From the perspective of high school, materialist dialectics can be answered from the following angles:
1, contact information
2. Development
3. contradiction
4. Innovation and innovation
As long as the four angles are comprehensive, there will be no less points. The following is the knowledge system, which I have to memorize by myself:
First, the concept of contact.
1, the principle of universality of connection
Principle content: contact is universal. Everything in the world is related to other things around it in one way or another. The world is a universal organic whole and nothing exists in isolation.
Methodology: The principle of universality of contact requires us to look at the problem from the perspective of contact.
2, the principle of objectivity of contact
Content of principle: Contact is objective. Connection is inherent in things themselves and does not depend on human will.
Methodology: A, the objectivity of contact requires us to grasp things from their internal relations and avoid subjectivity and randomness. B, contact is objective, does not mean that people can't do anything about the connection of things, people can change the state of things according to the internal connection of things, adjust the original connection, and establish new concrete connections.
3. The principle of diversity of contacts.
Principle content: Things in the world are very different, and the connections between things are also diverse.
Methodology: The diversity of contact requires us to pay attention to analyzing and grasping various conditions for the existence and development of things, taking time, place and conditions as the transfer.
4. The principle of dialectical relationship between the whole and the part.
Principle content: the whole and the part are different. The whole is the overall situation of things and the whole process of development, which is integrated in quantity; Part is the part of things and various stages of development, which is numerous in number. The whole and the part have different positions, functions and functions in the development of things. The whole is in a dominant position, the whole dominates the part, and has some functions that are not available; Part is in a dominant position in the existence and development of things, and part obeys and serves the whole.
The whole and the part are interrelated and inseparable. The whole is made up of parts, without which the whole will cease to exist. The functions of some parts and their changes will affect the overall function, and the functions of key parts and their changes will even play a decisive role in the overall function. Part is a part of the whole. Without the whole, part is not part. The functional state of the whole and its changes will also affect some parts.
Methodology: The dialectical relationship between the whole and the part requires us to establish the concept of the whole, base ourselves on the whole, make overall plans, choose the best scheme, and achieve the optimal goal of the whole, so as to achieve the ideal effect that the whole function is greater than the sum of the parts. At the same time, we must attach importance to the role of the local, do a good job of the local, and promote the overall development with local development.
5. Methods and principles of system optimization.
Principle content: The system is a unified whole composed of interrelated and interactive elements. The basic characteristics of the system are integrity, orderliness and the optimization trend of internal structure.
Methodology: The method of system optimization requires us to understand things in a comprehensive way of thinking. We should not only focus on the whole and understand things and systems as a whole, but also contact all parts and elements of things and systems for investigation, overall consideration and optimization of combination, and finally form a complete and accurate understanding of this thing.
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Second, the concept of development
1, the universality of development
Principle content: Everything in the world is constantly changing and developing, and has its process of emergence, development and extinction.
Methodology: We are required to look at problems from a developmental perspective.
2. The essence of development is the progress and rise of things, the appearance of new things and the demise of old things.
Methodology: It is required to look at problems from the perspective of development, establish innovative consciousness and actively promote the growth of new things.
3. The way things develop is the unity of progressiveness and stumbling.
Principle content: The future of things is bright and the road is tortuous.
Methodology: We should not only see a bright future, but also be full of confidence in the future, actively encourage, enthusiastically support and carefully protect the bud of new things and promote their growth. We should also make full mental preparations, constantly overcome various difficulties on the road ahead, and bravely accept setbacks and tests.
4. The development state of things is the unity of quantitative change and qualitative change.
Principle content: the development of things always begins with quantitative change, which is the necessary preparation for qualitative change, and qualitative change is the inevitable result of quantitative change, which opens the way for new quantitative change and makes things start new quantitative change on the basis of new quality. In this way, the development of things changes from quantitative change to qualitative change, and then starts a new quantitative change on the basis of the new qualitative change, and so on.
Methodology: a, everything starts from small things, down-to-earth, works hard, actively accumulates quantity, and creates conditions for the qualitative change of things; B, when the quantitative change has reached a certain level, only by changing the original nature of things can we move forward, and we must resolutely seize the opportunity to promote qualitative change and realize the leap and development of things; C, adhere to the principle of moderation.
The wrong tendency opposes two tendencies, namely, pulling out seedlings to encourage growth, being eager for success or indecision, and lacking self-confidence.
5. Reasons for the development of things: the principle of dialectical relationship between internal and external causes.
Principle content: The development of things is the result of the interaction between internal and external factors. Internal cause is the basis of the change and development of things, while external cause is the condition of the change and development of things, and external cause works through internal cause.
Methodology: When analyzing and solving problems, adhere to the viewpoint of combining internal and external causes.
Third, the concept of contradiction.
1, contradictory meaning
Principle content: Everything in the world contains two aspects, both opposition and unity. Contradictions are unity of opposites. Contradictions have two basic attributes: struggle and identity.
Methodology: Contradictory viewpoints require us to look at problems from a split viewpoint and a comprehensive viewpoint. At the same time, we should actively create conditions to promote the mutual transformation of both sides of the contradiction.
2. Universality and objectivity of contradictions.
Principle content: contradiction is universal and objective, everything is contradictory, sometimes contradictory.
Methodology: The universality and objectivity of contradictions require us to admit contradictions, analyze contradictions, dare to expose contradictions and actively seek the correct methods to solve contradictions at any time and for anything.
3. The particularity of contradiction
The particularity of contradiction in the content of principle means that each side of contradiction has its own characteristics. There are three main situations: first, different things have different contradictions, which constitute a special essence that distinguishes one thing from other things; Second, the same thing has different contradictions in different processes and development stages, and these different contradictions form different processes and development stages of things; Third, different contradictions of the same thing and two different aspects of the same contradiction also have their own particularities.
Methodology: the principle of particularity of contradiction requires us to analyze specific problems, that is, under the guidance of the principle of universality of contradiction, analyze the particularity of contradiction in detail and find out the correct method to solve the contradiction.
4. Principles and methods of dialectical relationship between universality and particularity of contradiction.
Principle content: the relationship between universality and particularity of contradiction, that is, the relationship between contradictory * * * and individuality, general and individual. The universality and particularity of contradiction are interrelated. On the one hand, universality lies in particularity and is manifested through particularity. Without particularity, there is no universality. On the other hand, particularity is inseparable from universality. No matter how special things in the world are, they always have something in common with other things of the same kind, and there is nothing that does not contain universality. (2) Because of the extremely wide range and infinite development of things, what is universal in some occasions is special in another occasion. On the contrary, something special on some occasions is common on another occasion.
Methodology: The principle of dialectical relationship between universality and particularity of contradiction requires us to analyze the particularity of contradiction under the guidance of the principle of universality of contradiction, and constantly realize the concrete historical unity of universality and particularity, individuality and individuality of contradiction.
5. Principles and methods of dialectical relationship between principal contradiction and secondary contradiction.
Principle content: In the development process of complex things, there are many contradictions, among which there must be one contradiction, and its existence and development determines or affects the existence and development of other contradictions. This contradiction, which plays a leading and decisive role in the development of things, is the principal contradiction. Other subordinate contradictions that have no decisive role in the development of things are secondary contradictions. The principal contradiction and the secondary contradiction depend on each other, influence each other and transform each other under certain conditions.
Methodology: We should focus on the main contradiction, the key point, the center and the key, not neglect to solve the secondary contradiction, and make overall plans or adhere to the unity of the two-point theory and the key theory.
6. The principle of dialectical relationship between the major and minor aspects of contradiction.
Principle content: The strength of two aspects in every contradiction is unbalanced. Among them, the dominant aspect is called the main aspect of contradiction. The dominant aspect is called the secondary aspect of contradiction. The nature of things is mainly determined by the main aspects of the main contradiction. The major and minor aspects of contradiction are mutually exclusive and interdependent, and can be transformed under certain conditions.
Methodology: we should focus on the main aspects of contradictions and attach importance to the mainstream, but we should not ignore the secondary aspects of contradictions, that is, tributaries or adhere to the unity of two-point theory and key theory
7. Principle of dialectical relationship between primary and secondary contradictions and primary and secondary contradictions.
Principle content: principal contradiction plays a leading role in the development of things and plays a decisive role in the development of things.
The principal contradiction and the secondary contradiction depend on each other, influence each other and transform each other under certain conditions. The nature of things is determined by the main aspects of the main contradiction. The major and minor aspects of contradiction are mutually exclusive, interdependent and transformed under certain conditions.
Methodology: We are required to adhere to the contradictory analysis method of dichotomy and the cognitive method of unifying two-point theory and key theory.
Fourth, the dialectical negative view.
1, the principle and methodology of dialectical negation
Principle content: Dialectical negation is the negation of things themselves, that is, denying oneself and developing oneself. Dialectical negation is neither simply affirming everything nor simply denying everything, but both affirming and denying, overcoming and retaining, overcoming outdated negative contents in old things and retaining positive and reasonable factors in old things. The essence of dialectical negation is "sublation"
Methodology: Dialectical negation requires us to establish a sense of innovation, so as to be not only superior, not only bookish, not only practical. Therefore, we should not only respect the knowledge and authority of books, but also base ourselves on practice, emancipate our minds, seek truth from facts, keep pace with the times, constantly realize the innovative development of theory and practice, and succeed in the activities of understanding and transforming the world.
2. The revolutionary critical spirit principle and methodology of dialectics (materialist dialectics)
Principle content: dialectics includes the negative understanding of existing things in the positive understanding of existing things, that is, the understanding that existing things are bound to perish; Dialectics understands every established form from constant movement, so it is also understood from its temporary aspect; Dialectics does not worship anything. In essence, it is critical, revolutionary and innovative.
Methodology: The revolutionary critical spirit and innovative consciousness of dialectics are closely related. The revolutionary spirit and critical thinking of dialectics require us to pay close attention to the reality of change and development, dare to break through the stereotypes that are inconsistent with reality, and dare to get rid of backward ideas; Pay attention to the study of new situations, be good at raising new questions, dare to discover new ideas, establish new concepts and open up new realms. This is the key to the continuous success of our cause.