighteen arhats in Shaolin and eighteen arhats in Pan Guojing refer to the eighteen arhats who are immortal and protect the world in Buddhist legends, and they are from sixteen arhats plus two venerable ones. They are all historical figures and disciples of Sakyamuni. Sixteen arhats were mainly popular in the Tang Dynasty. Eighteen arhats began to appear at the end of the Tang Dynasty and prevailed in the Song Dynasty. The appearance of eighteen arhats; This may be related to the traditional preference of 18 years old in China culture. Eighteen is an auspicious number. Many quantitative expressions in China culture use eighteen, such as the 18th century, the 18th marquis, the 18th martial arts and the 18th bachelor. There are also many "eighteen arhats" in Buddhism, such as "eighteen classics", "eighteen realms", "eighteen changes" and "eighteen layers of hell". The transformation of "sixteen arhats" into "eighteen arhats" is obviously related to this "eighteen arhats" complex. [Edit this paragraph] Related records According to classic records, sixteen disciples of the Buddha were instructed by the Buddha not to enter Nirvana. In the 2nd century AD, the Dharma Residence written by Zunyou of Lion Country (now Sri Lanka) recorded the names of sixteen arhats and their living areas. After this book was translated by Master Xuanzang, the Sixteen Arhats were generally respected by Buddhists in China. In the Five Dynasties, painting and sculpture flourished. Later, the painter painted eighteen arhats. It is speculated that the painter's original intention may be to paint the author of Fa Zhu Ji with the translator Xuanzang. However, when later generations marked the name of the arhat, they mistakenly listed Qing You as the 17th arhat alive, and repeated the name of the first arhat as the 18th. Although some mistakes were pointed out in the Song Dynasty, due to famous painters and writers such as Guan Xiu, Su Dongpo and Zhao, the Eighteen Arhats spread easily in China. [Edit this paragraph] Su Shi of the Song Dynasty was the first to record this incident. He listed the names of eighteen arhats in the article "Painting Eighteen Arhats in Zen Moon at Baolin Temple in Qingyuan Gorge, South China Sea". The former 16 arhat is listed in Fazhu Ji, and the other two arhats are added. Seventeen arhats are the authors of Fazhu Ji, celebrating friends and respecting people. The 18th one is "Bintou Land Honorer", which is actually the same as the first one, except that one uses the full name and the other uses the honorific name. Later, in Song Dynasty, Pan Zhi put forward a new viewpoint in Volume 33 of Buddhist Statistics, arguing that the 17th should be the venerable Ye Jia and the 18th should be the venerable monarch, that is, the second of the "four arhats" rather than the second of the "sixteen arhats".

However, during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the emperor and Zhang Hutuketu believed that the 17th arhat should be the dragon arhat, that is, the venerable Ye Jia, and the 18th arhat was the tiger, that is, the venerable Maitreya. The emperor ordered that the eighteen arhats be sealed from now on. Among the eighteen arhats of Tibetan Buddhism, the seventeenth is Mrs. Moye, the mother of Sakyamuni, and the eighteenth is Maitreya. After eighteen arhats replaced sixteen arhats, they became more and more influential. There are not many statues in Luohan Grottoes, but they are common in temples. Generally, it is shaped in the Ursa Mahayana Hall as the sanitation of Sakyamuni or "Lifo III".

The eighteen arhats had no fixed image, but were drawn by later artists with their own imagination. The earliest extant statue of sixteen arhats is in Hangzhou Cave, which was made by Yue's wife and brother. [Edit this paragraph] Lohan's name is Eighteen Lohan, which evolved from Sixteen Lohan. The earliest known eighteen arhats were painted by Zhang Xuan and Guan Xiu in the Five Dynasties. Later, Su Song Dongpo wrote 18 praises for the two paintings respectively, and marked the name of Lohan in Guanxiu. In addition, eighteen arhats carved on the stone bed of the Golden Cave in Feilaifeng, Hangzhou are also works of the Song Dynasty.

After the Yuan Dynasty, there were more than eighteen arhats in the halls of monasteries, but in Buddhism, the paintings and sculptures of arhats were mainly eighteen arhats. Since then, the sixteen arhats have gradually become silent, and the eighteen arhats have taken their place. There are also eighteen arhats in Guangming Temple in Kamakura, Japan, which were made from the Southern Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty.

As for the names of the eighteen arhats, the first sixteen arhats are all as recorded in the Record of Faju, and there is no difference. The names of the sixteen arhats are as follows:

(1) Pindolabharadvaja, sitting on a deer Lohan: I once rode a deer into the palace to persuade the king to learn Buddhism.

Kanakavatsa, Lohan of Joy: Originally an ancient Indian orator.

(3) Kanakabharadvaja, Lohan: beggar.

(4) Suvinda, Totarhat: I often hold the stupa in my hand because I miss the Buddha.

(5) Nakura, sitting in the ocean's sea: it is also a powerful ocean's sea. Because he used to be a samurai, and his strength was infinite.

(6) Bhadra, cross the river like a dragonfly.

(7) Carrica, riding an elephant: Ben is an elephant trainer.

Vajraputra, Vajraputra: Originally a hunter, he studied Buddhism and stopped killing, so the lion came to thank him.

(9) Wei Bojia (jοvaka), Happy Lohan: He once exposed his heart and made people aware of the Buddha in his heart.

(10) Panthaka, Lohan the Probe: He has this name because he often raises his hand and stretches after meditation.

(1 1) Rāhula, meditation Lohan: among the top ten disciples of the Buddha, the secret line is the first.

(12) Nāgasena, naga, Lohan's ear digging: It is famous for its "clean ears", so it is called Lohan's ear digging.

(13) because of jetco (a? Gaja), Lohan in Bag: Always carry a bag and always smile.

(14) Fanjing Temple, Luohan Bajiao: After becoming a monk, I often practice hard under the banana tree.

(15) Aldo and Lohan with long eyebrows: It is said that they had two long eyebrows when they were born.

(16) Zhu Cha Bantoga (Pantaka, Chara). Lohan, the doorman: Do your duty faithfully.

The seventeenth arhat: Dragon-lowering arhat: Celebrating friends and respecting people, according to legend, dragon-lowering. Later, according to folks, he was reincarnated as a living Buddha who helped the public, punished evil and promoted good, and saved all beings.

The 18th Lohan: Lohan Khufu: A venerable man in Bintou Road once surrendered a tiger.

As for the latter two arhats, there are different opinions and opinions. Here are several propositions as follows:

(1) The 17th statue is quiet, and the 18th statue is Bintou Road. Among them, it is difficult to mention Mydoro, the author of Fa Zhu Ji. Bintou Road is the first of the sixteen arhats.

(2) In addition, there are two venerable persons: Dayejia and Juntu Botan. According to the records in Volume 33 of the History of Buddhism, Miaole (Zhan Ran) in the Tang Dynasty initiated this theory, and Jingjue (Ren Yue) in the Song Dynasty also adopted this theory. This is a combination of sixteen statues in the Records of Dharma and four famous stories in the Bible under Maitreya, omitting two repeated statues.

(3) Spread in Tibet, together with Damodolo and cloth-bag monks. Among them, Damodolo is considered to be the salvation work of compiling Utonapin, but there is no clear evidence. Just like carrying Brahma, like Xuanzang, a monk who entered Zhu in the Tang Dynasty. The origin of the cloth bag monk is related to the story of this monk in China in the late Tang Dynasty. In addition, from the perspective of several young children around it, it may also be related to the spouse of the prolific mother pear (H ā rit and), who is semi-dependent (Pa? Katz). In addition, there are two gods, Garon and Tiger, or Madame Gamoyev and Maitreya.