Chongzhen, whose real name is Zhu Youjian, is the grandson of Emperor Wanli of the Ming Dynasty and the only brother of Emperor Apocalypse. Losing her mother's freedom was raised by Li. His father is not liked by Wanli, and he is often worried about whether he can keep the position of the prince. Therefore, Chongzhen was insecure from an early age, precocious and sensitive, and had a heavy inferiority complex. Nearly adult, eunuch Wei Zhongxian authoritarian, timid. He is careful and devoted to self-protection. From this, I developed a suspicious habit. Moreover, as a letter king, Chongzhen is not rich in material supply. Wei Zhongxian didn't take Chongzhen seriously. In order to save money, Chongzhen had to let his men go out of the palace to purchase goods in person, and Chongzhen himself took the trouble to personally check the purchase details and haggle over every ounce. Consciously or unconsciously, I developed the habit of being stingy and narrow-minded. These unfortunate experiences in the early years led to Chongzhen's morbid character, namely, suspicious, ungrateful and narrow-minded. After the accession to the throne, Wei Zhongxian, the great eunuch, and his influence were quickly eradicated, which made Chongzhen extremely headstrong and pretentious and refused to listen to other people's opinions. In Chongzhen 14, the whole country was in chaos, and chickens flew and dogs jumped. The already serious political, economic and military crisis is even more serious. Specifically, the biggest serious mistake of Chongzhen lies in the following aspects.
There are too many mistakes in strategic decision-making and many opportunities to turn things around are missed. Although when Chongzhen succeeded to the throne, the Ming Dynasty had fallen into a serious crisis, mainly due to the intensification of political corruption, serious financial crisis, frequent peasant uprisings and the rapid rise of Manchu. However, when Chongzhen was in power, if the strategic decision was correct, it would be difficult to save the crisis, and it was far from impossible to say that there was no chance. On the whole, Chongzhen made four biggest strategic mistakes. First of all, in the second year of Chongzhen, the rebels led by Gao Yingxiang were trapped in Chemaxia. In a dilemma, Li Zicheng's scheme of false surrender was adopted. Chen Qiyu, the indecisive governor of five provinces in Ming Dynasty, asked Chongzhen for instructions. Originally, Chongzhen was determined to completely destroy the insurgents. However, without the support of the Ministry of War, he agreed to recruit rebels. As a result, the rebels at the end of their tether came back to life. Secondly, Zhang, who had suffered repeated defeats and wars in Chongzhen for ten years and was desperate, pretended to surrender again. Xiong Wencan, the governor of the Ming Dynasty, accepted Zhang's bribe and advocated it. Chongzhen, who was cheated last time, didn't learn a lesson. Despite the resolute opposition of the Minister of War, he once again agreed to accept Zhang's surrender, which made Zhang desperate. Not only that, Zhang, who pretended to surrender, secretly helped Li Zicheng's defeated army and helped Li Zicheng rise again. In the end, Li Zicheng swept across Henan. The third time, in the eleventh year of Chongzhen, the Qing army besieged Zu Dashou and Jinzhou. Chongzhen dumped all the soldiers in the country and mobilized 6.5438+0.3 million people, including eight company commanders, including Wu Sangui, Bai Guangen, Cao Bianjiao, Kyle and Wang Pu, to gather Ningyuan. Under the unified command of Hong Chengchou, Governor of Hebei and Liao, they fought a decisive battle with the Qing army. The Qing army was led by Huang Taiji himself. Hong Chengchou is famous for knowing soldiers and being good at fighting. According to Hong Chengchou's tactics, it is slow and steady, step by step. This tactic is actually very effective. The two sides confronted each other, winning and losing. If we persist in this style of play, it is still possible for the Ming army to clear Jinzhou. But Chongzhen is stingy and impatient. I don't want the war to drag on too long, it will cost me money. Hong Chengchou was ordered to attack again and again. As a result, the whole army was wiped out, and the situation in Liaodong was completely impossible. Fourth, in 1644, Li Zicheng arrived in Beijing, and a minister offered to transfer Wu Sangui to Beijing and move the capital to Nanjing. If either of these two opinions is adopted, the Ming Dynasty can avoid immediate extinction. After all, at that time, Wu Sangui was brave and good at fighting, and on his own, he fought Li Zicheng in Shanhaiguan. If you enter Beijing to fight, you can rely on the defensive benefits of the city wall, and you can borrow the help of Beijing's military forces and firearms, which is likely to repel Li Zicheng's attack. As for moving the capital, Chongzhen's legal authority and integrating Jiangnan forces, it is not a problem. But the indecisive Chongzhen wasted the opportunity. He became a turtle in a jar.
Second, lack of temperament, suspicion is easy to kill people, leading to loneliness. Emperor Taizong once said: the key to governing the country lies in employing people. However, Chongzhen's performance in employing people can be described as a mess and disorganized. The biggest problem with employing people in Chongzhen is that he has no tolerance, blames others for kindness, turns against others too quickly, and kills ministers and generals at every turn, which makes ministers and generals chilling, and Chongzhen is alienated from Germany and gradually drifting away. I've become a loner. Before he died, he rang the bell to call the minister, but no one came. Calling on the world's military forces to be diligent, the military commanders were indifferent, but Tang Dao led 8 thousand people to Beijing. As a result, Chongzhen himself should bear the greatest responsibility. The ministers killed by Chongzhen include records, Xue, Chen Xinjia, the minister of war, Xiong Wencan, Shuntian governor Chen Zubao, Baoding governor Zhang Qiping, and dozens of military attaché s such as Wu, Zukuan and Li Chongzhen. Among the civil servants and military commanders, the most serious consequence is Yuan Chonghuan. Yuan Chonghuan, a native of Guangdong, was born a scholar with extraordinary courage and was good at leading troops. He became famous in Ningyuan World War I. Zu Dashou and Wu Sangui both belonged to them. But when Yuan Chonghuan boasted that he killed Mao Longwen five years later in the Liao Dynasty, Chongzhen finally killed Yuan Chonghuan and hurt his arm. From then on, Liaodong border guards with Ning Guan fighters as the core lost their trust and loyalty to Chongzhen. For another example, both Sun Chuanting and Fu can fight, but when Chongzhen was unhappy, he was arrested and locked up. By the time it was released, the situation was out of control. In the late Ming Dynasty, famous officials and generals gathered from Yuan Chonghuan, Hong Chengchou, Sun Chuanting, Fu, Zu Dashou, Wu Sangui, Zuo Liangyu, Cao Bianjiao, Cao Wenzhao, Zhou Yuji, Huang Degong and Marco. They are all very good at military affairs. If used well, anyone can turn Gan Kun around. But it's a pity that Chongzhen was not used, and a large number of Jietou generals were abolished. Ss Wang, Kong Youde, Shang Kexi, Geng and Wu Sangui were all generals before the Ming Dynasty. Wu Sangui, in particular, is both civil and military, brave and good at fighting, and can really play a great role if used well.
Chongzhen can play the cards in his hand so badly. In the final analysis, it is caused by pathological personality. Self-distrust leads to suspicion, jealousy, meanness and miserliness, and also leads to anxiety, resourcefulness and indecision. Ordinary people, with these personality problems, are harmless. As the king of a country, especially in an extraordinary period, these problems are fatal. If, if Chongzhen is not so diligent and lazy. Although the situation in the Ming Dynasty was dangerous, it was not fatal immediately. The diligent work of Chongzhen just accelerated the movement in the opposite direction of the Ming Dynasty and made it gallop on the road of extinction. In just over ten years, people died. It can be seen that choice is more important than hard work, which is true. I am very moved to think of it so far.