1. Central Office
The Qin Dynasty set up the Prime Minister, Qiu and the Imperial Adviser to form a central organization. The prime minister is in charge of administration, Qiu is in charge of military affairs, and the censor is in charge of supervision and secretarial work. The Han dynasty generally followed the Qin system and was called the Three Fairs. There are nine chats, which are in charge of all aspects of government affairs, and later evolved into three provinces and six departments. The three provinces are Zhongshu Province (decision-making), Menxia Province (deliberation) and Shangshu Province (implementation), and the governors of the three provinces are all prime ministers. In the Song Dynasty, the authority of Zhongshu Province was expanded, and the Privy Council was divided into civil and military powers. Under the door, Shangshu Province was abolished. In the Ming Dynasty, the Cabinet was the highest administrative body, with ministers as assistant ministers and chief ministers as records (i.e. prime ministers). In the Qing Dynasty, military department, Wang, Gong and Shang Shu were ministers of military aircraft, who held the power of the government.
six departments refer to the "official department, which is in charge of the appointment, removal, assessment, promotion and demotion of officials; The Ministry, in charge of land registration, taxation and finance; Does, in charge of ceremonies, science, schools and other things; Ministry of war, in charge of military affairs; Ministry of punishment, in charge of judicial prison; The Ministry of Industry is in charge of engineering construction, water conservancy and other things. " Ministers are ministers, and deputy ministers are assistant ministers. There are Langzhong, Yuanwailang with deputy titles, and subordinate officials are in charge.
in addition, the central government also has specialized agencies and officials who are responsible for managing books, editing history and making calendars. For example, Sima Qian and Zhang Heng served as Taishiling. Gao Qi compiled and edited the national history of Hanlin.
2. Local official positions
The main administrative region in Qin and Han Dynasties was the county. The chief of the county, Qin said the chief, Han said the satrap. The main administrative region of Sui and Tang Dynasties is Zhou, and the state officials call it secretariat, and the subordinate officials include Changshi and Sima. In some military towns in the Tang Dynasty. Our time is set up, and the officials include marching Sima, staff officer and secretary in charge. In the Song Dynasty, state officials were called Zhi Zhou, and county officials were called Zhi Zhou. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the state was changed to the government, which was called the magistrate.
In addition, the Han Dynasty also set up states, which are divided into more than a dozen states in the world, and are basically monitoring areas. The central authorities sent officials to spy on the situation, which is called the secretariat. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were more than a dozen roads in China, which were also called monitoring areas. The central authorities sent officials to inspect them, which were called ambassadors. In the Song Dynasty, the whole country was divided into about twenty roads, with several departments in charge of all aspects. In the Yuan Dynasty, the highest local administrative organization was called Hangzhongshu Province, and in the Ming Dynasty, it was renamed Chengxuan Bureaucratic Department, and it is still called "Province" customarily.
The title of knighthood is the title and title of knighthood, which was bestowed by the ancient emperors on the nobles and heroes. According to the old saying, there were five titles in the Zhou Dynasty, namely, public title, Hou title, Bo title, Zi title and male title, and the title system of future generations often varied from time to time. For example, in the early Han Dynasty, Liu Bang made the prince king and seven heroes king, including Peng Yue as Liang Wang and Ying Bu as Huainan Wang. Wei Caozhi was named King Chen; Don Guo Ziyi was named Guo Ziyi; Nuerhachi, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, named his son Azig as the Prince of England, Duo Duo as the Prince of Yu, and Haug as the Prince of Su. Another example is that in the Song Dynasty, Kou Zhun sealed Lai Guogong, Wang Anshi sealed Jing Guogong, and Sima Guang was Wen Guogong; In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shanchang sealed the Korean Duke, Li Wenzhong sealed Cao Guogong, Liu Ji sealed the sincere Bo, and Wang Yangming sealed the new Bo; In the Qing Dynasty, Zeng Guofan named the first-class Yi Yong Hou, Zuo Zongtang named the second-class Ke Jing Hou, and Li Hongzhang named the first-class Su Yibo.
the prime minister is the highest official position in the feudal bureaucracy, and he is the person who manages the national government affairs according to the will of the monarch. Sometimes called Xiangguo, it is often referred to as the prime minister, referred to as "Xiang" for short. For example, "Chen She Family": "The princes will be better off." Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru ":"And the mediocrity is still ashamed, and the situation is almost the same! " Shu Xiang: "where is the temple of the famous Premier, in a deep pine grove near the City of Silk." 《< Guide to the south > Preface: "except for the right prime minister and Tang dynasty envoy, I am in charge of all the armies and horses."
A surname refers to two official positions. First, in ancient times, it was called "three publics" for a surname, a taifu and a Taibao. Later, most of them were added titles for big officials, indicating that they were in favor of them without real posts. For example, Zhao Pu and Wen Yanbo were added titles of a surname in the Song Dynasty. Secondly, in ancient times, it was also called Prince Taishi, Prince Taifu and Prince Taibao as the "Three Divisions of the East Palace", all of whom were teachers of the Prince. Taishi was the abbreviation of Prince Taishi, and later it gradually became a virtual title. For example, in Plum Blossom Ridge, "Yan Taishi solved by soldiers", Yan Zhenqing was once given the title of Prince Taishi, so he called it. Another example is that there were eight virtual titles in Zhang Juzheng in the Ming Dynasty, and finally the title of Prince Taishi was added; In the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou was also given the title of Prince Taishi, but actually he didn't give a lecture to the Prince.
refer to "teacher" for teacher. One of the ancient "three fairs". It also refers to one of the "Three Divisions of the East Palace". For example, Jia Yi once served as the teacher of the Prince Changsha and Liang Huaiwang, so he was named a teacher. Later, it gradually became a virtual title. For example, Zeng Guofan, Ceng Guoquan, Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang were forced to give gifts to teachers after their deaths.
Shaobao refers to two kinds of official positions. First, Shao Shi, Shaofu and Shaobao were called "three orphans" in ancient times, and then they gradually became empty titles. For example, in Meihualing Ji, "Wen Shaobao also learned the great light to get rid of cicadas", and Wen Tianxiang was once an official position of Shaobao, so it was called Shaobao. Secondly, in ancient times, Prince Shao Shi, Prince Shaofu and Prince Shaobao were called "Three Shaos in the East Palace", which gradually became empty titles.
Shangshu was originally an official in charge of the memorial of documents. There were no six departments at the beginning of Sui Dynasty. In Tang Dynasty, six departments were identified as officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments, and workers, and ministers and assistant ministers were the chief officers of each department. For example, "Zhang Hengchuan": "Write a letter begging for bones, and worship the ministers." Another example is that Yan Zhenqing, a great calligrapher, was the official minister, Bai Juyi, a poet, was the minister of punishments, and Shi Kefa was the minister of war.
In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, a bachelor was an official who was in charge of ceremonies and compiled everything. After the Tang Dynasty, he referred to the academician as a bachelor, became the secretary and consultant of the emperor, and participated in confidential affairs, so he was called "the inner phase". In Ming and Qing Dynasties, though they were also Hanlin bachelors, they were responsible for reading, lecturing, editing and editing, and Jishi Shu, but their positions and duties were different from those in Tang and Song Dynasties. Such as "<: Guide to the south > Preface "A bachelor's degree in Senior Minister's Hall", which is the official position granted by Wen Tianxiang after he resigned as prime minister; "Tan Sitong" "You recommended Jing with a bachelor's degree, Xu Gong", and Xu Zhijing was a bachelor's student in the Imperial Academy at that time, which was an office dedicated to giving lectures to emperors. Bai Juyi, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Sima Guang, Shen Kuo, Song Lian, etc. were all academicians of Hanlin.
In the official system of Shangqing Zhou Dynasty, both the emperor and the princes had ministers, which were divided into upper, middle and lower levels, and the most distinguished one was called Shangqing. For example, "Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "Lian Po is the general of Zhao ... worshiped as the Shangqing."
General) was the highest title of general in the pre-Qin and Western Han Dynasties. For example, Emperor Gaozu took Han Xin as the general, and Emperor Wudi took Wei Qing as the general. After Wei and Jin dynasties, it gradually became a virtual title without a real position. The official position of general was established in the Ming and Qing Dynasties during the war, and it was abolished after the war. "Zhang Hengchuan" said that "the general Deng Zhi is brilliant", and Deng Zhi was the general of Han and Emperor at that time.
participating in political affairs is also referred to as "participating in politics". He was one of the highest government officials in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and was called "Zaizhi" together with Tongping Zhangshi, Tang Tangshi and Bian Mi. Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu and Wang Anshi all held this post in the Song Dynasty. In "Training frugally to show health", "Duke Lu" refers to Lu Zongdao in Song Zhenzong. "Tan Sitong" "Those who participate in the New Deal are better than those who participate in political affairs in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and they are actually prime ministers".
military department, minister of military affairs, was an administrative organization assisting the emperor in the Qing Dynasty. The incumbent has no fixed number of employees, and is usually a prince, a university student, a minister of history, an assistant minister or a Beijing hall, and is called a minister of military aircraft. Military ministers range from three or four to six or seven, and are called "pivot ministers". In the late Qing Dynasty, only Zuo Zongtang, Zhang Zhidong and Yuan Shikai were ministers of military aircraft for a short time. "Tan Sitong", "The Minister of Military Aircraft was resolute and supervised".
see the article "minister of military aircraft" for the military aircraft chapter. He is an official of military department and a subordinate of the Minister of Military Affairs. He is called "Small Military Aircraft". Tan Sitong: "The Emperor surpassed Si Jingqing in the title of military aircraft Zhang Jing, and joined Yang Rui, Lin Xu and Liu Guangdi in the New Deal."
The imperial censor was originally a historian, such as Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru, The Book of Imperial Censorship in Qin Dynasty, and The Book of Imperial Censorship in Gu Zhao and Zhao Zhao. After the Qin Dynasty, he was appointed as the Imperial Adviser, and his position was only the second prime minister, who was in charge of impeachment and picketing officials' negligence. Han Yu served as the censor, and Hai Rui served as the censor of the right capital of Nanjing in the Ming Dynasty. Another example is "Zhong Wang Su Gong Ao Event", "The public is the suggestion of the capital, and the eunuch is guarding Liaoning", and Wang Ao was then the chief of Douchayuan.
a cardinal, the head of the Privy Council. In the Tang Dynasty, it was held by eunuchs, and later by ministers. The Privy Council is one of the highest state organs in charge of important military affairs, and the power of a Tang dynasty envoy is equivalent to that of a prime minister. Military ministers in the Qing dynasty are often addressed as "Tang secretaries". Ouyang Xiu in Song Dynasty served as an assistant envoy of the Council. 《< Guide to the south > Preface: "except for the right prime minister and Tang dynasty envoy, I am in charge of all the armies and horses." Wen Tianxiang was in charge of military affairs.
The official name of Chu in Zuotu's Warring States Period is equivalent to that in later generations. The main responsibility is to admonish the emperor and recommend talents. Biography of Qu Yuan: "Qu Yuan's name is Ping, and Chu's surname is also the same. Left disciple for Chu Huaiwang. "
Qiu's official name before Yuan Dynasty. It was the highest military attache who assisted the emperor, and was called Fu in the Han Dynasty. Song dynasty as the highest military attache. Lin Jiaotou's Temple of the Snow Mountain: "I was framed by a lawsuit because I was evil to Gao Taiwei." Gao Taiwei refers to Gao Qiu.
The official name of Shangfu in the pre-Qin period was lower than that of Qing. "Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "Worship each other is like being a doctor." At that time, Lin Xiangru was lower than Shangqing Lian Po.
Doctors refer to different contents in different dynasties, and sometimes they can refer to important positions of the central authorities, such as imperial doctors and counsels. Biography of Qu Yuan: "Shangguan doctors are in the same column, competing for favor and hurting their abilities." "Shangguan doctor" is generally considered to refer to Shangguan Jinshang. "I'm not a doctor?" Qu Yuan was the chief executive in charge of the affairs of the three surnames Zhao, Qu and Jing. 《< Guide to the south > Preface: "The gentry, doctors and scholars were extracted from the left Prime Minister's House." It refers to the suggestion doctor, the suggestion doctor and so on.
Scholar-officials used to refer to officials or intellectuals with high prestige and status. "Teacher's Theory": "The family of scholars, who call their teachers disciples, get together and laugh." "Shi Zhongshan Ji": "Scholar-officials refused to spend the night in a boat under the cliff, so they didn't know." "Training frugally shows health": "At that time, all the scholar-officials were natural." "Five-person Tomb Inscription": "The wise men and scholars of the county please be in power."
Taishi was a high-ranking court minister in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period. He was in charge of drafting documents, planning governors and ministers, recording historical events, and taking charge of classics, calendars, sacrifices and other things. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, Taishi Order was set up, and its scope of duties was gradually reduced and its status was gradually lowered. Sima Qian made an official order. "Zhang Hengchuan": "At the beginning of Shundi, turn around again and return to Taishi Order." "Monument to the Tomb of Five People": "A wise scholar asks Qing why Wu Gong, Taishi Wenqi Wengong and Meng Changyao Gongye." Wenqi was compiled by the Hanlin Academy and was a historian, so it was called Taishi.
In the Qin Dynasty, a long history was an official of the Prime Minister. For example, Li Si was a long history and was equivalent to the Secretary-General of the Prime Minister. After the Han dynasty, he became a general's official and was the chief of staff. "Teacher's List": "I know that I am a minister of chastity and good death." "Long history" refers to Zhang. "Battle of Red Cliffs": "Son Yu, bright brother Jin also, avoid chaos in Jiangdong, for Sun Quan's long history."
the assistant minister is a court attendant for the first time. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, he became an official of Shangshu. In the Tang Dynasty, assistant minister was the deputy of ministers (ministers) in three provinces (Zhongshu, Menxia and Shangshu) (see "Three Provinces and Six Departments" for details). Han Yu has served as an assistant minister in the Ministry of Punishment, the Ministry of War and the Ministry of Official Affairs. "Model" includes "Shi Zhong, Assistant Minister Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, etc.", among which Dong Yun is Assistant Minister. Tan Sitong: "On the first day of August, Yuan Shikai was summoned to the audience to reward the assistant minister." Yuan Shikai is the assistant minister of the Ministry of War.
Shi Zhong was originally one of the officials in addition to the official position. Because of the attendants around the emperor, the status is getting higher and higher, and the level exceeds that of assistant minister. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, he often became the de facto prime minister. Guo Youzhi and Fei Yi mentioned in "The Teacher's List" are Shi Zhong.
Langzhong was a court bodyguard during the Warring States Period. From Tang to Qing, he became a senior official below Shangshu and Assistant Minister, taking charge of the affairs of each department. For example, "Jing Ke Stabbed the King of Qin": "All the Langzhong soldiers are Your Highness Chen." This refers to the court guards. "Zhang Hengchuan" is the official name for the management of the car riding portal.
The abbreviation of "Military Affairs of Staff" for joining the army was originally the military staff of the Prime Minister, such as Jiang Wan, who joined the army in the Teacher's Watch. After the Jin Dynasty, his status gradually declined, and he became the aides of kings and generals. For example, Tao Yuanming once joined the army in Zhenjun, and Fan Ye, the author of the Book of Later Han Dynasty, once joined the army of Liu Yu's fourth son, Liu Yikang. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Du Fu gradually became a local official. For example, Du Fu once led Cao Yu to join the army, Hua Zhou Sigong Cao joined the army, and Bai Juyi once served as Cao Yu, a household in Jingzhao.
When Ling Yin was in charge of the military and political power in Chu during the Warring States Period, he was equivalent to the prime minister, such as Biography of Qu Yuan: "Yin Zilan was furious." In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it refers to the county magistrate, such as "Promoting Weaving": "Those who will be rewarded in the sky will be favored by Fu Chen and Ling Yin."
yin, please refer to "ling yin". During the Warring States Period, the assistant of Chu Lingyin was Zuo Yin and You Yin, such as "Chu Zuo Yin Xiang Bo" in Hongmen Banquet, and Zuo Yin's position was slightly higher than that of You Yin. It is also the general name of ancient officials, such as Jing Zhaoyin, He Nanyin, Zhou Yin and County Yin.
a captain is second only to a general's military attache. "Chen She Family": "Chen She is a general and Wu Guang is a captain." "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong has gone out, and Chen Ping, the ambassador of Xiang Wang, called Pei Gong."
Tong Qing, another name for Taipu Temple Qing, was in charge of the emperor's chariots, horses and livestock. In the epitaph of the Five Tombs, the words "a wise scholar and a scholar, for which Tong Qing was Wu Gong" and "for which" are Mok Ng's words.
the official positions referred to by Sima in different dynasties were different. During the Warring States period, he was an adjutant in charge of military administration and military taxes, such as "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong Sajima and Cao Wushang said it." During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, he was an official of the prefecture and county satrap
(secretariat), such as Pipa Xing: "Yuan and ten years, I moved to Sima, Jiujiang County." Bai Juyi was demoted to Jiujiang at that time, under the long history of the state and county.
Our general manager in charge of military and political affairs in several states in the Tang Dynasty was originally located only in border states; After that, the mainland was also set up all over the country, resulting in a separatist situation, so the world called it "the buffer region." The fourth episode of A Dream of Red Mansions: "Yucun hastily wrote two letters with Jia Zheng and Wang Ziteng, our envoy to Beijing."
Jing lue Shi is also called "Jing lue" for short. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, he was the military chief of the frontier defense, juxtaposed with the viceroy. For example, Fan Zhongyan used to be the deputy envoy of Shaanxi Economy. When there were important military tasks in Ming and Qing dynasties, they were specially run, and their official positions were higher than those of the governor. For example, in Plum Blossom Ridge, "Running Hong Chengchou has something old with it", after the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou served as running seven provinces and was stationed in Jiangning.
The secretariat was originally the official name of the inspector, and became the highest military and political chief of a county after the Eastern Han Dynasty, sometimes called the prefect. Tang Bai Juyi was the secretariat of Hangzhou and Suzhou, and Liu Zongyuan was the secretariat of Liuzhou.
satrap, please refer to "secretariat". Also known as the "county chief", the chief executive of a county. Fan Ye was once the prefect of Xuancheng. "Peach Blossom Garden": "And the county, Yi Taishou, said so." "Peacock flies southeast": "Let's just say that the Taishou family has this order." Battle of Red Cliffs: "I have an old relationship with Wu Ju, the satrap of Cangwu, and I want to vote for it."
please refer to the "running the embassy" clause. The official name of a military officer or a general who leads the troops, in some dynasties, the highest local officer is also called "the commander-in-chief", which is equivalent to our time or the secretariat of counties. For example, The Plum Blossom Ridge says: "Ren Taishou Minyu and all the generals Liu Dudu and Zhao Ji all died." Liu Zhaoji is the military chief of the resident Fangwei Office.
the governor in the early Ming dynasty refers to the places visited by Beijing officials. In the Qing Dynasty, he officially became a provincial local governor, and his position was slightly lower than that of the governor. He was nicknamed "Fu Yuan", "Fu Tai" and "Fu Jun". For example, "The Monument to the Tomb of Five People": "It is time to take the person who caresses Wu by Dazhong Cheng as Wei's private." Fu Wu is the governor of Wu.
refer to "governor" for Fujun. "Promoting Weaving": "It's a reward, and it's dedicated to the army." Fujun was so happy that he entered with a golden cage. "Also known as" Fu Chen ",such as" Fu Chen's famous horse clothes and satin ".
The rank of captain was second only to that of general in the Han Dynasty. Such as "Battle of Red Cliffs": "Take Lu Su as a captain of Zanjun." Lu Su was the assistant general who assisted coach Zhou Yu in planning the military. After the Tang Dynasty, the status gradually declined.
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