First, calligraphers in the Han Dynasty
Wei Lv, written by Xiao He, the prime minister in the early Han Dynasty, played a decisive role in the improvement of orthography, calligraphy education and writing level in the Han Dynasty. People who study well have great advantages in being an official.
1, different styles of literati and calligraphers
Yang Xiong, a native of Chengdu, edited Xun Bian and Cang Xie Bian successively, and put forward that "calligraphy is also a painting of the heart" to point out the relationship between calligraphy and the writer's personality, thoughts and feelings.
Chen Zun: Ling Du people, whose letters were collected by people at that time, are the earliest records of folk calligraphy collection.
Liu Mu: Good at official script and cursive script.
Cao: He was good at seal script, and later generations attributed it to Cao.
Du Cao: Good at cursive script, majestic and powerful.
Cui Yuan: Good at cursive script, writing "cursive script" and good at seal script.
Cui Ai: Good cursive script.
Zhang: The cursive script is well written.
The great calligrapher Cai Yong. Zhengding Six Classics and Stone Carving. There are 104 pieces handed down from generation to generation, such as arbitrary and female training. Good seal and official seal, the world only has the residual stone of Xiping Shijing, which is doubtful.
Wang Cizhong: This person's life and death are unknown, and there are many stories about his deeds. It is inaccurate to preach that he should follow Cao Li's example.
Liu Desheng: It should be untrue to pass on his running script.
Han Danchun: Six-style works, of which ancient prose and seal script have the greatest influence, and seal script wins.
2. Xizhou calligrapher who is good at cursive script
Zhang Zhi: the first school in the history of calligraphy-the leader of the cursive school. Exquisite cursive script, known as the sage of grass, is said to be the creator of this grass. All the clothes and silks at home should be written before washing and using. Advocate "cursive writing in a hurry", that is, writing is not easy, and writing will become a good work.
The pens in Han Dynasty were very small, with little ink storage, independent writing and discontinuous strokes. Zhang Zhi improved the writing brush, which can write continuously and is called paper and ink.
In the Han Dynasty, calligraphers could not become officials because they were good at cursive script, so it is very valuable for cursive script writers to express their feelings and pursue artistic beauty more than utility.
Cursive script (modern grass) pays attention to the care of belt, the continuity of words and the layout of surrounding forms.
Zhang Zhi and His Calligraphy ↓
In the west of Chang 'an, there are also a number of cursive writers, including Liang Xuan, Jiang Xu, Dan Wei and Tian Yan. They formed a cursive script.
3. Hongdumen scholar, good at seal script.
Hongdumen School is an institution where the Emperor of Ling fought against imperial academy with literature and art. It specializes in Ci Fu calligraphy and painting, and calligraphy is mainly good at bird and insect seal and eight-part essay.
Stone: You Shan has an eight-point book, and all characters are accessible. He handed down a copy of Gengqiubei, which was popular in the Western Jin Dynasty.
Liang Hu: Good writing. His bad character was attacked by the literati. There is a "Confucius monument" handed down from generation to generation. This monument was not highly appraised in the Qing Dynasty.
Hongdumen had little influence on later generations, and calligraphy was artificial and dull, and soon disappeared into obscurity.
Second, calligraphy in Han Dynasty
Calligraphy became a conscious art in the Han Dynasty, and corresponding theories, techniques, research and critical articles gradually appeared.
1, Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi.
Xu Shen, from Zhaoling, Runan, wrote Shuo Wen Jie Zi in 100. Shuowen Jiezi is the earliest dictionary in China that uses the theory of six characters to systematically explain and analyze glyphs. ***9353 words. Originally it was tampered with, but now it's revised by Song Xuxuan, and it's called Xu Ben.
Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi Xu is a systematic record of the development history of Chinese characters and calligraphy.
Shuowen Jiezi plays a bridge role in explaining Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen, and its achievement is immortal.
Xu Shen and Shuo Wen Jie Zi ↓
2. Cui Yuan cursive script.
Cursive script is the earliest existing article that simply talks about calligraphy art. It is inferred that the generation process of cursive script is based on official script, which is composed of urgency, urgency and simplicity.
His description of cursive script changed from the static state of official seal to the dynamic beauty. The key of cursive script is described as "potential", and "potential" has also become a style after Han and Jin dynasties.
3. calligraphy theory, Cai Yong.
Cai Yong wrote Shi Zhuan, Fu Bi and other calligraphy works.
Shi Zhuan describes and praises Shi Zhuan's development, font features, brushwork and structure.
Fu Bi described and praised the making, performance and function of the brush. This paper praised the function of writing brush in completing education, but only touched on its artistic function.
4. Zhao Yi's "Non-cursive"
Non-cursive script is a kind of essay genre, which has cooled the hot cursive script in Xizhou. Cursive script tends to be artistic and loses its applicability. It also emphasizes the importance of natural learning and the influence of personal temperament and personality on calligraphy. This is also the first important article in the history of calligraphy criticism.
Third, the calligraphy tools of the Han Dynasty.
1, pen:
Cai Yong mentioned in his works: "Only the soft pen is strange." Brush is the most important tool of China's calligraphy.
More than 0/000 years ago, Meng Tian, the legendary general of Qin Dynasty, wrote with a brush in Shang Dynasty.
Characters written with a brush dipped in cinnabar were found in Shang ruins unearthed in Henan. The earliest writing brush was that of Chu State. The ancient writing brush is slender and sharp, which can be inserted into the hair for easy access.
Most of the writing brushes in the Han Dynasty were rabbit hair in autumn and winter, as well as wolf hair and double-stranded writing brushes. And the nib can be replaced.
As mentioned above, Zhang's pen-making technology in the Eastern Han Dynasty was very mature, and he could achieve the four virtues of sharpness, roundness and health.
2. Ink
In the Neolithic Age, the ancients used natural minerals as pigments to paint on pottery.
The ink in the Han Dynasty was round or granular, put on an inkstone and ground with a grinder. The Biography of Shan Wei improved the ink technology with the method of combining ink.
3. Paper
Han bamboo slips and silks are the main writing carriers, but paper was invented and used in the Western Han Dynasty. At present, the earliest known paper is a paper map unearthed in Tianshui, Gansu. Another discovered Chaco post paper was written in ancient paper.
Cai Lun improved the papermaking technology with bark as raw material and made great contributions. After Zuo Bo improved papermaking again, he produced paper more suitable for calligraphy, which is as famous as Cai Lun.
4. inkstone
In the Han Dynasty, most inkstones were equipped with grinders, and the typical forms were slate inkstones and three-legged round inkstones.
5. Cut
Also known as book knife, knife and pen, it is used to print and cut typos on bamboo slips. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, with the popularization of paper, it was no longer used.
The next chapter will enter the most brilliant Wei-Jin period in the history of calligraphy.